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Foreign relations of Libya

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This article is about the foreign relations of the currentState of Libya.For other uses, seeForeign relations of Libya (disambiguation).
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Theforeign relations of Libyawere largely reset at the end of theLibyan Civil War,with the overthrow ofMuammar Gaddafiand theSecond Libyan Civil War.The currentMinister of Foreign Affairssince 15 March 2021 isNajla Mangoush.Although many foreign embassies inTripoliclosed down in 2014 due to the fighting, by the end of 2017 thirty diplomatic missions were reopened in the Libyan capital.[1]

Foreign policy of Libya[edit]

In its 5 March 2011 "Founding Statement", the council stated, "[We] request from the international community to fulfill its obligations to protect the Libyan people from any further genocide and crimes against humanity without any direct military intervention on Libyan soil."[2]Ali Al-Issawiwas designated the Council's foreign affairs spokesperson in March 2011.[3]Mahmoud Jibrillater replaced Ali Al-Issawi and was designated as the Head of International Affairs.

The NTC has also called on the international community to render assistance to its efforts to dislodge ColonelMuammar Gaddafi,the ruler of Libya since 1969, and his loyalists. Officials have asked for medical supplies,[4]money,[5]and weapons,[citation needed]among other forms of foreign aid. In late June 2011, it proposed using internationally based frozen assets belonging to Gaddafi and his inner circle as collateral for loans, with Finance MinisterAli Tarhouniwarning that his government is virtually out of money.[6]The NTC has previously asked for those assets to be unfrozen and transferred to Benghazi,[7]a request officials of theObama administrationin theUnited Statesindicated they would try to fulfill.[8][9]

NTC officials have said that they intend to reward countries that have been early to recognise the council as the legitimate representative of Libya, as well as countries that have been involved in theinternational military interventionto suppress Gaddafi's forces. Among the incentives the council has offered to these countries, which it considers to be allies, are favorableoilcontracts[10][11]and other economic ties.[12]On 15 July 2011, a council spokesman told members of theLibya Contact Groupmeeting inIstanbul,Turkey,that his government would not forge any new oil contracts and that an elected government must be in place before new deals could be made.[13]

Afteranti-Gaddafi forcesstormedTripoli,the Libyan capital city, the information manager at NTC-run oil firmAGOCOsaid on 22 August that once Libya resumed oil exports, its new government "may have some political issues withRussia,ChinaandBrazil"and favorWesternandArabcountries that supported the uprising against Gaddafi when awarding oil contracts.[14]However, on 23 August, Brazilian Foreign MinisterAntonio Patriotasaid his government had been assured that if the NTC took power in Libya, "contracts will be respected" and Brazil would not be punished for its stance.[15]On 1 September, an NTC representative inParisclaimed that the new Libyan government would not award oil contracts based on politics, though he said that a number of Western companies, includingBP,Total,Eni,and "major American companies", had a particularly "good track record in the Libyan oil sector".[16]

Foreign policy history[edit]

Main article:Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

The foreign relations of theLibya under Muammar Gaddafi(1969–2011) underwent much fluctuation and change. They were marked by severe tension with the West and by other national policies in the Middle East and Africa, including the Libyan government's financial and military support for numerous paramilitary and rebel groups.

Diplomatic relations[edit]

List of countries which Libya maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1 United Kingdom 24 December 1951[17]
2 United States 24 December 1951[18]
3 France 1 January 1952[19]
4 Italy 21 February 1952[20]
5 Pakistan 16 July 1952[21]
6 India 20 July 1952[22]
7 Turkey 30 December 1952[23]
8 Greece 1952[24][25]
9 Egypt 3 September 1953[26]
10 Iraq 21 May 1955[27]
11 Germany 3 June 1955[28]
12 Russia 4 September 1955[29]
13 Serbia 2 October 1955[30]
14 Netherlands 1955[31]
15 Belgium 15 May 1956[32]
16 Tunisia 22 June 1956[33]
17 Saudi Arabia 1956[34]
18 Japan 2 June 1957[35]
19 Morocco 17 September 1958[36]
20 Austria 22 April 1960[37]
21 Czech Republic 16 May 1960[38]
22 Yemen 22 August 1960[39]
23 Ghana 1960[40]
24 Sweden 1960[41]
25 Spain 14 January 1961[42]
26 Jordan 30 August 1961[43]
27 Switzerland 5 September 1961[44]
28 Kuwait 24 December 1961[45]
29 Denmark 4 April 1962[46]
30 Chad 1962[47]
31 Nigeria 1962[48][49]
32 Bulgaria 1 July 1963[50]
33 Algeria 24 August 1963[51]
34 Poland 2 December 1963[52]
35 Sudan 1963[53]
36 Syria 1963[54]
37 Malta 15 June 1965[55]
38 Venezuela 18 June 1965[56]
39 Finland 28 September 1965[57]
40 Niger 17 November 1965[58]
41 Norway 20 July 1966[59]
42 Brazil 9 April 1967[60]
43 Hungary 2 July 1967[61]
44 Iran 30 December 1967[62]
45 Somalia 30 December 1967[63]
46 Guinea 26 March 1968[64]
47 Canada 26 October 1968[65]
48 Democratic Republic of the Congo June 1969[66]
49 Cameroon 3 August 1969[67]
50 Mauritania 9 January 1970[68]
51 Albania 6 May 1970[69]
52 Central African Republic 6 May 1971[70]
53 Chile 20 May 1971[71]
54 Afghanistan 1 August 1971[72]
55 Senegal 2 February 1972[73]
56 Uganda 13 February 1972[74]
57 United Arab Emirates 24 May 1972[75]
58 Guyana 9 August 1972[76]
59 Mali 17 November 1972[77]
60 Sri Lanka 1972[78]
61 Panama 21 March 1973[79]
62 Benin 31 March 1973[80]
63 Republic of the Congo 7 April 1973[81]
64 Burundi 19 April 1973[82]
65 Trinidad and Tobago September 1973[83]
66 Gabon 1 November 1973[84]
67 Togo 3 November 1973[85]
68 Cyprus 8 November 1973[86]
69 Argentina 12 December 1973[87]
70 Gambia 1973[88]
71 North Korea 23 January 1974[89]
72 Madagascar 9 February 1974[90]
73 Romania 14 February 1974[91]
74 Liberia 1 April 1974[92]
75 Malaysia 22 April 1974[93][94]
76 Peru 28 April 1974[95]
77 Rwanda 10 May 1974[96]
78 Guinea-Bissau 4 July 1974[97]
79 Costa Rica 30 November 1974[98]
80 Bangladesh 14 December 1974[99]
81 Bahrain 22 February 1975[100]
82 Vietnam 15 March 1975[101]
83 Tanzania 15 April 1975[102]
84 Mexico 6 August 1975[103]
85 Ethiopia 11 October 1975[104]
86 Maldives 17 November 1975[105]
87 Sierra Leone 18 November 1975[106]
88 Qatar 19 November 1975[107]
89 Nepal 30 December 1975[108]
90 Portugal 1975[109]
91 Mauritius 17 February 1976[110]
92 Cuba 1 March 1976[111]
93 Angola 30 March 1976[112]
94 Comoros 1 April 1976[113]
95 Suriname 17 May 1976[114]
96 Mongolia 16 June 1976[115]
97 Jamaica 24 June 1976[116]
98 Laos 26 July 1976[117]
99 Seychelles 15 August 1976[118]
100 Philippines 17 November 1976[119]
101 Botswana 14 March 1977[120]
102 Thailand 16 March 1977[121]
103 São Tomé and Príncipe March 1977[122]
104 Ireland 2 July 1977[123]
105 Australia 4 January 1978[124]
106 Djibouti 24 July 1978[125]
107 China 9 August 1978[126]
108 Ecuador 1 September 1978[127]
109 Kenya 7 November 1978[128]
110 Haiti 18 January 1979[129]
111 Tonga 2 March 1979[130]
112 Zimbabwe June 1980[131]
113 South Korea 29 December 1980[132]
114 Burkina Faso 12 January 1981[133]
115 Nicaragua 19 May 1981[134]
116 Mozambique December 1981[135]
117 New Zealand 4 May 1983[136]
118 Vanuatu 29 May 1986[137]
119 Zambia 1986[138]
120 Ivory Coast 6 October 1989[139]
121 Cambodia 16 February 1990[140]
122 Namibia 8 May 1990[141]
123 Uruguay 4 October 1991[142]
124 Indonesia 17 October 1991[143]
125 Kazakhstan 13 March 1992[144]
126 Azerbaijan 16 March 1992[145]
127 Ukraine 17 March 1992[146]
128 Bosnia and Herzegovina 28 October 1992[147]
129 Turkmenistan 8 December 1992[148]
130 Slovakia 1 January 1993[149]
131 Kyrgyzstan 25 February 1993[150]
132 Georgia 10 May 1994[151]
133 South Africa 14 May 1994[152]
134 Moldova 9 December 1994[153]
135 North Macedonia 14 April 1995[154]
136 Colombia 16 May 1996[155]
137 Belarus 30 August 1996[156]
— Holy See 10 March 1997[157]
138 Eritrea 5 February 1998[158]
139 Tajikistan 27 April 1998[159]
140 Malawi 1998[160]
141 San Marino 20 October 1999[161]
142 Croatia 30 March 2000[162]
143 Armenia 19 June 2000[163]
144 Grenada 24 July 2000[164]
145 Dominica 10 January 2001[165]
146 Equatorial Guinea 11 February 2001[166]
147 Iceland 15 March 2004[167]
148 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 December 2005[168]
149 Singapore 3 March 2006[169]
150 Latvia 16 February 2007[170]
151 Honduras 12 July 2007[171]
152 Antigua and Barbuda 31 August 2007[172]
153 Guatemala 5 September 2007[173]
154 Slovenia 19 September 2007[174]
155 Dominican Republic 28 September 2007[175]
156 Lithuania 11 June 2008[176]
157 Bolivia 13 August 2008[177]
158 Estonia 17 December 2008[178]
159 Saint Lucia 30 October 2009[179]
160 Uzbekistan 27 October 2010[180]
161 Montenegro 9 February 2011[181]
162 Paraguay 9 February 2011[182]
— Kosovo 14 May 2014[183]
163 South Sudan 20 March 2024[184]
164 Brunei Unknown
165 Cape Verde Unknown
166 Eswatini Unknown
167 Lebanon Unknown
168 Lesotho Unknown
169 Luxembourg Unknown
170 Oman Unknown
— State of Palestine Unknown

Bilateral relations[edit]

Africa[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Algeria 24 August 1963 SeeAlgeria–Libya relations

The NTC occasionally took an aggressive posture toward governments it accused of supporting Gaddafi in the civil war,[185]especially that ofAlgeria,which it claimed allowed Gaddafi's government to transport mercenaries and military equipment through its territory.[186][187][188]

The NTC reacted harshly after several members of the Gaddafi government, including members of his family, entered Algeria and were grantedpolitical asyluminAlgiers.On 29 August 2011, it said that Algeria sheltering Gaddafi or his family members would be viewed as an "act of aggression".[189]However, while the Algerian government permitted Gaddafi's relatives to remain in the country, it warnedAisha Gaddafiat least twice over political comments she made criticising the NTC while in Algeria.[190]

On 16 April 2012, Libyan leaderMustafa Abdul Jalilmet with Algerian PresidentAbdulaziz BouteflikainAlgiers.After the meeting, he expressed confidence "that [Algeria] would not shelter those who represent a threat for Libya’s security", an apparent reference to members of Gaddafi's family who were granted asylum in Algeria the previous year. Libyan and Algerian officials also discussed cooperation on border security.[190]

Burkina Faso 12 January 1981 SeeBurkina Faso–Libya relations
Egypt 3 September 1953 SeeEgypt–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1953 when first Libyan Minister to Egypt Ibrahim El-Senoussi present his credentials to General Naguib.[26]

During theLibyan Civil War,it was rumoured thatEgypthad sent Unit 777, a special forces division, to clandestinely aid Libyan revolutionaries on the eastern front. These reports were never confirmed, but established an early narrative that the post-revolutionary government of Egypt was seeking to aid a revolution in neighbouring Libya as part of aNorth Africansolidarity effort.[191]

Egypt supported theArab League's readmission of Libya under the NTC in August 2011, officially recognising the NTC on the same day, 22 August, as the pan-Arab organisation, headed by former Egyptian Foreign MinisterNabil Elaraby,voted to do so.[192]

Ethiopia 11 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1975 when first Libyan Ambassador to Ethiopia presented his credentials.[104]
Guinea-Bissau 4 July 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1974 when was signed agreement to open an Embassy of Libya in the capital of Guinea Bissau.[97]
Liberia 1 April 1974 SeeLiberia–Libya relations
Mali 17 November 1972 SeeLibya–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1972 when the first Libyan Ambassador to Mali, Muhammad Ahmad Mograhi, presented his credentials to President Mousa Traore.[77]

In theaftermath of the Libyan civil war,Maliantroops engaged in sporadic battles withTuaregex-mercenaries returning from fighting on Gaddafi's side.[193]Authorities in Mali recognised the danger as early as October 2011.[194]

After the death of Muammar Gaddafi, Malian PresidentAmadou Toumani Tourésaid he accepted the NTC's authority and, together with Algerian PresidentAbdelaziz Bouteflika,expressed his hopes for "a rapid settlement of the crisis in this country, in line with the aspirations of the Libyan people".[195]In January 2012, Mali became the firstAfricannation to agree to accept prisoners convicted by theInternational Criminal Court,which wants to trySaif al-Islam Gaddafiand several other former Libyan regime officials being held by ex-revolutionary groups in Libya.[196]

Theunilaterally declared secessionofAzawadfrom Mali, themilitary victoryof theNational Movement for the Liberation of Azawad,Ansar Dine,and other rebel groups in the vast Malian north, and thecoupagainst President Amadou Toumani Touré in 2012 were attributed in part to the outflow of weapons from Libya after the war, which purportedly increased instability in theSahel.[197][198]

Mauritania 9 January 1970 SeeLibya–Mauritania relations
Namibia 8 May 1990
  • Libya has an embassy inWindhoek.
  • Namibia is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Algiers, Algeria.
Niger 17 November 1965 SeeLibya–Niger relations

Libyan relations withNigersince the formation of the National Transitional Council have been somewhat tenuous, though Niger recognised the NTC as Libya's legitimate governing authority on 27 August 2011.[199]

In early September 2011, a large convoy of Libyan military vehicles that the NTC said included stockpiles ofgold bullionbelonging to the Libyan treasury, as well as members of the Gaddafi government, crossed into Niger, allegedly with assistance from NigerienTuaregs.The NTC called on the Nigerien government to stop the convoy and arrest wanted members of the government, warning of consequences for Libya–Niger relations if it failed to do so.[200]However, after briefly denying the convoy's presence in Niger,[201]the Nigerien government later said it was considering granting refugee status to the Libyans, including military commandersAli KanaandMansour Dhao,both wanted by the NTC on charges of crimes against the Libyan people, as they were not sought by theInternational Criminal Court.[202]A similar scenario played out whenAl-Saadi Gaddafi,one ofMuammar Gaddafi's sons and a top military commander during the war, entered Niger and was placed under house arrest by the government[203]but was then granted refuge in the country, over the protests of the NTC and its allies. On 1 October, Nigerien Justice MinisterMarou Amadoureiterated his government's refusal to extradite Al-Saadi Gaddafi, but said the NTC was welcome to interrogate him inNiamey,Niger's capital.[204]The Nigerien government has officially acknowledged receiving 32 wanted members of the government, but refuses to turn them over to the NTC on humanitarian grounds.[205]On 11 November, Nigerien PresidentMahamadou Issoufousaid his government officially decided to grant Al-Saadi Gaddafi asylum.[206]

After Saadi Gaddafi made comments calling for an uprising against the NTC in Libya, a spokesman for the Libyan interim authority said on 11 February 2012 that Tripoli demanded Niger extradite the Gaddafi son and other ex-regime officials to face trial in Libya. The Nigerien government must send the fugitives from justice back to their home country, the NTC spokesman warned, in order for Niger to "preserve its relationship and interests" in Libya. However, Nigerien government officials rejected the demand, citing the country's policy of not extraditing anyone who could facecapital punishment.[207]

South Africa 14 May 1994 SeeLibya–South Africa relations

The relationship between Libya andSouth Africawas historically friendly prior to the civil war,[208][209]and the South African government maintained a policy of neutrality during the conflict by refusing to recognise the NTC until after the UN General Assembly voted to do so.[210]South Africa did, however, vote forUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973establishing ano-fly zoneover Libya, though PresidentJacob Zumalater said he would have instructed the South African representative to vote against it if he had known that it would lead to aNATO-ledbombing campaign.[211]South African officials met with representatives of both the NTC and the Gaddafi government during the war.[212]As an ostensibly neutral party, the South African government championed theAfrican Union"roadmap" to peace,[210]designed in part by Zuma, a member of the AUAd HocHigh Level Committee on Libya.[213]It ultimately recognised the NTC under considerable international pressure in September 2011, just a month before the war's end.[214]In early 2012, months after the collapse of Gaddafi's regime, Zuma complained to theUnited Nations Security Councilthat the crisis in Libya had "now grown to be a regional problem" as a result of the UN failing to work with the AU during the war.[215]

During the war, it was repeatedly rumoured that South Africa would offerMuammar Gaddafiand members of his family asylum, and during theBattle of Tripoli,some outlets reported that South African aircraft were on standby to whisk the Libyan leader and members of his government out of the country. The South African government denied these reports. It also denied allegations that surfaced the week after Tripoli fell claiming it was ready to facilitate Gaddafi's exile toBurkina Faso.[216]After Gaddafi was captured and killed in October 2011, the South African government issued a statement saying it hoped thefall of Sirtewould bring about peace in Libya.[217]

Tunisia 22 June 1956 SeeLibya–Tunisia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1956 when Mr. Abdul Salam Bsaikri, the first Libyan Ambassador to Tunisia presented his credentials to the Bey of Tunis.[33]

During the civil war,Tunisiaremained officially neutral. However, as a neighbouring state, it took in tens of thousands of Libyan refugees fleeing the conflict, setting up camps along the international border.[218][219]On 20 August 2011, the interimgovernment of Tunisiarecognised the NTC as Libya's legitimate authority.[220]

After the2011 Tunisian elections,ad interimTunisian PresidentMoncef Marzoukivowed to build close relations with Libya's post-revolutionary government.[221]At a conference inBenghaziin late 2011, Libyan officials agreed to give Tunisia preferred status above all other nations in business and commerce. Marzouki's first official international trip as president was toTripoliin early January 2012, where he met with Libyan leaders. Although theFinancial Timesreported on the state visit as a sign of deepening ties between the two countries, Libyan authorities reportedly complained to Marzouki's delegation over the presence of wanted ex-officials of the Gaddafi government in Tunisia, and Marzouki insisted the Libyans do more to secure the international border.[222]

Americas[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Argentina 12 December 1973 SeeArgentina–Libya relations
Bolivia 13 August 2008 SeeBolivia–Libya relations
Brazil 9 April 1967 SeeBrazil–Libya relations
Lula and Libyan PresidentMuammar Gaddafi,2009
Canada 26 October 1968 SeeCanada–Libya relations
Chile 20 May 1971 SeeChile–Libya relations
  • Chile is accredited to Libya from its embassy inCairo,Egypt.
  • Libya has an embassy inSantiago.
Cuba 1 March 1976 SeeCuba–Libya relations
Grenada 24 July 2000 SeeGrenada–Libya relations
Mexico 6 August 1975 SeeLibya–Mexico relations
Nicaragua 19 May 1981 SeeLibya–Nicaragua relations
Peru 28 April 1974 SeeLibya–Peru relations
Suriname 17 May 1976 SeeLibya–Suriname relations
United States 24 December 1951 SeeLibya–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 December 1951.[18]

U.S. Defence SecretaryLeon PanettaandTransitional Libyan Prime MinisterAbdurrahim El-Keib,conduct a press conference in Tripoli, Libya on Dec. 17, 2011.

TheUnited Stateswas a major ally of the NTC during the war against Gaddafi, launchingOperation Odyssey Dawnon 19 March 2011 afterSusan Rice,its ambassador to the UN, successfully persuaded sceptics of the proposed Libyanno-fly zoneon theUnited Nations Security Councilto abstain from voting on the resolution rather than voting "no" or exercising veto power.[226]TheUnited States Air Force,Marine Corps,andNavyplayed an instrumental role in suppressing Libyan air defences in late March[227][228]before shifting toward a supporting role inOperation Unified Protector.[229]

The US took longer than other leading NTC allies to formally recognise the council as Libya's legitimate authority, but it ultimately handed over the Libyan Embassy inWashington, D.C.,to the NTC in early August 2011.[230]Later that month, the US led an effort at theUnited Nationsto repeal parts ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1970in order to allow unfrozen Libyan assets to be transferred to the interim government.[231]

Venezuela 18 June 1965 SeeLibya–Venezuela relations

Asia[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Azerbaijan 16 March 1992 SeeAzerbaijan–Libya relations
Bangladesh 14 December 1974 SeeBangladesh–Libya relations
China 9 August 1978 SeeChina–Libya relations

Chinainitially did not support the Libyan uprising, instead urgingMuammar Gaddafi's government to work quickly to "restore social stability and normalcy".[232]However, as the conflict dragged on, PRC officials began to meet with their NTC counterparts, invitingMahmoud JibriltoBeijingin late June 2011 for bilateral talks.[233]

The PRC opposed the2011 military intervention in Libyathroughout the civil war, accusing theWestof using force in an attempt to bring Libya into itssphere of influenceand seeking to counter by gradually giving more diplomatic standing to the NTC,[234]culminating in full diplomatic recognition in mid-September 2011, which Beijing's state news agencyXinhuadefended as "a mature decision made at the right time".[235]Both governments expressed desire for Chinese participation in rebuilding the country and resuming suspended construction projects.[236][237]However, relations between the NTC and the PRC were shaken by reports that state-controlled weapons manufacturers inMainland Chinamet with a high-level delegation from the Gaddafi government in July 2011 in defiance ofUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1970.[238]The PRC claimed ignorance of the meeting, which several NTC officials openly questioned.[239]

India 20 July 1952 SeeIndia–Libya relations
Indonesia 17 October 1991 SeeIndonesia–Libya relations

On 3 September 2011,IndonesianForeign Affairs MinisterMarty Natalegawasaid his government supported the NTC "in carrying out the peaceful transition towards democracy".[240][241]However, he stopped short of expressing Indonesian recognition of the NTC as the country's legitimate authority, and at theUnited Nations General Assemblyvote on accrediting the representative of Libya designated by the council on 16 September, Indonesia abstained.[242]

Indonesian energy firmMedcoEnergireopened itsTripolioffice in mid-September 2011 and said later in the month that it would resume oil exploration and production in the Area-47 block of the Libyan oilfields in October 2011.[243]Medco President-DirectorLukman Mahfoedzsaid that under the terms of a new contract between Libya's provisional government and the company, Tripoli would subsidise half the cost of Medco's operations in theGhadames Basin,while the remaining 50 percent of costs would be split between Medco and theLibyan Investment Authority,one of the corporation's largest shareholders.[244]

Iran 30 December 1967 SeeIran–Libya relations
Iraq 21 May 1955 SeeIraq–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1955 when Mr. Abdul Munim Gailani, Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Iraq to Libya presented his letters of credence.[27]

Israel SeeIsrael–Libya relations

Israeli ministerAyoob Karaconducted informal relations with the Gaddafi regime, using theFreedom Party of Austriaas an intermediary. During the negotiations,Saif al-Islam Gaddafipledged to assist in securing the release ofGilad ShalitfromHamas,sign a peace treaty with Israel and personally visit Israel in return for Israel lobbying NATO to cease airstrikes on Libya. However, talks ended when rebel forces took control of Tripoli.[245]

Democratic Party of LibyafigureAhmad Shabanisaid on 23 August that the Libyan opposition wanted the support of the international community, includingIsrael,despite the state's current lack of diplomatic relations with Libya. When asked if a democratically elected Libyan government would recognise Israel, Shabani responded, "The question is whether Israel will recognize us." He said his party supports atwo-state solutionfor Israel andPalestine.[246]The DPL is not an official organ of the NTC, but it supports the council's transitional role.

On 16 September 2011, Israel voted in theUnited Nations General Assemblyto accredit the NTC as Libya's legal representative.[242]

Japan 2 June 1957 SeeJapan–Libya relations
Jordan 30 August 1961 SeeJordan–Libya relations
Kazakhstan 13 March 1992 SeeKazakhstan–Libya relations
North Korea 23 January 1974 SeeLibya–North Korea relations
  • Libya is accredited to North Korea from its embassy in Seoul, South Korea.
  • North Korea has an embassy inTripoli
Pakistan 16 July 1952 SeeLibya–Pakistan relations
Philippines 17 November 1976 SeeLibya–Philippines relations
  • Libya has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines has an embassy inTripoli
Qatar 19 November 1975 SeeLibya–Qatar relations

Qatarwas the second country to recognise the NTC and the first to announce a trade agreement with it, declaring on 27 March 2011 that it would market Libyan oil exports from eastern terminals controlled byanti-Gaddafielements.[247]It was also the first Arab country to joininternational military operationsin Libya, sending interceptors to help enforce theno-fly zonestarting on 25 March.[248]The Qatari government is also closely tied toAl Jazeera,one of the first international news networks to begin covering the 2011 civil war.[249]

The NTC faced one of its first diplomatic quandaries afterIman al-Obeidi,a Libyan woman who accused Gaddafi-loyal militiamen of beating and gang-raping her at a checkpoint in a high-profile appearance before journalists at the Rixos Al Nasr inTripoli,was granted asylum in Qatar. Despite the protests of theUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,Qatar then forcibly deported Obeidi back toBenghazion 2 June 2011 for unknown reasons,[250]and Obeidi publicly blamed the NTC for her deportation.[251]Despite this incident, Qatari cooperation with the NTC remained close throughout the war, with close consultations between officials of the two governments inDohabecoming so frequent that some anti-Gaddafi fighters complained that their leadership was spending too much time in Qatar and not enough time in Libya.[252]Qatari military advisers also reportedly accompanied some anti-Gaddafi brigades in theNafusa Mountains[253]and during thecoastal offensiveinTripolitania,even helping to direct some fighters in the storming of Gaddafi'sBab al-Aziziacompound in centralTripoli.[254]

On 16 October 2011, the Qatari and Libyan governments signed a memorandum of understanding in Doha for cooperation between the justice ministries of the two states. Officials said the fledgling government of Libya could benefit from Qatar's experience in establishing justice, law and order.[255]

South Korea 29 December 1980 SeeLibya–South Korea relations

Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between theRepublic of KoreaandLibyain December 1980 and in (January 2015) Number of South Koreans living in Libya: 48.[256]

Syria SeeLibya–Syria relations

PresidentBashar al-Assad,the Ba'athistSyrianhead of state, responded to theSyrian civil warin a manner frequently compared by protesters toMuammar Gaddafi's crackdown in February 2011 and beyond.[257]Syria voted at theUnited Nations General Assemblyto accredit the NTC as representative of Libya on 16 September 2011.[242]However, Assad's government has allowedAl-Rai TV,a Syrian station, to broadcast pro-Gaddafi propaganda since the leader's fall from power, including audio messages from Gaddafi, members of his family, and former Information MinisterMoussa Ibrahim.[258]

On 10 October 2011, Libya became the first country to recognise theSyrian National Council,an umbrella group of opposition leaders within and outside Syria formed as an alternative to the government in Damascus, as "the sole legitimate government in Syria", according to NTC officialMussa al-Koni,who serves as a representative of theTuaregof Libya. Koni said the NTC also ordered the Syrian Embassy inTripolito be shuttered until further notice.[259]NTC also promised the representatives of SNC to hand them over the embassy of Syria inTripoli.[260]

Thailand 16 March 1977 SeeLibya–Thailand relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 March 1977
  • Libya has an embassy inBangkok.
  • Thailand is accredited to Libya through its embassy inRome,Italy.[261]
Turkey 30 December 1952 SeeLibya–Turkey relations
  • Libyahas an embassy inAnkaraand a Consulate General inIstanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy inTripoli[262]and a Consulate General inMisurata.[263]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.865 billion USD in 2018 (Libyan exports/imports: 0.37/1.50 billion USD).[264]
  • 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[264]

Turkeywas a prominent backer of the Libyan opposition during the civil war, although it was initially strongly opposed to theinternational military intervention[265]and expressed concern about the violence.[266]However, Turkey became a strong advocate for a leadingNATOrole in Libya by the end of March and joined in operations to enforce anembargoon Gaddafi-held ports.[265]

With Turkey's reversal on the international military mission, as well as its decision to recognise the NTC in early July 2011,[267]it gained considerably more influence with the ultimately victorious rebels. It also provided $300 million in aid to the NTC prior to the start ofRamadan,[268]as well several fuel shipments via theTurkish Petroleum International Company.[269]Foreign MinisterAhmet DavutoğluvisitedBenghaziin late August, just asTripoliwasbeing takenbyanti-Gaddafi forces.[270]When Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Erdoğanvisited Tripoli the following month, he received a rock star welcome from gratified Libyans.[268]TheTurkish Air Forcealso worked with the NTC to airdrop humanitarian aid toWaddan,and the Libyan South nearQatrunin mid-September 2011, delivering at least 14 tons of food to the areas selected by Libyan and Turkish officials.[271]

In January 2020, Turkey deployed approximately 2,000 Syrian fighters, including from theSyrian National Army,to Libya in support ofFayez al-Sarraj.[272]

United Arab Emirates 24 May 1972 SeeLibya–United Arab Emirates relations

The UAE maintains aforward operating baseat the Al-Khadim Airport, nearMarj.[273][274]

Vietnam 15 March 1975 SeeLibya–Vietnam relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1975
  • Libya has an embassy inHanoi.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
Yemen 22 August 1960 SeeLibya–Yemen relations

Europe[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Albania 6 May 1970 SeeAlbania–Libya relations
Belarus 30 August 1996 SeeBelarus–Libya relations
Croatia 30 March 2000 SeeCroatia–Libya relations
Cyprus 8 November 1973 SeeCyprus–Libya relations

Relations between Cyprus and Libya have always remained strong especially due to the relations of the President of the Cyprus House of RepresentativesYiannakis Omirouwith Libyan politicians. Libya was a key investor to Cyprus after the invasion of the island by Turkey and was a source of jobs for Cypriots working under the Cypriot multinational companyJoannou & Paraskevaides.The latest state visit between the two countries was of Cypriot Foreign MinisterErato Kozakou-MarcoullistoTripoliin 2011 after the overthrow of the Gaddafi regime.

Czech Republic 16 May 1960 SeeCzech Republic–Libya relations

Relations between Libya and the Czech Republic was relatively slow, amongEuropean Unionmember states, to establish full diplomatic relations with the NTC. Meetings between Czech and Libyan officials of the NTC began in mid-June 2011,[275]and by the end of the month, Foreign MinisterKarel Schwarzenbergwas quoted as saying, while visitingBenghazito deliver a shipment of medical supplies, that the Czech Republic recognised the NTC as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.[276]However, Schwarzenberg later clarified that he had not expressed his government's recognition of the NTC as a legitimate government, a position he maintained until the end of theBattle of Tripoli.[277][278]

On 21 September 2011, the Czech Republic joined theFriends of LibyaConference, a group of countries and international organisations committed to helping rebuild a democratic, internationalist Libya.[279]

France 1 January 1952 SeeFrance–Libya relations

Francewas the first country to recognise the NTC as Libya's sole legitimate representative, doing so on 10 March 2011.[280]Just over a week later, France co-sponsoredUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973,and theFrench Air Forcewas the firstmilitary coalition componentto engage Gaddafi-loyal forces on the ground in Libya, intervening to turn the tide at theSecond Battle of Benghazion 19 March by destroying advancing columns ofLibyan Armytanks, armoured personnel carriers, and artillery pieces.[281]

In late August 2011, France unblocked 20 percent of frozen Libyan assets held in the country.[282]PresidentNicolas SarkozyvisitedTripolion 15 September, becoming (together withBritishPrime MinisterDavid Cameron) one of the first world leaders to make a state visit to Libya since theconquest of the capital.[283]

Germany 3 June 1955 SeeGermany–Libya relations
Greece 1952 SeeGreece–Libya relations

Diplomatic relations betweenGreeceand Libya date back to 1952, when Libya's independence was formally recognized by theUnited Nations.Relations between the two countries had been traditionally friendly, especially during the 1980s and 1990s, when the personal friendship betweenMuammar Gaddafiand Greek socialist Prime MinisterAndreas Papandreoucontributed to close ties between the two countries. Greece provided continued military training in its military academies to future Libyan career officers, well into the early 2000s.

Due to theLibyan Civil War,in 2014 Greece closed its embassy inTripoli,while Libya continued to be represented in Greece through its embassy inAthens.The signing in 2019 of theLibya (GNA)–Turkey maritime dealfuelled Greece’s strong reaction and condemnation,[284]also followed by concerns raised for its legality by other countries in the region,[285][286][287]the international community and political powers within Libya itself, including the rivalTobruk-based government led byLibya's Parliament (House of Representatives)and theLibyan National Army.Greece regarded it as "void" and "geographically absurd", because it ignored the presence of the Greek islands ofCrete,Kasos,Karpathos,KastellorizoandRhodesbetween the Turkish–Libyan coasts. This subsequently led to the expulsion of the Libyan ambassador from Greece[288]and deterioration of relations between Greece and the GNA.

Following political change at the head of Government in Libya in 2021, and in an effort to stabilise relations and increase Greece’s diplomatic presence in the country, the reopening of the Greek Embassy in Tripoli and a new Consulate General inBenghaziwere announced by theGreek Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[289]

During theCOVID-19 pandemic,Greece donated 200,000 vaccines to Libya.[290]

Italy 21 February 1952 SeeItaly–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1952 when has been accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Libya Mr. Mario Conti.[20]

Libya's largest international trade partner,Rome's decision to reject Gaddafi as a negotiating party and recognise the NTC in early April 2011 was seen as a major diplomatic coup for NTC envoyMahmoud Jibril.[291]Although Italy joinedinternational military effortsto weaken Gaddafi's grip on the country, granting the use of military bases in Italian territory and participating inOperation Unified Protector,Foreign MinisterFranco Frattinicalled for an "immediate cessation of hostilities" in June 2011 to allow for the delivery of humanitarian aid, a suggestion thatNATOignored.[292]

In late August 2011, Frattini vowed that Italian oil companyEniwould "play a number one role in the future" in Libya and resume oil production as soon as Libya's oilfields reopened for business.[292]Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconialso announced the release of $505 million in frozen Libyan assets as a "first payment" to Libya's new government as its forcesbattledto secureTripoli.[293]Abdulrahman Ben Yezza,a former Eni executive, was named oil minister in thecaretaker governmentof Prime MinisterAbdurrahim El-Keibon 22 November.[294]

Kosovo 14 May 2014 SeeKosovo–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 May 2014.[183]

Kosovo declared independenceon 17 February 2008. Libya under Gaddafi was opposed to Kosovo's independence and refused to recognise Kosovo as independent.[295][296]However, after the fall of Gaddafi in 2011, Libya officially recognised Kosovo as an independent state on 25 September 2013.[297][298]

Lithuania 11 June 2008 SeeLibya–Lithuania relations
Malta 15 June 1965 SeeLibya–Malta relations

On 21 February 2011, days before the establishment of the NTC inBenghazi,twoLibyan Air Forcefighter jets defected toMaltarather than bomb the restiveeasterncities. The Maltese government's refusal to extradite the pilots or return the aircraft to Libya swiftly established the island state as an unfriendly neighbour of the Gaddafi government amidst the Libyan uprising.[299]

After thefallofTripolitoanti-Gaddafi forcesin late August 2011, Maltese Foreign Affairs MinisterTonio Borgannounced on 10 September that Malta would become the firstEUcountry to reopen its embassy in the Libyan capital.[300]The following day, Libyan Finance MinisterAli Tarhounicommissioned an investigation into companies with joint Libyan and Maltese shareholding, with the intent of locating businessmen both in Libya and in Malta who had assisted the Gaddafi government during the war, such as by facilitating the importation of oil to Gaddafi-loyal ports in defiance of theUNembargo. A spokesman for Tarhouni's office said that "all honest businessmen have no need to worry" and indicated the probe was not a critique of the Maltese government.[301]

Northern Cyprus

Despite the fact thatLibyahas not officially recognised theNorthern Cyprus,on 30 October 2011, Libyan Health MinisterAbdal Rahman Ali al-Kissasigned a protocol with his Northern Cypriot counterpart to reserve 250 beds at theNear East Universityhospital in northernNorth Nicosiafor the treatment of injured Libyans. He also met with TRNC Prime Ministerİrsen Küçük.[302]

Norway 20 July 1966 SeeLibya–Norway relations
Poland 2 December 1963 SeeLibya–Poland relations

Poland at the mid 2000s like the rest of West countries started to turn its eyes back on Libya after almost 20 years of absence.[303]At the beginning of the civil war, the Polish government was not eager to participate in any military action in Libya, but called the other members ofNATOandEuropean Unionto use other ways, but prime ministerDonald Tuskassured that Poland would take part in some "community activities."[304]At the same time, Polish NGOs started the preparations to help eastern Libya.[305]The position of government concern Libya has not changed with the beginning ofMilitary intervention in Libya.[306]

The diplomatic relations with NTC were established during the visit of Polish FMRadosław Sikorskito Benghazi on 11 May, when he announced the recognition of the NTC as "rightful interlocutor for the international community (...) in Libya"[307]Poland was the only country that opened its embassy in Benghazi.[308]On 8 July, the Minister noticed the Polish recognition of NTC as the "legitimate government of the Libyan people".[309]Poland was also member ofLibya Contact Group,where it offered to launch humanitarian help and training for state officials and new law and order services.[310]There are unofficial reports that Poland was sending weapons and officers ofPolish Special Forces.[311][312][313]Ahmed El-Mallul, a Libyan surgeon in Poland, was a mediator between the NTC and the Polish government.[314]On 15 September Poland reopened its embassy in Tripoli[315]and started to prepare ground for humanitarian help, which arrived on 3 October inMisrata[316][317]Also Libyan representatives were in Poland at theparliamentary electionson 6–11 October 2011.[318][319]Next visit of foreign minister took place on 24 October inTripoli.[320]Three days later Libyan decedents decided to strengthen bilateral relations and notify Polish MFA about upgrading its Economic Cooperation Bureau in Warsaw to the rank of Embassy and establish a joint Libyan-Polish commission headed by its Ministers of Foreign Affairs.[321]

Portugal 1975 SeeLibya–Portugal relations
Romania 14 February 1974 SeeLibya–Romania relations
Russia 4 September 1955 SeeLibya–Russia relations

Russiasharply criticised theNATO-ledmilitary interventionin the Libyan civil war, though it chose not to use its veto power on theUnited Nations Security Councilto block it. On 27 May 2011,Russian PresidentDmitri Medvedevsaid that althoughMoscowopposed the military operations, it believed Gaddafi should leave power.[322]

In early June 2011, Russian envoyMikhail Margelovwas received inBenghazi,thede factoheadquarters of the Libyan opposition. Margelov's stated objective was to broker a truce betweenanti-Gaddafi forcesand the Gaddafi-led government.[323]He left Benghazi with an invitation from the NTC for Russia to open a representative office in the city,[citation needed]though it opted not to do so before recognising the council as Libya's sole legitimate representative, which it did on 1 September 2011.[324]

Serbia 2 October 1955 SeeLibya–Serbia relations
Ukraine 17 March 1992 SeeLibya–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1992.[146]

United Kingdom 24 December 1951 SeeLibya–United Kingdom relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 December 1951.[17]

TheUnited Kingdomco-sponsored UNSCR 1973 and was one of the largest contributors toOperation Unified Protector,theNATO-led intervention to degrade the military strength ofMuammar Gaddafi's forces, though it carried out considerably fewer strike missions than fellow coalition partnersFranceand theUnited States.[325]

In early September 2011, theRoyal Air Forceflew crateloads of unfrozen Libyan funds in the form ofdinarbanknotes toBenghazi,the location of the NTC's interim central bank.[326]On 15 September, Prime MinisterDavid CameronvisitedTripolitogether with French President Sarkozy to meet with leaders of the NTC.[283]

Oceania[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Australia 4 January 1978 SeeAustralia–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1978.[124]

Australiawas a major non-military backer of the revolutionaries during theLibyan Civil War,sending more humanitarian aid to Libya than any other single country after theUnited States.[327][328]It was relatively early to recognise the NTC, doing so on 9 June 2011, months before thecaptureofTripoli.[329][330]

In December 2011, Australian Foreign Affairs MinisterKevin Ruddtraveled to Libya to meet with Libyan Prime MinisterAbdurrahim El-Keib.Rudd ceremonially hoisted theflag of Australiaat his country's consul-general in Tripoli and pledgedCanberra's support for efforts to remove unexplodedlandminesin Libya, as well as advice on Libya's planned transition to democratic governance.[331]

Vanuatu 29 May 1986 SeeLibya–Vanuatu relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 May 1986[137]

International response[edit]

Libya
Countries that have recognised the National Transitional Council as the sole legitimate representative of Libya
Countries with informal relations with the NTC, or which voted in favour of it assuming Libya's UN seat, but have not established formal recognition
Countries which opposed the NTC assuming Libya's UN seat, yet have not made a formal statement on recognition
Countries which have formally opposed the NTC
Main article:International recognition of the National Transitional Council

During theLibyan Civil War,at least 100 countries and numerous international organisations, including theUnited Nations,expressly recognised the NTC as Libya's legitimate authority or used similar language. Several other countries have recognised the NTC as the interim government of Libya since the war's end.

Membership in intergovernmental organisations[edit]

Libya was suspended fromArab Leagueproceedings in late February 2011 over the bombardment of civilians by Gaddafi's forces during widespread protests against his government.[332]In early June, Vice ChairmanAbdul Hafiz Ghoga,a frequent spokesman for the council, emphasised his government's intention to reintegrate Libya into theArab world.[333]It was reinstated on 27 August with the NTC as its representative.[334]

TheAfrican Union'sPeace and Security Councildecided on 26 August 2011 to call for a nationalunity governmentincluding the remnants of the Gaddafi government as well as members of the NTC instead of transferring its diplomatic recognition to the NTC as Libya's legal representative.[335]After ChairmanMustafa Abdul Jalilpledged the council's commitment to protectinghuman rights,shepherding Libya through the process of postwar reconciliation, and transitioning to full democracy at aLibya Contact Groupconference inParison 1 September, a spokesman for theAfrican Union Commissionsaid the commission was "reassured" and would bring the issue of recognition up for discussion again.[336]Relations between the AU and the NTC have been strained by persistent reports ofhate crimes,including arbitrary detentions andlynchings,being perpetrated againstblack peopleinTawergha,Tripoli,and other places in Libya.[337][338][339]On 20 September 2011, theAfrican Unionofficially recognised the National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libya.[340]

The NTC asked to take up Libya's seat at theUnited Nations.[341]The UN was also a member of the Libya Contact Group. Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon,the UN's nominal leader, said on 1 September that the UN would work with "Libyan authority" to help Libya transition toward democracy. Ban also backed a proposedUnited Nations Security Councilresolution to codify the international body's role in supporting Libyan democracy and stability.[342]Although the NTC welcomedUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973,which authorised theNATO-ledbombingof Libyan military targets, it has rejected proposals for aUnited Nations peacekeepingcontingent in postwar Libya, saying it wants no foreign troops deployed on Libyan soil.[343]TheUnited Nations General Assembly,with 114 member states in favor to 17 opposed, voted on 16 September 2011 to recognise the NTC as holding Libya's seat at the United Nations.[242][344]

NTC appointed representatives during the civil war[edit]

The National Transitional Council had opened representative missions abroad during the civil war. Several countries had recognised the council as the sole "governing authority" in Libya and some of these countries invited the council to appoint diplomatic envoys and to take over Libyan embassies in their capitals. A number of embassies and diplomatic offices in other countries have declared allegiance to the council unilaterally, but it is unclear whether they are in communication with it.

Representative missions of the NTC during the civil war:

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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