Fontaine de l'Observatoire

The Fontaine de l'Observatoire (1867-1874)

TheFontaine de l'Observatoireis a monumental fountain located in the Jardin Marco Polo, south of theJardin du Luxembourgin the6th arrondissementof Paris, with sculpture byJean-Baptiste Carpeaux.It was dedicated in 1874. It is also known as theFontaine des Quatre-Parties-du-Monde,for thefour parts of the worldembodied by its female figures, or simply theFontaine Carpeaux.

History

The fountain was first proposed in 1866 as part of the creation of the new grand avenue du Luxembourg, one of the major projects of the plan ofBaron Haussmannfor the reconstruction of Paris. The project was under the direction ofGabriel Davioud,the director of the Service of Parks and Plantations of the Prefecture of Paris. Davioud was a trained classical sculptor, and he was responsible for the design of the Paris fountains, squares, gates, lamp-posts, benches, pavilions and other architectural details during theSecond French Empire.

Ensemble setting

The avenue du Luxembourg project called for the creation of two new squares, with ornamental lamps and columns, statues, and a fountain. The fountain was located on the tree-lined axis between theObservatoire de Parisand thePalais du Luxembourg.The sculpture of the fountain was supposed to be related to the observatory, and instructions of Davioud to the sculptor were simply not to block the view of the domed observatory or the palace.

The sculptor chosen,Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux(1827–1875), had been a pupil ofFrançois Rude,the sculptor who had made the most famous group of sculptures on theArc de Triomphe.Carpeaux won thePrix de Romein 1854. In 1869 he made the sculptures ofLa Danseon the facade of theParis Operawhich had caused a scandal because of the free expression of the sculpture and the unrestrained emotions on the faces of the statues, much different from the calm expressions of neo-classical statues. The first critical reaction to the sculpture, based on the plaster models presented in the Salon, was hostile. The critic Jules Clarétie wrote: "These thin, unhealthy women, with their wasted flanks, their elongated, furrowed thighs, are twisting around in a bizarre circle without any grace.... One has to ask by what aberration of spirit, eye and hand one could compose such a group of wild, vulgar and wrinkled dancers."

Emmanuel Frémiet's horses

The first studies Carpeaux made were of four standing female figures representing the four points of the compass holding a celestial sphere over their heads, but Carpeaux was dissatisfied with the immobility of the figures. In his next models he transformed the women into representatives of thefour parts of the world,Europe, Asia, Africa and America, twisting their bodies to turn the sphere, giving the sculpture motion. The sculptor Eugène Legrain (1837–1915), a student of Carpeaux, was commissioned to make the sphere, and the sculptorEmmanuel Frémiet,the nephew and pupil of the sculptorFrançois Rude,made the horses in the basin around the statue. Louis Villeminot created the garlands of seashells and aquatic plants which decorated the basin, and Legrain designed the zodiac band around the sphere. The project received one correction from the Director of the Observatory, who noted in 1872 that the signs of the zodiac on the band around the equator of the sphere should actually be on aneclipticcircle.

Views of the original plaster, now on display at the Musée d'Orsay

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  Africa
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  America
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  Europe
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  Asia

The work on the project was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and the uprising of the Paris Commune. It was resumed in 1872, when plaster models were shown at theParis Salon,the first since the fall of the Commune, and finished in 1874. Casting was by Matifat.Carpeaux was in poor health, and watched from a distance as the statues were installed in the fountain. He died the following year. Ten years later after Carpeaux was dead Clarétie reversed his judgement and praised the fountain as one of the masterpieces of Carpeaux.

See also

• World peace,a sculpture inHelsinki,Finlandby the Soviet sculptorOleg Kiryuhin,said to have drawn inspiration from Carpeaux's sculptureQuatre-Parties-du-Monde

Bibliography

• Paris et ses fontaines - de la Renaissance a nos jours,a collection of articles edited by Beatrice de Andia, Collection Paris et son patrimoine, Paris, 1995.

External links

• 3D representation of the fountain via Sketchfab