Folketing
Parliament of Denmark Folketinget(Danish) | |
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| 72nd Folketing | |
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| Type | |
| Type | |
| Leadership | |
Deputy Speakers | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 179 |
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Political groups | Government(86)[1]
Opposition(89)
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| Elections | |
| Openlistproportional representationthrough theD'Hondt methodwith a 2%election thresholdin constituencies SeeElections in Denmark | |
Last election | 1 November 2022 |
Next election | On or before 31 October 2026 |
| Meeting place | |
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| Folketingssalen,Christiansborg Palace,Copenhagen | |
| Website | |
| thedanishparliament | |
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TheFolketing(Danish:Folketinget,pronounced[ˈfʌlkəˌtsʰe̝ŋˀð̩];lit. 'The people'sthing'or'People's assembly'), also known as theParliament of Denmarkor theDanish Parliamentin English,[4]is theunicameralnational legislature(parliament) of theKingdom of Denmark—Denmarkproper together with theFaroe IslandsandGreenland.Established in 1849, until 1953 the Folketing was thelower houseof abicameralparliament, called theRigsdag;theupper housewas theLandsting.It meets inChristiansborg Palace,on the islet ofSlotsholmenin centralCopenhagen.
The Folketing passes all laws, approves thecabinet,and supervises the work of the government. It is also responsible for adopting the state's budgets and approving the state's accounts. As set out in theConstitution of Denmark,the Folketing shares power with the reigningmonarch.But in practice the monarch's role is limited to signing laws passed by the legislature; this must be done within 30 days of adoption.
The Folketing consists of179 members;including two from Greenland and two from the Faroe Islands.General electionsmust be held every four years, but it is within the powers of theprime ministerto ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On avote of no confidence,the Folketing may force a single minister or the entire government to resign.[5]
Members are democratically elected byproportional representation:135 directly inconstituenciesusing theD'Hondt methodand with 40leveling seats.The Danish political system has traditionally generated coalitions. Most post-war governments have been minority coalitions ruling with the support of non-government parties.[6]The first sitting of the house is usually attended byThe King.[7]
History[edit]
From 1849 to 1953 theFolketingwas one of the two houses in thebicameralparliament known as theRigsdag;the other house was known asLandstinget.The difference between the houses was its size, voter representation, and electoral system.
The Folketing was elected by common vote among men and consisted mainly of independent farmers, traders, and merchants as well as the educated classes. From 1866 to 1915 the right to vote for the Landsting was restricted to the wealthiest, and some of its members were appointed by the king; so it predominantly represented the landed gentry and other conservatives. From 1915 both men and women had the right of vote for both houses, and the Landsting was elected by common vote, although indirectly and with a higher age limit than for the Folketing. During the next decades, law-making mainly took place in the Folketing, and the Landsting came to be regarded as a superfluous rubber stamp.
In 1953 a revised constitution was adopted bya referendum.Among the changes was the elimination of the Landsting and the introduction of aunicameralparliament, known only as the Folketing.Christiansborg Palace(also known by its nicknameBorgen,Danish forthe castle) has been the domicile of parliament since 1849. The palace is in the heart ofCopenhagen.[citation needed]
Gaining representation in parliament normally requires only 2% of the national vote. With such a lowelection thresholda large number of parties are represented in the chamber, making it all but impossible for one party to win the 90 seats necessary for a majority. No single party has achieved this since 1901. All Danish governments since then have been coalitions or one-partyminority governments.The constitution allows a government to take office without getting a vote of confidence and stay in office as long as it does not lose avote of no confidence.One consequence is that, unlike in most other parliamentary systems, most Danish governments in modern times are not assured that their legislative agendas will pass, forcing them to assemble a majority for each individual piece of legislation.
Constitutional requirements and electoral system[edit]
- Composition of members
- The Folketing consists of 179 members all elected for a four-year term or until thePrime Minister(via the King-in-council) calls for elections, whichever comes first. 175 members are elected in Denmark proper, whileGreenlandand theFaroe Islandseach elect two members in separate constituencies.
- The constitution does not mention political parties at all, although the electoral act does, and MPs are almost always elected for a party. The only independent who has been elected in modern times is the comedianJacob Haugaard,but independents, usually unknown ones, are seen at every election. Requirements for standing as an independent candidate are much more lenient than for a new party (signatures from 150 eligible voters), but independents are only allowed to contest in a single constituency, making it difficult to gain the needed number of votes for a seat.
- Voting system
- The Constitution requires "equal representation of the various opinions of the electorate", and for regional representation to be secured. The electoral act stipulates the details for this: 135 seats are elected by proportional representation in 10 constituencies, and 40levelling seatsare allotted to make up for the difference between constituency and nationwide vote. The 135 district seats are distributed to the parties by theD'Hondt methodunder aparty-list system.The 40 levelling seats are allocated to the parties using thelargest remainder method,and then distributed across electoral provinces with theSainte-Laguë methodand across constituencies with quotients of 1, 4, 7, and so on. Each party may choose among a number of methods for how the seats won by that party are to be distributed among its candidates, with most choosing to use anopen list.[8]
- The overall result isproportionalto the number of votes cast for each party; however, in rare cases, the largest parties may gain one or two seats extra from smaller parties.
- The voter may vote for a party list, one of the candidates on a party list, or an independent candidate. Voting for a candidate on a party list also gives a vote to that party.
- Parties (usually district party associations) decide on the nomination of candidates before the election. When anopen listis used, candidates are elected according to personal votes (including assigned votes). When arelatively closed listis used, only an extreme number of personal votes can change the rank of the list order.
- Parties must either pass thethresholdof 2% of the national vote, or gain a constituency seat to gain anysupplemental seats.Though very rare, it is possible for a party to gain a constituency seat without getting 2% of the national vote. There is also an esoteric third rule that allows a party to be represented, if it has enough votes in two of the three electoral provinces that the country is divided into. No party has ever fulfilled this rule without getting 2% of the national vote.
- To stand for election, parties that are not currently represented in Parliament must collect signatures of support from approximately 20,000 voters (the number of valid votes cast in Denmark proper at the latest election, divided by 175—the equivalent of one seat; after the2019 electionthe required number is 20,195). As of 2016, it is possible to submit and collect signatures digitally.[9]
- Voter requirements
- Denmark hasuniversal suffragefor all citizens 18 years and older who live in the realm and who have not been declared incapable of managing their own affairs. The constitution makes it possible to restrict suffrage for convicted criminals and people receiving social benefits, but this option has not been used for several decades.
- All voters who have not been convicted of criminal acts that makes them unworthy for a seat in the parliament, are eligible. Parliament decides if a member is eligible or not (after their election). Parliament can also decide that an incumbent member is ineligible, if a member is convicted of a crime during a term. This happened after theImpeachment of Inger Støjbergin 2021.
- Parliamentary privileges
- Members enjoyimmunity,meaning that no criminal charges may be brought against an MP, unless they are caught red-handed, provided the Folketing does not lift the immunity. The purpose of this is to prevent political persecution. In practice the Folketing has almost always lifted the immunity when a member has been accused of a crime, usually with the consent of the accused member themself.[10]
- Debates can be conducted behind closed doors, although this has not happened since 9 April 1940, day of the German invasion in World War II.
- Ministers
- Ministers may hold a seat in parliament, but they do not need to.Supreme Courtjudges—according to convention—may not hold a seat whilst also acting as judges.
- Ministers may—even if they are not MPs—demand talking time whenever they want.
- Legislating
- Bills may be brought before parliament by members (private member's bills) and ministers. Bills are predominantly brought before parliament by ministers, because they have the Law Office of theMinistry of Justiceat their disposal. Instead of putting forward a private bill, the opposition usually put forward a proposal for parliamentary decision, i.e., a short resolution that addresses the subject and directs the relevant minister to propose a bill concerning it.
Forming a parliament[edit]
The 179 members of the folketing are directly elected to four-year terms, subject to calls for early elections. All Danish citizens 18 years or older may vote in legislative elections, which are conducted by secret ballot. Folketing seats are allocated among the various parties using theD'Hondt methodof party listproportional representation.A party or electoral alliance must pass the election threshold of 2% of the overall vote to be allocated a seat.
Coalition governments[edit]
 | This section needs to beupdated.(April 2016) |
The Danish political system is characterised by afusion of powers,with the government being drawn from the ranks of the Folketing. Denmark is governed by a cabinet and a prime minister who do not have a majority in the Folketing against them (negative parliamentarism).[11]Since no single party in Denmark has had an absolute majority in the Folketing since 1903, in order to pass laws, the prime minister must form alliances with parties outside his or her own party. This either results in acoalitioncabinet of multiple parties, or a single-party minority government.
During his first term in 2009 to 2011,Lars Løkke Rasmussenled a centre-right minority government consisting of the Liberal Party (Venstre) and theConservative People's Party.This coalition government worked with regular parliamentary support from thenational conservativeDanish People's Partyand often gained the necessary 90th seat for majority in the Folketing through negotiations with either the sole MP from theChristian Democrats,Ørum-Jørgensen[12]or another MP outside parties, Christmas Møller, both elected in 2007 as conservative MPs and having defected since then.
Since the2007 elections,theLiberal Alliance(previously Ny Alliance) gained momentum in opinion polls, and since early 2010 the governing coalition have not been able to gather a majority in the polls without the support of the Alliance. The continuing rise in the polls is to an extent the result of the internal crisis in the Conservative People's Party over the leadership ofLene Espersen[13]and the continuing debate over a lack of "true" liberal/conservative ideology in government policy.[14]
On 13 January 2011 the continuing turmoil in the Conservative group in the Folketing caused Lene Espersen to resign as political leader of the party and focus on her role asMinister of Foreign Affairs.[15]A leadership election betweenBrian Mikkelsen,theMinister of Economic and Business AffairsandLars Barfoed,theJustice Minister,was widely expected,[16]but on 14 January the Conservative group in the Folketing unanimously elected Barfoed as their new political leader.[17]
TheSocial Democratsunder the leadership ofHelle Thorning-Schmidthave enjoyed continuing majorities in opinion polls since late 2009 and hope to form a centre-left government coalition consisting of theSocialist People's Partyand theSocial Liberal Partywith parliamentary support from the smallRed-Green Alliance.[18][19]
BothMargrethe Vestager(Social Liberal Party) andVilly Søvndal(Socialist People's Party) pledged their support to Thorning-Schmidt before the 2011 election.[20]But there has been considerable debate about the future politics of this coalition, mainly because the Social Liberal Party demands a moreliberal economicagenda. Also on immigration issues there are political differences between the three coalition parties. This has led some observers to believe that the Social Liberal Party will not join a government coalition but instead opt to be a part of the parliamentary support of a new, centre-left government.[21]In the event the Social Liberals did join the new three-party coalition government formed on 3 October.
Following the2015 general election,Thorning-Schmidt was replaced as Prime Minister by her predecessor Lars Løkke Rasmussen. Until 28 November 2016,[22]he led a government consisting only of Venstre – a very unusual situation in Danish politics.
Organisation[edit]
Speaker[edit]
The Speaker is thepresiding officerof the Folketing. The Speaker determines which members may speak, and is responsible for maintaining order during debates. The position was created in 1850, and the inaugural holder of the office wasCarl Christoffer Georg Andræ.The current Speaker isSøren GadeofVenstre.[23]The Speaker and four Deputy Speakers are elected by MPs at the opening of parliament after each general election and compose presidium of the body.[24]
| Position | Member | Party |
|---|---|---|
| President | Søren Gade | Venstre |
| First Deputy Speaker | Leif Lahn Jensen | Social Democrats |
| Second Deputy Speaker | Jeppe Søe | Moderates |
| Third Deputy Speaker | Karsten Hønge | Green Left |
| Fourth Deputy Speaker | Karina Adsbøl | Denmark Democrats |
Standing committees[edit]
The members of parliament are allocated intothirty standing parliamentary committees.The standing committees have a portfolio that covers that of one or moregovernment ministers.[25]
Composition[edit]
Demographics[edit]
Although Denmark is arepresentative democracy,a bias is seen in the demographics of the Folketing as opposed to thedemographics of Denmark,with middle-aged men over-represented, the Folketing is therefore not a direct representation of the country.
About one-third of seats have been switched for new members every election, a figure that has stayed more or less constant over previous elections. The largest change in these figures was seen in the election of 1973, where 45 percent of seats saw new members, and the lowest change was in the election of 1988, when 14.8 percent of members were newcomers.[26]
Since theincorporation of womeninto the Folketing in 1915, a general rise in the seats held by women has been observed. In the most recent election in 2022, 78 of 179 seats were held by women.
| Election year | Female members[27] | Percent change | Percentage of Folketing |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1957 | 15 | - | 8,4% |
| 1960 | 17 | +13.3% | 9,5% |
| 1964 | 17 | +0.0% | 9,5% |
| 1966 | 19 | +11.8% | 10,6% |
| 1968 | 19 | +0.0% | 10,6% |
| 1971 | 30 | +57.9% | 16,8% |
| 1973 | 27 | -10.0% | 15,1% |
| 1975 | 28 | +3.7% | 15,6% |
| 1977 | 30 | +7.1% | 16,8% |
| 1979 | 42 | +40.0% | 23,5% |
| 1981 | 42 | +0.0% | 23,5% |
| 1984 | 47 | +11.9% | 26,3% |
| 1987 | 52 | +10.6% | 29,1% |
| 1988 | 52 | 0.0% | 29,1% |
| 1990 | 59 | +13.5% | 33,0% |
| 1994 | 59 | +0.0% | 33,0% |
| 1998 | 67 | +13.6% | 37,4% |
| 2001 | 68 | +1.5% | 38,0% |
| 2005 | 66 | -2.9% | 36,9% |
| 2007 | 67 | +1.5% | 37,4% |
| 2011 | 70 | +4.5% | 39,1% |
| 2015 | 67 | -4.3% | 37,4% |
| 2019 | 70 | +4.5% | 39,1% |
| 2022 | 78 | +11.4% | 43,6% |
Historical composition[edit]
Between 1918 and 1920 the Folketing had 140 seats, this was then increased to 149. The number was increased to 179 in 1953, which it remains to this day.
Current composition[edit]
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See also[edit]
- Cabinet of Denmark
- Constituencies in Denmark
- Elections in Denmark
- Elections in the Faroe Islands
- Elections in Greenland
- Inatsisartut–Greenland(Parliament)
- Løgting–Faroe Islands(Parliament)
- List of prime ministers of Denmark
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^"Danmark får ny regering:" Det betyder ikke, vi er enige om alt "".Altinget.dk(in Danish). 13 December 2022.Retrieved13 December2022.
- ^Høj, Olivia; Pabst, Mette (25 August 2023)."Efter undren fra Løkke: Jon Stephensen forsvarer, at han beholder sit mandat".dr.dk.
Jon Stephensen siger, at han vil stemme med SVM-regeringen langt hen ad vejen, men han vil ikke love, at han vil stemme med regeringen hver gang.
- ^Astrup, Peter (20 November 2023)."Regeringen har sikret flertallet: Har lavet aftale med Jon Stephensen".www.bt.dk(in Danish).Retrieved20 November2023.
- ^"About the Danish Parliament".thedanishparliament.dk.The Danish Parliament. Archived fromthe originalon 25 August 2015.Retrieved23 August2015.
- ^"A Minister shall not remain in office after the Parliament has passed a vote of no confidence in him."The Constitution of Denmark – Section 15.
- ^"Radikale ved historisk skillevej".Berlingske Tidende.17 June 2007.Retrieved17 August2007.
- ^"The Danish Parliament opens on 6 October".thedanishparliament.dk.Folketinget (The Danish Parliament). Archived fromthe originalon 28 April 2016.Retrieved13 April2016.
- ^[1][permanent dead link](in Danish)
- ^Sørensen, Iben; Winther, Bent (12 January 2016)."Vælgererklæringer bliver digitale".Berlingske.dk(in Danish).Retrieved3 August2022.
- ^"Fakta om ophævelse af parlamentarisk immunitet"[Facts about lifting parliamentary immunity] (in Danish).DR.23 May 2003.Retrieved8 August2017.
- ^"Parlamentarisme / Folketinget".Folketinget(in Danish). 9 January 2017.Retrieved16 February2023.
En regering må ikke have et flertal imod sig.
- ^"Kristendemokraterne vil med i finansloven".Politiken.dk(in Danish). 26 July 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 11 January 2012.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^"Lene Espersens krise smitter af på Løkke – Politiko | www.b.dk".Berlingske.dk. Archived fromthe originalon 22 July 2012.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^Af Uffe Tang og Christian Brøndum."Liberal Alliance redder regeringen – Politiko | www.b.dk".Berlingske.dk. Archived fromthe originalon 25 December 2010.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^Af Lene Frøslev (13 January 2011).""Det er den rigtige beslutning" – Politiko | www.b.dk ".Berlingske.dk.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^Af Morten Henriksen og Chris Kjær Jessen."Både Barfoed og Brian vil afløse Lene – Politiko | www.b.dk".Berlingske.dk. Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2011.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^Af Louise Lyck Dreehsen (14 January 2011)."Barfoed taler til pressen – Politiko | www.b.dk".Berlingske.dk.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^"Rød dominans – Politik".BT.dk. 13 June 2010.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^"Greens: Markant rødt flertal – dr.dk/Nyheder/Politik".Dr.dk. 2 December 2010.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^"Vestager peger på Helle Thorning".Borsen.dk. 20 October 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 19 July 2011.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^"Radikale med i regering – hvis... – dr.dk/Nyheder/Politik".Dr.dk. 19 August 2010.Retrieved16 September2011.
- ^"Denmark PM strikes deal to form new government".Deutsche Welle.Retrieved13 February2017.
- ^"Nu er Søren Gade valgt som Folketingets formand | Nyheder".DR(in Danish). 16 November 2022.Retrieved16 November2022.
- ^"The Speaker".Thedanishparliament.dk.Archived fromthe originalon 25 August 2015.Retrieved23 August2015.
- ^"About the parliamentary committees".The Danish Parliament.31 January 2019.Retrieved11 December2023.
- ^ Folketinget (book).Denmark: Gyldendal. 16 June 2022. p. 179.ISBN978-87-02-26493-7.
- ^"Tal og fakta om Folketinget / Folketinget"(in Danish). 24 November 2016.Retrieved29 May2023.
External links[edit]
Media related toFolketingetat Wikimedia Commons- The Danish Parliament at Google Cultural Institute
- Klint, Thorkil; Evert, Anne Sofie; Kjær, Ulrik; Pedersen, Mogens N.; Hjorth, Frederik (2023). "The Danish legislators database".Electoral Studies. –a database of members of Folketinget for every electoral term since its inception in 1849.
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