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Flying Tiger Line Flight 66

Coordinates:3°00′55″N101°38′20″E/ 3.0153°N 101.6389°E/3.0153; 101.6389
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Flying Tiger Line Flight 66
N807FT, the aircraft involved in the accident, October 1980
Accident
DateFebruary 19, 1989(1989-02-19)
SummaryControlled flight into terrain
SitePuchong,12 km (7.5 mi; 6.5 nmi) fromKuala Lumpur International Airport
3°00′55″N101°38′20″E/ 3.0153°N 101.6389°E/3.0153; 101.6389
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 747-249F-SCD
Aircraft nameThomas Haywood
OperatorFlying Tiger Line
IATA flight No.FT66
ICAO flight No.FTL66
Call signTIGER 66
RegistrationN807FT[1]
Flight originSingapore Changi Airport,Changi,Singapore
StopoverKuala Lumpur International Airport,Subang,Selangor,Malaysia
DestinationKai Tak Airport,Kowloon,Hong Kong,China[2]
Occupants4
Passengers1
Crew3
Fatalities4
Survivors0

Flying Tiger Line Flight 66was a scheduled international cargo flight fromSingapore Changi AirporttoHong Kong'sKai Tak Airportvia a stopover atKuala Lumpur International Airport,Malaysia.On February 19, 1989, theFedEx-ownedBoeing 747-249F-SCDcrashed while on itsfinal approach.The aircraft impacted a hillside 437 ft (133 m) above sea level and 12 km (7.5 mi; 6.5 nmi) from Kuala Lumpur, resulting in all four occupants being killed.[3]

Aircraft and crew

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The aircraft,registeredas N807FT, made itsfirst flighton 1 November 1979, before being delivered new toFlying Tiger Lineon 11 December 1979. Its manufacturerserial numberwas 21828 and its construction number was 408. At the time of the accident, it had flown over 9,000 flight cycles and 34,000 airframe hours.[4][5]

The crew consisted ofCaptainFrancis "Frank" Halpin (59),First OfficerJohn "Jack" Robinson (54), andFlight EngineerRonald Penton (70). Leonard Sulewski (53), an aircraft mechanic, was also on board.[6][7][8]

Accident

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The aircraft was assigned anon-directional beacon(NDB) approach to Runway 33 atSultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport,Kuala Lumpur, after having flown 30 minutes from Singapore Changi Airport.[9]In descent, the flight was cleared to "Kayell" with a Morse code of "KL" of which four separate points on the ground were commonly called by Malaysian ATC, albeit with different frequencies. Two separate radio beacons were identically coded "KL", as well as the VOR abbreviation (Kuala Lumpur shortened to "KL" ) and the airport was also sometimes referred to as "KL" by local ATC (instead of the full "Kuala Lumpur" ). The crew was unsure to which point they were cleared, and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) revealed that the crew argued about which radios should be set to which frequencies and which approach was actually going to be conducted. (Even in the last few moments of the flight, the captain referenced the ILS approach for runway 33, which was named as inoperable on the flight release and the ATIS; additionally the crew was told by ATC that the ILS approach was not available.)

Air traffic control(ATC) radioed to the flight, "Tiger 66, descend two four zero zero (about 2,400 ft (730 m)), cleared for NDB approach runway 33." Captain Halpin, who interpreted it as "descendtofour zero zero "replied with," Okay, four zero zero "(meaning 400 ft (120 m)) above sea level, which was 2,000 ft (610 m) too low). The CVR[10]also revealed several communication errors made by the flight crew prior to this miscommunication and a general casual nature of the captain, who was the pilot-not-flying on this particular leg of the trip.

During the final approach, numerous clear warnings were given by the on-boardground proximity warning system,which were all ignored entirely by the crew, and the aircraft hit a hillside 437 ft (133 m) above sea level, killing all four crew on board - two pilots, a flight engineer, and an aircraft mechanic. The subsequent fire burned for two days.[10]

Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript

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^ = Unknown; ** = background sounds)

The Cockpit Voice Recorder recorded these final moments:[3]: 54–55 [11][12]

Source Content
CAM-1 So you got the ILS set, Right?
CAM-2 Yeah.
CAM-1 I'm gonna put you on fourteen seven, and that'll give you-
GPWS whoop whoop pull up!
GPWS whoop whoop pull up!
GPWS whoop whoop pull up!
GPWS whoop whoop pull up!
GPWS whoop whoop pull up!
CAM-? oh!
CAM-3 I’ve got a hundred feet on the-!
CAM-? Shit!
GPWS whoop whoop pull u-
CAM ((sound of impact))
End of recording

Causes

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Thefirst officer(FO) had complained that he did not have anapproach platein front of him and had not seen the approach. From a pilot's perspective, this alone would be considered the cause of the crash because the approach plate (chart) provides the pilot with the courses and minimum altitudes necessary to execute the approach without hitting terrain. The chart would have indicated the minimum descent altitude of 2,400 ft (730 m), preventing the accident.

Additionally, the FO, who was the pilot flying at the time, expressed concern about conducting the NDB approach and indicated a preference for the ILS for runway 15. The FO was not assertive, though, and no further action was taken. The captain dismissed his concern, saying he was familiar with the airport and the approaches.

A contributing factor to this accident was the non-ICAOphraseology used by Kuala Lumpur ATC and the captain of the aircraft. This breakdown of communication contributed to the crew misinterpreting the instructions given. This particular controlled-flight-into-terrain accident, however, ultimately resulted from a crew failure to adhere to the instrument approach procedure, poor crew resource management, and poor situational awareness.[9]

Procedure changes

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The incident further stressed the need for increased awareness and training of crew resource-management techniques and standard operating procedures. This accident is used as an example of "what not to do" by flight-training organizations. The FAA video production[10]using the original CVR recording and transcript is still used to study the events and how to improve current techniques.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"FAA Registry (N807FT)".Federal Aviation Administration.
  2. ^"Safety Recommendation A-89-022".NTSB.FAA.Retrieved5 January2016.
  3. ^ab"REPORT ON THE ACCIDENT OF THE BOEING 747-200 (N807FT) AT 9.8 NM SOUTH EAST OF SUBANG INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA, ON 18 FEBRUARY 1989"(PDF)(Final report). Department of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Transport. 1990-07-01.Retrieved2024-02-08.
  4. ^"N807FT Flying Tiger Line Boeing 747-200".www.planespotters.net.Retrieved2020-01-13.
  5. ^"Flying Tigers N807FT (Boeing 747 - MSN 21828)".www.airfleets.net.Airfleets aviation.Retrieved2020-01-13.
  6. ^"4 AMERICANS DIE IN CRASH OF CARGO PLANE IN MALAYSIA".The Washington Post.1989-02-19.ISSN0190-8286.Retrieved2020-01-13.
  7. ^Maniam, Hari S. (1989-02-20)."Four Americans Killed In Plane Crash In Malaysia".AP NEWS.Retrieved2020-01-13.
  8. ^"Westlake Village Man Piloted Crashed Plane".Los Angeles Times.1989-02-20.Retrieved2020-01-13.
  9. ^abAccident descriptionat theAviation Safety Network.Retrieved on 2008-06-28.
  10. ^abc"Aviation Video: Tiger-66 | Patrick's Aviation".Patricksaviation.com. 2008-12-22. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-24.Retrieved2012-10-15.
  11. ^DeclaringAnEmergency (2020-04-24).Flying Tiger flight 66 - Cockpit Voice Recorder (with subtitles).Retrieved2024-06-04– via YouTube.
  12. ^"Flying Tiger Line 66 CVR Transcript".Cockpit Voice Recorder Database.Retrieved2024-06-04.
  • Aviation Week & Space Technology 27.02.89 (24)
  • Flight Int. 17-12.01.1990 (p. 44)
  • ICAO Adrep Summary


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