Franjo Tuđman

"Tuđman" redirects here. For other uses, seeTuđman (disambiguation).

Vrhovnik Franjo Tuđman
Tuđman in 1995
1stPresident of Croatia
In office 22 December 1990 – 10 December 1999
Prime Minister	Josip Manolić Franjo Gregurić Hrvoje Šarinić Nikica Valentić Zlatko Mateša
Preceded by	Himself (asPresident of the Presidency of the Republic of Croatia)
Succeeded by	Vlatko Pavletić(acting) Zlatko Tomčić(acting) Stjepan Mesić
President of the Presidency of the Republic of Croatia
In office 25 July 1990 – 22 December 1990
Prime Minister	Stjepan Mesić Josip Manolić
Deputy	Josip Manolić
Preceded by	Himself (asPresident of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Croatia)
Succeeded by	Himself (asPresident of Croatia)
President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Croatia
In office 30 May 1990 – 25 July 1990
Prime Minister	Stjepan Mesić(asPresident of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Croatia)
Deputy	Josip Manolić
Preceded by	Ivo Latin
Succeeded by	Himself (asPresident of the Presidency of the Republic of Croatia)
President of the Croatian Democratic Union
In office 17 June 1989 – 10 December 1999
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Vladimir Šeks(acting) Ivo Sanader
Personal details
Born	(1922-05-14)14 May 1922 Veliko Trgovišće,Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Died	10 December 1999(1999-12-10)(aged 77) Zagreb,Croatia
Resting place	Mirogoj Cemetery,Zagreb, Croatia
Nationality	Croatian
Political party	SKH(1942–1967) HDZ(1989–1999)
Spouse	Ankica Žumbar ​ (m.1945)​
Children	3, includingMiroslav
Parents	Stjepan Tuđman Justina Gmaz
Alma mater	Military Academy Belgrade University of Zadar
Profession	Politician, historian, soldier
Signature
Website	tudjman.hr
Nickname	"Francek"
Military service
Allegiance	Yugoslavia(1942–61) Croatia(1995–99)
Branch/service	Yugoslav Partisans(1942–45) Yugoslav People's Army(1945–61) Armed Forces of Croatia(1995–99)
Years of service	1942–1961 1995–1999
Rank	Major general(YPA) Vrhovnik(HV)
Unit	10th Zagreb Corps
Battles/wars	World War II in Yugoslavia Croatian War of Independence Bosnian War

Franjo Tuđman(Croatian pronunciation:[frǎːɲotûdʑman];14 May 1922 – 10 December 1999) was a Croatian politician and historian who became the firstpresident of Croatia,from 1990 until his death. He served following thecountry's independencefromYugoslavia.Tuđman also was the ninth and lastpresident of the Presidency of SR Croatiafrom May to July 1990.

Tuđman was born inVeliko Trgovišće.In his youth, he fought duringWorld War IIas a member of theYugoslav Partisans.After the war, he took a post in theMinistry of Defence,later attaining the rank ofmajor generalof theYugoslav Armyin 1960. After his military career, he dedicated himself to the study ofgeopolitics.In 1963, he became a professor at theZagrebFaculty of Political Sciences.He received adoctoratein history in 1965 and worked as a historian until coming into conflict with the regime. Tuđman participated in theCroatian Springmovement that called for reforms in the country and was imprisoned for his activities in 1972. He lived relatively anonymously in the following years until theend of communism,whereupon he began his political career by founding theCroatian Democratic Union(HDZ) in 1989.

HDZ won the firstCroatian parliamentary elections in 1990and Tuđman became the President of the Presidency ofSR Croatia.As president, Tuđman introduced anew constitutionand pressed for the creation ofan independent Croatia.On 19 May 1991, anindependence referendumwas held, which was approved by 93 percent of voters. Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. Areas with aSerb majorityrevolted,backed by the Yugoslav Army, and Tuđman led Croatia duringits War of Independence.A ceasefire was signed in 1992, butthe warhad spread intoBosnia and Herzegovina,whereCroatsfought in an alliance withBosniaks.Their cooperation fell apart in late 1992 and Tuđman's government sided withHerzeg-Bosniaduring theCroat-Bosniak War,a move that brought criticism from the international community. In a final verdict of war crimes trial of former high-ranking officials of Herceg-Bosnia, theICTYstated that Tuđman shared in theirjoint criminal enterprisegoal of establishing an entity toreunite the Croatian peoplewhich was to be implemented through the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims. However, it did not find him guilty of any specific crimes.

Tuđman's childhood home inVeliko Trgovišće

In March 1994, he signed theWashington AgreementwithBosnian PresidentAlija Izetbegovićthat re-allied Croats and Bosniaks. In August 1995, he authorized a major offensive known asOperation Stormwhich effectively ended the war in Croatia. In the same year, he was one of the signatories of theDayton Agreementthat put an end to the Bosnian War. He was re-elected president in1992and1997and remained in power until his death in 1999. While supporters point out his role in achieving Croatian independence, critics have described his presidency asauthoritarian.Surveys after Tuđman's death have generally shown a high favorability rating among the Croatian public.

Early life and education

Franjo Tuđman was born on 14 May 1922 inVeliko Trgovišće,a village in the northern Croatian region ofHrvatsko Zagorje,at the time part of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.The family moved to the house marked as his birthplace soon after he was born.His father Stjepan ran a local tavern and was a politically active member of theCroatian Peasant Party(HSS).He had been president of the HSS committee in Veliko Trgovišće for 16 years (1925–1941 and had been elected as mayor of Veliko Trgovišće in 1936 and 1938).Mato, Andraš and Juraj, brothers of Stjepan Tuđman,emigrated to the United States.Another brother, Valentin, also tried to emigrate, but a travelling accident prevented him and kept him in Veliko Trgovišće, where he worked as an (uneducated)veterinarian.

Besides Franjo, Stjepan Tuđman had an elder daughter Danica Ana (who died as a baby), Ivica (born in 1924) and Stjepan "Štefek" (born in 1926).When Franjo Tuđman was seven, his mother Justina (néeGmaz) died while bearing her fifth child.Tuđman's mother was a devoutCatholic,unlike his father and stepmother. His father, likeStjepan Radić,hadanticlericalattitudes and young Franjo adopted his views.As a child, Franjo Tuđman served as analtar boyin the local parish.Tuđman attended elementary school in his native village from 15 September 1929 to 30 June 1933 and was an excellent student.

He attended secondary school for eight years, starting in the autumn 1935.The reasons for the interruption are not clear, but it is assumed that the primary cause was an economic crisis in that period.According to some sources, the local parish helped young Franjo to continue his educationand his teacher even proposed him to be educated to become a priest.When he was 15, his father brought him toZagreb,where he metVladko Maček,the president of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS).At first young, Franjo liked the HSS, but later he turned towardscommunism.On 5 November 1940, he was arrested during student demonstrations celebrating the anniversary of theSovietOctober Revolution.

World War II

Tuđman as a member of the Yugoslav Partisans

Tuđman (left), withJoža Horvat(right), inPartisanuniform, February 1945

On 10 April 1941, whenSlavko Kvaternikproclaimed theIndependent State of Croatia(NDH), thepuppet stateofNazi GermanyandFascist Italy,Tuđman left school and started publishingsecret newspaperswith his friend Vlado Stopar.He was recruited into theYugoslav Partisansat the beginning of 1942 by Marko Belinić.His father also joined the Partisans and became a founder of theState Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia(ZAVNOH). According to Tuđman, his father was arrested by theUstashas,thefascistandultranationalistorganization that governed the NDH, and one of his brothers was taken to aconcentration camp.They both managed to survive, unlike the youngest brother Stjepanwho was killed by theGestapofighting for the Partisans in 1943.

Tuđman was traveling between Zagreb and Zagorje using false documents which identified him as a member of theCroatian Home Guard.There, he was helping to activate a partisan division in Zagorje.On 11 May 1942, while carrying Belinić's letter, he was arrested by the Ustashas, but managed to escape from the police station.

Military career

Franjo Tuđman andAnkica Žumbarwere married on 25 May 1945 at theBelgradeCity Council.In this way, they wanted to confirm their faith in theCommunist movementand the importance of civil rituals over religious ones.(In May 1945, the government created the law which allowed civil weddings, taking weddings, among other things, out ofChurchjurisdiction.) They returned to work that same day.

On 26 April 1946, his father Stjepan and stepmother were found dead.Tuđman never clarified the circumstances of their death. According tothe police,his father Stjepan killed his wife and then himself. Other theories accuse Ustashaguerrillas(Crusaders) and members of the Yugoslav secret police (OZNA).

Franjo and Ankica did not qualify assecondary schoolgraduates until after the war, in Belgrade.He graduated from the Partisan High School in 1945 and she finished five semesters ofEnglish languagein the Yugoslav Foreign Office.

Tuđman asmajor generalin theYugoslav People's Army(1960)

In 1953, Tuđman was promoted to the position ofcoloneland moved to position head of office of theChief of staffof theFederal Secretary of People's Defence.On that position in 1959, he became amajor general.At the age of 38, he had become the youngest general in theYugoslav Army.His promotion was not extreme, but it was atypical for aCroatbecause senior officers were increasingly likely to beSerbsandMontenegrins.In 1962, Serbs and Montenegrins composed 70% of armygenerals.

On 23 May 1954, he became secretary ofJSD Partizan Belgradeand, in May 1958, its president,becoming the first colonel to occupy that position (all previous holders were generals).He was placed in that position in order to solve administration problems inside of the club, especially thefootball section.When he arrived, JSD Partizan Belgrade was a kind of intelligence battlefield where leaders ofUDBAandKOSstruggled for influence.That caused clubs (despite having notable and good players) to have bad results, especially its football section.During his club presidency, the club adopted the black-white striped kit which is used to this day. According to Tuđman, he wanted to create a club that would have apan-Yugoslavimage and opposeSD Crvena Zvezdathat had an exclusiveSerbianimage.Tuđman was inspired byJuventus FCuniforms. However,Stjepan Bobek(former player of FK Partizan) claimed that uniform colors idea was, in fact, his, which he passed on to Tuđman.

Tuđman attended themilitary academyin Belgrade, like many officers who did not have formal military education. He graduated from the tactical school on 18 July 1957 as an excellent student.One of his teachers wasDušan Bilandžić,who would be a future advisor.Before he turned 40 years old, he had risen to become the youngest general in the Yugoslav Army. He was prominent in attending to communist indoctrination while based in Belgrade, where his three children were born.

Institute

In 1963, he became professor at theUniversity of Zagreb Faculty of Political Scienceswhere he taught a course called "Socialist Revolution and Contemporary National History".He left active army service in 1961 at his own request and began working at theInstitut za historiju radničkoga pokreta Hrvatske(English:Institute for the History of Workers' Movement of Croatia), and remained its director until 1967.

Tuđman's increasing insistence on a Croatian interpretation of historyturned many professors from University of Zagreb likeMirjana GrossandLjubo Bobanagainst him.In April 1964, Boban denounced Tuđman as anationalist.During Tuđman's leadership the Institute became a source of alternative interpretations of Yugoslav history which caused his conflict with official Yugoslav historiography.He did not have an appropriate academic degree to qualify him as a historian. He began to realize that he would need to obtain a doctorate in order to keep his position. His dissertation was entitledThe Causes of the Crisis of the Yugoslav Monarchy fromUnification in 1918untilIts Breakdown in 1941,and was a compilation of some of his previously published works. The University of Zagreb'sFaculty of Philosophyrejected his dissertation, on the grounds that some parts of it had already been published.The Faculty of Arts in Zadar (then part of University of Zagreb, todayUniversity of Zadar) accepted it and he graduated on 28 December 1965.

In his thesis, he stated that the primary cause of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's breakdown was the repressive andcorruptedregime which was at odds with the contemporary mainstream Yugoslav historiography which considered Croatian nationalism to be its primary cause.Bogdanov and Milutinović (both ethnic Serbs) did not object to this. However, the Zagreb-based publisherNaprijedcancelled the contract following his refusal to change some controversial statements in the book.He publicly supported the goals of theDeclaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language.TheCroatian ParliamentandLeague of Communists of Croatiafrom Zagreb, however, attacked it and the board of the institute requested Tuđman's resignation.

Tuđman giving a speech at the Institute for the Workers' Movement in Zagreb

In December 1966, Ljubo Boban accused Tuđman ofplagiarism,stating that Tuđman had compiled four-fifths of his doctoral thesis,The Creation of the Socialist Yugoslavia,from Boban's work. Boban offered conclusive proofs to his claim from articles published previously in the magazineForumand the rest from Boban's own thesis.Tuđman was then expelled from the Institute and forced to retire in 1967.

Between 1962 and 1967, he was the president of the Main Committee for International Relations of the Croatian League of Communists Main Boardand deputy in the Croatian Parliament between 1965 and 1969.

Dissident politics

Apart from his book on guerrilla warfare, Tuđman wrote a series of articles criticizing the YugoslavSocialistestablishment. His most important book from that period wasVelike ideje i mali narodi( "Great ideas and small nations" ), a monograph on political history that brought him into conflict with the central dogmas of the Yugoslav Communist elite with regard to the interconnectedness of the national and social elements in the Yugoslav revolutionary war (duringWorld War II).

In 1970, he became a member of theCroatian Writers' Society.In 1972 he was sentenced to two years in prison forsubversive activitiesduring theCroatian Spring.According to Tuđman's own testimony,the Yugoslav PresidentJosip Broz Titopersonally intervened to recommend the court to be lenient in his case, sparing him a longer prison sentence. The authorities ofSR Croatiaadditionally intended to prosecute Tuđman on charges of espionage, which carried a sentence of 15–20 years in prison with hard labour, but the charge was commuted by Tito. Other sources mention thatMiroslav Krleža,a writer, lobbied on Tuđman's behalf.According to Tuđman, he and Tito were close friends.However, Tuđman later described Tito's crackdown as an "autocraticcoup d'état".

Tuđman in June 1971

The Croatian Spring was a national movement set in motion by Tito and the Croatian communist party chairmanVladimir Bakarićamid the climate of growing liberalism in the late 1960s. It was initially a tepid and ideologically controlled party liberalism, but it soon grew into a mass nationalist-based manifestation of dissatisfaction with the position of Croatia withinYugoslavia.As a result, the movement was suppressed by Tito, who used the military and the police to put a stop to what he saw as separatism and a threat to the party's influence. Bakarić quickly distanced himself from the Croatian communist leadership that he himself had helped to gain power earlier and sided with the Yugoslav president. However, Tito took the protesters' demands into consideration andin 1974 the new Yugoslav constitutiongranted the majority of the demands sought by the Croatian Spring. On other topics like Communism and one-party political monopoly Tuđman remained mostly within the framework of the communist ideology of the day. His sentence was eventually commuted by Tito's government and Tuđman was released after spending nine months in prison.

In 1977, he traveled toSwedenusing a forged Swedish passport to meet members of theCroatian diaspora.His trip apparently went unnoticed by Yugoslav police. However, on that trip he gave an interview to Swedish TV about the position of Croats in Yugoslavia that was later broadcast.Upon returning to Yugoslavia, Tuđman was put on trial again in 1981 because of this interview, and was accused for having spread "enemy propaganda". On 20 February 1981 he was found guilty and sentenced to three years of prison and 5 years in house arrest.However, he served only eleven months of the sentence.In June 1987, he became a member of the CroatianPENcentre.On 6 June 1987, he travelled to Canada with his wife to meetCroatian Canadians.They were trying not to discuss sensitive issues with emigrants abroad fearing that some might be agents of the Yugoslav secret police UDBA, which was a common practice at the time.

During his trips toCanadahe met many Croatian emigrants who were natives ofHerzegovinaor were of Herzegovinian ancestry. Some of these later became Croatian government officials after the country's independence, the most prominent of whom wasGojko Šušak,whose father and elder brother had been members of the Ustaše.These meetings abroad in the late 1980s later gave rise to manyconspiracy theories.According to these rumours the Croats of Herzegovina had somehow used the meetings to earn a huge amount of influence inside theHDZ,as well as the post-independence Croatian establishment.

Formation of the national programme

In the latter part of the 1980s, whenYugoslaviawas nearing its demise, torn by conflicting national aspirations, Tuđman formulated a Croatian national programme that can be summarized in the following way:

• The primary goal is the establishment of the Croatiannation-state;therefore all ideological disputes from the past should be thrown away. In practice, this meant strong support from the anti-Communist Croatian diaspora, especially financial.
• Even though Tuđman's final goal was an independent Croatia, he was well aware of the realities of internal and foreign policy. His chief initial proposal was not a fully independent Croatia, but a confederate Yugoslavia with growing decentralization and democratization.
• Tuđman envisaged Croatia's future as a welfare capitalist statethat will inevitably move towardscentral Europeand away from theBalkans.
• With regard to the burning issues of national conflicts, his vision was the following (at least initially): he asserted that Serbian nationalism, controlled by theYugoslav People's Army(JNA), could wreak havoc on Croatian and Bosnian soil. The JNA, according to some estimates the fourth European military force in terms of firepower, was being rapidly Serbianized, both ideologically and ethnically,in less than four years. Tuđman's proposal was that Serbs in Croatia, who made up 12% of Croatia's population, should gain cultural freedom with elements of territorial autonomy.
• As far asBosnia and Herzegovinawas concerned, Tuđman was more ambivalent: Tuđman did not take a separate Bosnia seriously as shown by his comments to a television crew "Bosnia was a creation of the Ottoman invasion... Until then it was part of Croatia, or it was a kingdom of Bosnia, but a Catholic kingdom, linked to Croatia".

On 17 June 1989, Tuđman founded theCroatian Democratic Union(HDZ). Essentially, this was a nationalist Croatian movement that affirmed Croatian values based onCatholicismblended with historical and cultural traditions which had been generally suppressed in communist Yugoslavia. The aim was to gain national independence and to establish a Croatiannation-state.

1990 election campaign

Main article:1990 Croatian parliamentary election

Internal tensions that had broken up the Communist party of Yugoslavia prompted the governments of federal Republics to schedule free multiparty elections in spring 1990. These were the first free multi-party elections for theCroatian Parliamentsince 1913. The HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Tuđman was elected its president. The election campaign took place from late March until 20 April 1990. Tuđman recruited several supporters from members of the diaspora who returned home, most importantlyGojko Šušak.

Tuđman based his campaign mostly on the national question. He stated that the dinar earned in Croatia should stay in Croatia, thus objecting to the subsidies for less developed parts of Yugoslavia, or for the Yugoslav army.He addressed the economic crisis, called for the renewal of a market economy and a parliamentary democracy, and expressed his support for the accession to the European Community. He maintained that Yugoslavia could survive only as a confederation.Although Tuđman had ties with the right-wing anti-Communist diaspora, he also had important colleagues from the Partisan Communist establishment, includingJosip BoljkovacandJosip Manolić.His main opponent in the election wasIvica Račanfrom theLeague of Communists of Croatia(SKH), who became the SKH Chairman in December 1989.

Tuđman's talk of Croatia's past glories and independence was not received well among Croatian Serbs. The HDZ was heavily criticized by Serbian media, portraying their possible victory as a revival ofNDH.Veljko Kadijević,general of the JNA, said at meeting of the army and SR Croatia leaderships that the elections will bring the Ustashe to power in Croatia. A few weeks before the elections, the army removed the weapons of theTerritorial Defencefrom stores all over Croatia.During a HDZ campaign rally inBenkovac,an ethnically mixed town, a 62-year-old Serbian man, Boško Čubrilović, pulled out a gas pistol near the podium. Croatian media described the incident as an assassination attempt on Tuđman, but Čubrilović was in late 1990 charged and convicted only of threatening the security staff. The incident further worsened ethnic tensions.

During his campaign, on 16 April 1990 Tuđman had a conversation with news reporters where he said:

All sorts of other lies are being spread today, I do not know what else they will invent. I've heard that I'm of Jewish descent, but I found, I knew of my ancestors in Zagorje from around 350 years ago, and I said, maybe it would be good to have some of that, I guess I would be richer, I might not have become a Communist. Then, as if that's not enough, then they declare that my wife is Jewish or Serbian. Luckily for me, she never was either, although many wives are. And so on and so forth spreading lies...

The part of the statement about his wife was later widely criticized, including by officials of the Wiesenthal Center.Croatian historian Ante Nazor cited claims by Tuđman's son,Miroslavand Stijepo Mijović Kočanabout the statement being directed against the former Yugoslav communist system rather than against Jews or Serbs; instead about mixed marriages being used by Croats as a means to promotion in the system.On 19 April, at a rally in Zadar, Tuđman said:

Let them not deceive that we want a restoration of the fascist NDH, which was created and disappeared within the Second World War. We know that the Croatian people also fought during the war on the other side under partisan, Tito's flags because he promised to create a free Federal State of Croatia that would be equal to all other nations. Clearly, instead of a realization of these ideals we received communist hell.

The elections were scheduled for all 356 seats in the parliament. Tuđman's party triumphed and got an absolute majority of around 60% or 205 seats in the Croatian Parliament. Tuđman was elected to the position ofPresident of Croatiaon30 May 1990.After the victory of HDZ the nationalisticSerb Democratic Party(SDS) spread its influence quickly in places where Serbs formed a high percentage of the population.Since the split among communists in Yugoslavia along ethnic lines was already a fact at that time, it seemed inevitable that the conflicts would continue following the multi-party elections which brought to power new political establishments in Croatia,SloveniaandBosnia and Herzegovina,while at the same time the same communist officials kept their posts inSerbiaandMontenegro.

President of Croatia (1990–1999)

First President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman with presidential sash

In the weeks following the election, the new government introduced the traditionalCroatian flagandcoat of arms,without Communist symbols. The term "Socialist" in the title of the republic was removed.Constitutional changeswere proposed with a multitude of political, economic, and social changes.Tuđman offered the vice-presidency toJovan Rašković,president of the SDS, but Rašković declined the offer and called the elected deputies from his party to boycott the parliament. Local Serb police in Knin began operating as an independent force, often not responding to orders from Zagreb.Many government employees, mostly in police where commanding positions were mainly held by Serbs and Communists, lost their jobs. This was based on a decision that the civil service ethnic structure should correspond to their percentage in the entire population.

On 25 July 1990, a Serbian Assembly was established inSrb,north ofKnin.Jovan Rašković announced a referendum on "Serb sovereignty and autonomy" in Croatia in August 1990, which Tuđman labeled as illegal. A series of incidents followed in areas populated by ethnic Serbs, mostly around Knin, known as theLog Revolution.The revolt in Knin concentrated the Croatian government on the problem of the lack of weapons. The effects of the JNA's confiscation of the Territorial Defence supplies was partly undone by the new Defence Minister,Martin Špegelj,who bought weapons fromHungary.As it had no regular army, the government had focused on building up the police force. By January 1991 there were 18,500 policemen and by April 1991 around 39,000.On 22 December 1990, the Parliament of Croatia ratified the new constitution. The Serbs in Knin proclaimed theSerbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajinain municipalities of the regions of Northern Dalmatia and Lika.

In December 1990 Tuđman and Slovenian PresidentMilan Kučanpresented their proposal on the restructuring of Yugoslavia on confederal grounds. Tuđman believed that a confederation of sovereign republics could accelerate the Croatian accession to the European Community.The leaders of the Yugoslav republics held many meetings in early 1991 to resolve the growing crisis. On 25 March 1991, Tuđman andSlobodan Miloševićmet at Karađorđevo,a meeting which became controversial due to claims that the two presidents discussed thepartition of Bosnia and HerzegovinabetweenSerbiaand Croatia. However, the claims came from persons that were not present at the meeting and there is no record of this meeting that proves an existence of such an agreement,while Milošević did not behave subsequently as if he had an agreement with Tuđman.On 12 July 1991, Tuđman met with Izetbegović and Milošević in Split.

War years

Main article:Croatian War of Independence

Poster for the1991 Croatian independence referendum.

Croatian History Museum,Homeland War Exhibition, notice on the holding of the referendum for Croatian independence in 1991 .

On 1 March thePakrac clashoccurred when local Serb police seized the town's police station and declared Pakrac a part of SAO Krajina. It was one of the first larger clashes between Croat forces and the rebel SAO Krajina, supported by the JNA. It ended without casualties and with the restoration of Croatian control.On 31 March a Croatian police convoy was ambushed at thePlitvice Lakes.Until the spring of 1991 Tuđman, together with the Slovenian leadership, was ready to accept a compromise solution of a confederation or alliance of sovereign states within Yugoslavia. After the Serbian leadership rejected their proposals and armed provocations became more frequent, Tuđman decided to realize the idea of a complete Croatian independence.On 25 April 1991, the Croatian Parliament decided to hold anindependence referendumon 19 May.Croatian Serbslargely boycotted the referendum.The turnout was 83.56%, of which 93.24% or 2,845,521 voted in favour of theindependence of Croatia.Both Slovenia and Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. The Yugoslav side accused the two of secession. The federal government ordered the JNA to take control of border crossings in Slovenia, which led to theTen-Day Warin which the JNA was routed. TheTen-Day Warended with the signing of theBrioni Agreement,when a three-month moratorium was placed on the implementation of the decision.

The armed incidents of early 1991 escalated into an all-out war over the summer. Tuđman's first plan was to win support from the European Community, avoiding the direct confrontation with the JNA that had been proposed by Martin Špegelj, the Minister of Defence, since the beginning of the conflict.Tuđman rejected Špegelj's proposal as it would be damaging on Croatia's international position and there were doubts that the Croatian army was ready for such an action.The emerging Croatian Army had only four brigades in September 1991.As the war escalated, Tuđman formed theNational Unity Governmentwhich brought in members of most of the minor parties in the Parliament, including Račan'sSocial Democratic Party(SDP).

Fierce fighting took place inVukovar,where around 1,800 Croat fighters were blocking JNA's advance into Slavonia. Vukovar assumed enormous symbolic importance to both sides. Without it, Serbian territorial gains in eastern Slavonia were threatened. The unexpectedly fierce defence of the town against a much larger army inspired talk of a "CroatianStalingrad".Increasing losses and complaints from the Croatian public for failing to hit back compelled Tuđman to act. He ordered theCroatian National Guardto surround JNA army bases, thus starting theBattle of the Barracks.Tuđman named Gojko Šušak the new Minister of Defence in September 1991.

Exhibition commemorating theBombing of the Banski DvoriinZagrebon 7 October1991,the Residence of the President of Croatia, by the Yugoslav Air Force

In early October 1991, the JNA intensified its campaign in Croatia.On 5 October, Tuđman made a speech in which he called upon the whole population to mobilize and defend against "Greater Serbian imperialism" pursued by the Serb-led JNA, Serbian paramilitary formations, and rebel Serb forces. Two days later theYugoslav Air Forcebombed Banski Dvori,the seat of the Croatian Government in Zagreb, at the time when Tuđman had a meeting with Mesić and Marković, none of whom were injured in the attack.On 8 October the Croatian Parliament cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia and declared independence.Tuđman asked theKosovoleadership to open a second front there against the JNA and offered help in weapons. The leadership decided against armed conflict, but gave support to the independence of Croatia and called on ethnic Albanians to desert the Yugoslav army.

In November 1991 theBattle of Vukovarended that left the city devastated. The JNA and Serbian irregulars seized control of about a quarter of Croatia's territory by the end of 1991.In December 1991, the SAO Krajina proclaimed itself theRepublic of Serbian Krajina(RSK). Until the end of 1991 sixteen ceasefires were signed, none of which lasted longer than a day.

On 19 December 1991,IcelandandGermanyrecognized Croatia's sovereignty. Many observers believe Tuđman's good relationship withHans-Dietrich Genscher,Germany's foreign minister at the time, had much to do with this decision.Hostilities in Croatia ended for a time in January 1992 when theVance planwas signed. Tuđman hoped that the deployment of UN peacekeepers would consolidate Croatia's international borders, but the military situation in Croatia itself remained unsettled.

Bosnian War

See also:Bosnian WarandCroat–Bosniak War

Tuđman andAlija Izetbegovićsigning theWashington Agreementin 1994

As the war in Croatia reached a stalemate, the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina worsened. The JNA used its territory for offensives against Croatia, but avoided the Croat majority part of Herzegovina.Tuđman doubted that Bosnia and Herzegovina could survive the dissolution of Yugoslavia, but supported its integrity if it remained outside a Yugoslav federation and Serbian influence.The first Croat casualties in the country fell in October 1991 when the village ofRavnowas attacked and destroyed by the JNA. Several days later Bosnian presidentAlija Izetbegovićgave a televised proclamation of neutrality, stating that "this is not our war".

The Bosniak leadership initially showed willingness to remain in a rump Yugoslavia, but later changed their policy and opted for independence.The Croat leadership started organizing themselves in Croat-majority areas and on 18 November 1991 established theCroatian Community of Herzeg-Bosniaas an autonomous Croat territorial unit.At a meeting in December 1991 with theHDZ BiHleadership Tuđman discussed the possibility of joining Herzeg-Bosnia to Croatia as he thought that Bosnian representatives were working to remain in Yugoslavia. There he criticized HDZ BiH presidentStjepan Kljujićfor siding with Izetbegović. However, in February 1992 he encouraged Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina to support the upcomingBosnian independence referendum.Izetbegović declared the country's independence on 6 April that was immediately recognised by Croatia.At the beginning of theBosnian wara Croat-Bosniak alliance was formed, though it was often not harmonious.The Croatian government helped arm both Croat and Bosniak forces.On 21 July 1992, theAgreement on Friendship and Cooperationwas signed by Tuđman and Izetbegović, establishing a military cooperation between the two armies.In September 1992 they signed two more agreements on cooperation and further negotiations regarding the internal organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina,though Izetbegović rejected a military pact.In January 1993 Tuđman said that Bosnia and Herzegovina can survive only as a confederal union of three nations.

Over time, the relations between Croats and Bosniaks worsened, resulting in theCroat–Bosniak War.The Bosniak side claimed that Tuđman wanted to partition Bosnia and Herzegovina, a view that was increasingly accepted by the international community. This made it difficult for Tuđman to protect Croatia's interests and support Herzeg-Bosnia.As the conflict escalated, Croatia's foreign policy reached a low point.Throughout 1993 several peace plans were proposed by the international community. Tuđman and the Herzeg-Bosnia leadership accepted all of them, including the Vance-Owen Plan in January 1993 and the Owen-Stoltenberg in July 1993. However, no lasting ceasefire was agreed.In early 1994 the United States became increasingly involved in resolving the wars. They were concerned with the way the Croat-Bosniak war helped the Serbs and put pressure on the two sides to sign a final truce. The war ended in March 1994 with the signing of theWashington Agreement.In June 1994 Tuđman visited Sarajevo to open the Croatian embassy there. He met with Alija Izetbegović and discussed the creation of theCroat-Muslim Federationand its possible confederation with Croatia.

Ceasefire in Croatia

Despite considerable difficulties, Croatian diplomacy managed to achieve recognition in the following months. Croatia was recognised by the European Community on 15 January 1992 and became a member of theUnited Nationson 22 May.In April 1992, Washington recognised Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina simultaneously. Since the newClinton administrationcame to power it had lobbied consistently for a hard line against Milošević, a political position often largely attributed to the policies of then-Secretary of StateMadeleine Albright.In May 1992 Croatia established diplomatic relations with China. A year later Tuđman was the first president from the former Yugoslavia to visit China.

The war caused great destruction and indirect damage in tourism, transit traffic, investment, etc.President Tuđman estimated the cost of direct material damage at over $20 billion and that Croatia was spending $3 million daily on care for hundreds of thousands of refugees.When the ceasefire of January 1992 came into effect Croatia slowly recovered. As economic activity picked up steadily and negotiations with the leaders of RSK got nowhere, the Defence Minister, Gojko Šušak, started amassing weapons in preparation for a military solution.

Tuđman won thepresidential elections in August 1992in the first round with 57.8% of the vote.Simultaneously, theparliamentary electionswere held that were also won by HDZ. During the campaign,Dobroslav Paraga,the extreme right-wing leader of theCroatian Party of Rights,accused Tuđman of betraying Croatian interests by not engaging in an all-out war with Serbian forces. Tuđman tried to marginalize his party due to their use of Ustaše symbols, that brought criticism in the foreign press towards Croatia. Paraga won only 5 seats in the parliament and 5,4% of the vote in the presidential election.

In January 1993 the Croatian Army launchedOperation Maslenicaand recaptured the vital Maslenica bridge linking Dalmatia with northern Croatia. Although the UN Security Council condemned the operation, there were no incurring sanctions. This victory enabled Tuđman to counter domestic accusations that he was weak in his dealings with RSK and the UN.

Despite clashes with the RSK forces, during 1993 and 1994 the overall condition of the economy improved substantially and unemployment was gradually falling. On 4 April 1993 Tuđman appointedNikica Valentićas prime minister. The anti-inflationary stabilization steps in 1993 successfully lowered inflation. TheCroatian dinar,that was introduced as a transitional currency, was replaced with thekunain 1994.GDP growth reached 5.9% in 1994.

End of the war

Tuđman visitingKnin Fortresson 6 August 1995, a day after theCroatian ArmyenteredKnin

In May 1995, the Croatian army launchedOperation Flash,its third operation against RSK since the January 1992 ceasefire, and quickly recaptured western Slavonia. International diplomats drafted theZ-4 Plan,proposing the reintegration of the RSK into Croatia. RSK would keep its flag and have its own president, parliament, police and a separate currency. Although Tuđman was displeased with the proposal, RSK authorities rejected it outright.

On 22 July 1995, Tuđman and Izetbegović signed theSplit Agreement,binding both sides to a "joint defence against Serb aggression". Tuđman soon put his words into action and initiatedOperation Summer '95,carried out by joint forces of HV and HVO. These forces overran the towns ofGlamočandBosansko Grahovoin western Bosnia, virtually isolating Knin from Republika Srpska and FR Yugoslavia.

TheDayton Peace Accordson 21 November 1995

At 5:00 a.m. on Friday, 4 August 1995, Tuđman publicly authorized the attack on RSK, codenamedOperation Storm.He called on theSerb armyand their leadership in Knin to surrender, and at the same time called Serb civilians to remain in their homes, guaranteeing them their rights. The decision to head straight for Knin, the centre of RSK, paid off and by 10am on 5 August, on the second day of the operation, Croatian forces entered the city with minimal casualties. By the morning of 8 August the operation was effectively over, resulting in the restoration of Croatian control of 10,400 square kilometres (4,000 square miles) of territory. Around 150,000–200,000 Serbs fled and a variety of crimes were committed against the remaining civilians.United States PresidentBill Clintonsaid he was "hopeful that Croatia's offensive will turn out to be something that will give us an avenue to a quick diplomatic solution."

President Tuđman's "Vukovar speech" after the arrival of the "Peace Train" inVukovar,on 8 June 1997: “A victor that doesn’t know how to forgive is sowing the seeds of new evil. The Croatian people don’t want that, nor have they ever wanted it.”,on the picture:Tuđman's bust in Vukovar.

A joint offensive of Croatian and Bosniak forces followed in western and northern Bosnia. Bosnian Serb forces quickly lost territory and were forced to negotiate. Talks regarding a peace treaty were held inDayton, Ohio.Tuđman insisted on solving the question of RSK-held eastern Slavonia and its peaceful return to Croatia at the Dayton peace talks. On 1 November he had a heated debate with Milošević, who denied control over the region's leadership. Tuđman was ready to hinder the Dayton agreement and continue the war if Slavonia was not peacefully reintegrated. The military situation gave him an upper hand and Milošević agreed on his request.TheDayton Agreementwas drafted in November 1995. Tuđman was one of the signatories of it, along with the leaderships of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, that ended theBosnian War.On 12 November theErdut Agreementwas signed with local Serb authorities regarding the return ofEastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmiato Croatia, with a two-year transitional period. This ended the war in Croatia.Official figures on wartime damage published in Croatia in 1996 specify 180,000 destroyed housing units, 25% of the Croatian economy destroyed, and US$27 billion of material damage.Regarding the exodus of some 150,000 Krajina Serbs from Croatia, Tudjman remarked that the refugees left so fast that they "didn't even have time to collect their dirty currency and their dirty underwear".He later boasted to his generals: "We have resolved the Serbian question... [t]here will never be 12 percent of Serbs" in Croatia. "If there are three or five per cent of them, that isn't a threat to the Croatian state".

Post-war policy

Tuđman and journalist Ana Havel in 1997

Municipal results of the1997 presidential election.Tuđman won the municipalities in blue.

In 1995parliamentary electionswere held that resulted in a victory of HDZ with 75 out of 127 seats in the parliament. Tuđman namedZlatko Matešathe 6th prime minister, who formed the firstpeacetime government of independent Croatia.The elections were held in conjunction with local elections in Zagreb, which were won by the opposition parties. Tuđman refused to provide a formal confirmation to the proposed Mayor of Zagreb, which led to theZagreb crisis.In 1996 a large demonstration was held in Zagreb in response to revoking broadcasting license toRadio 101,a radio station that was critical towards the ruling party.

Treatment of the media brought criticism from some international organizations.Notably, theFeral Tribune,a weekly Croatian political and satirical newspaper magazine, was subjected to several lawsuits and criminal charges from government officials as well as being forced to pay a tax usually reserved for pornographic magazines. Some opposition parties in Croatia advocated the view that, far from Europeanising Croatia, Tuđman was responsible for its "Balkanisation" and that during his presidency, he acted like a despot. Other parties, for instance theCroatian Party of Rights,argued that Tuđman was not radical enough in his defence of the Croatian state.

Croatia became a member of theCouncil of Europeon 6 November 1996.On 15 June 1997 Tuđman won thepresidential electionswith 61.4% of the votes, ahead ofZdravko TomacandVlado Gotovac,and was re-elected to a second five-year term.Marina Matulović-Dropulićbecame the Mayor of Zagreb having won the1997 local elections,which formally ended the Zagreb crisis.

In January 1998 Eastern Slavonia was officially reintegrated into Croatia.In February 1998 Tuđman was re-elected as President of HDZ. The beginning of the year was marked by a large syndical protest in Zagreb, due to which the government adopted legislation regulating public gatherings and demonstrations in April.After the war, Tuđman controversially suggested that the remains of those killed during theYugoslav death march of Nazi collaboratorsbe brought and laid to rest atJasenovac,an idea he later abandoned. This idea included burying Ustaša troops, anti-fascist Partisans and all civilians together and was inspired by GeneralFrancisco Franco'sValle de los Caídos.Previously he had appointedUstacheofficialVinko Nikolicto the Croatian Parliamentand his administration named multiple streets after Ustache politicianMile Budak.

In 1998 Tuđman claimed that his program of national reconciliation had prevented a civil war in Croatia during the collapse of Yugoslavia.

Economy

As a result of the macro-stabilization programs, the negative growth of GDP during the early 1990s stopped and turned into a positive trend. Post-war reconstruction activity provided another impetus to growth.Consumer spendingand private sector investments, both of which were postponed during the war, contributed to improved economic conditions and growth in 1995–97.Real GDP growth in 1995 was 6.8%, in 1996 5.9% and in 1997 6.6%.

In 1995 a Ministry of Privatization was established with Ivan Penić as its first minister.Privatization in Croatiahad barely begun when war broke out in 1991. Infrastructure sustained massive damage from the war, especially the revenue-rich tourism industry, and its transformation from amarket socialist economyto afree-market economywas thus slow and unsteady. Public mistrust rose when many state-owned companies were sold to politically well-connected at below-market prices.The ruling party was criticised for transferring enterprises to a group of privileged owners connected to the party.

The method of privatization contributed to the increase of state ownership because the unsold shares were transferred to state funds. In 1999 the private sector share in GDP reached 60%, which was significantly lower than in other former socialist countries.The privatization of large government-owned companies was practically halted during the war and in the years immediately following the conclusion of peace. At the end of Tuđman's rule, roughly 70% of Croatia's major companies were still state-owned, including water, electricity, oil, transportation, telecommunications, and tourism.

Value-added tax was introduced in 1998 and the central government budget was in surplus that year.The consumer boom was disrupted when the economy went into recession at the end of 1998, as a result of the bank crisis when 14 banks went bankrupt,and GDP growth slowed down to 1.9%. The recession continued throughout 1999 when GDP fell by 0.9%.Unemployment increased from around 10% in 1996 and 1997 to 11.4% in 1998. By the end of 1999 it reached 13.6%. The country emerged from the recession in the 4th quarter of 1999.After several years of successful macroeconomic stabilization policies, low inflation and a stable currency, economists warned that the lack of fiscal changes and the expanding role of the state in economy caused the decline in the late 1990s and were preventing a sustainable economic growth.

Foreign policy

Mate Granić was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 until the end of the Tuđman administration. In 1996 he signed an agreement on normalization of relations with FR Yugoslavia.On 9 September 1996 Croatia established diplomatic relations with FR Yugoslavia.

The US was the main mediator in reaching a peace treaty in the region and continued to have most influence after 1995.The Croatian offensives in 1995 did not receive unambiguous supports from the US, but they supported Croatian demands for territorial integrity. However, the Croatian-American relations after the war did not develop as Tuđman expected. Serb minority rights and cooperation with the ICTY were asserted as the main issues and they led to a deterioration of relations at the end of 1996 and during 1997.Tuđman tried to counter the pressure with closer relations with Russia and China.In November 1996 he received theMedal of Zhukov,awarded for contribution to the antifascist struggle, from Russian PresidentBoris Yeltsin.

A confederation between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, adopted under the Washington Agreement, was not accomplished,while the Croat-Bosniak Federation acted only on paper. In August 1996 Tuđman and Izetbegović agreed to fully implement the Dayton agreement. Herzeg-Bosnia was to be formally abolished by the end of the month.

In 1999 the NATO intervention in Kosovo began. Tuđman expressed his concerns regarding the potential damage to Croatian economy and tourism, which was estimated at $1 billion. Still, the government expressed their support to NATO and granted permission to NATO planes to use Croatia's airspace. In May, Tuđman said that a possible solution is to deploy UN peacekeepers in Kosovo that would enable the return of Albanian refugees, while Yugoslav forces would retreat to Serb-majority northern Kosovo.

Relation to the Catholic Church

Živko Kustić,a CroatianEastern Catholicpriest and journalist forJutarnji list,wrote that Tuđman's perception of the church's role in Croatia was contradictory to the goals of Pope John Paul II. Moreover, Kustić expressed doubt that Tuđman had ever been truly religious except when he was very young. Tuđman considered the Catholic religion to be important for the modern Croatian nation. When taking the oath in 1992 he added sentence "Tako mi Bog pomogao!" (English:So help me God) which was not then part of the official text.In 1997, he officially included the sentence in the oath.Tuđman's era was the era of the Catholic revival in Croatia. Church attendance rose; even former communists massively participated in church sacraments. The state was funding the building and renewal of churches and monasteries. Between 1996 and 1998 Croatia signed various treaties with the Holy See, by which the Catholic Church in Croatia was granted some financial rights, among others.

Further information:Treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See

Health problems and death

Tuđman was diagnosed with cancer in 1993. His general health had deteriorated by the late 1990s. On 1 November 1999 he appeared in public for the last time. While being hospitalized opposition parties accused the rulingHDZof hiding the fact that Tuđman was already dead and that the authorities were keeping his death secret in order to win more seats in the upcomingJanuary 2000 general election.Tuđman's death was officially declared on 10 December 1999.He had a funeral Mass in Zagreb's Cathedral and was buried inMirogoj Cemetery.

Vrhovnik

Tuđman was conferred by the Croatian Parliament the military rank of Supreme commander of Croatia, or 'Vrhovnik' on 22 March 1995.It was the highest honorific title in theCroatian Armed Forcesand equivalent toMarshal.Tuđman was the only person to ever hold this rank.He held it until his death. The uniform for this position allegedly was modeled on the uniform ofJosip Broz Titoas Tuđman was a dedicatedMajor Generalof the Yugoslav People's Army.The title was eventually abolished in 2002.

ICTY

TheInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia(ICTY) was established by theUnited Nationsin 1993. Although the Croatian government passed a law on cooperation with the ICTY, since 1997 relations between ICTY and Croatia worsened. Tuđman criticized the work of ICTY in 1999, while ICTY's chief prosecutorLouise Arbourexpressed her dissatisfaction with Croatia's cooperation with the Tribunal.

During Tuđman's life, neitherRichard Goldstonenor Arbour, ICTY's first chief prosecutors, reportedly considered indicting him. In 2002 the new ICTY prosecutor,Carla del Ponte,said in an interview that she would have indicted Tuđman had he not died in 1999.Graham Blewitt, a senior Tribunal prosecutor, told theAFPwire service that "There would have been sufficient evidence to indict president Tuđman had he still been alive".

In 2000, BritishChannel 4television broadcast a report about the tape recordings of Franjo Tuđman in which he allegedly spoke about the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the Serbs after the Dayton Agreement. They claimed that the then Croatian PresidentStjepan Mesićgave them access to 17,000 transcripts. Mesić, who succeeded Tuđman as president of Croatia, and his Office denied giving any transcripts to British journalists and called the report a "sensationalistic story that has nothing to do with the truth".

At thetrial of Gotovina,in a first-degree verdict, the Trial Chamber found Tuđman to have been a key participant in ajoint criminal enterprise,the purpose of which was to permanently remove the Serb civilian population from the territory of Republic of Serbian Krajina and repopulate it with Croats.In November 2012, an ICTY appeal court overturned the convictions ofMladen MarkačandAnte Gotovina,acquitted the two former generals and concluded that there was no planned deportation of the Serbian minority and no joint criminal enterprise by the Croatian leadership.

In May 2013, the ICTY, in a first-instance verdict in the trial ofPrlićet al., found that Tuđman, Bobetko and Šušak took part in thejoint criminal enterpriseagainst the non-Croat population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It ruled, by a majority, that the purpose of it was to de facto join Herzeg-Bosnia to Croatia.Judge Jean-Claude Antoanetti, the presiding judge in the trial, issued a separate opinion in which he contested the notion of a joint criminal enterprise and said that Tuđman's plans regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina were not in contradiction with the stance of the international community.

On 19 July 2016 the Appeals Chamber in the case announced that the "Trial Chamber made no explicit findings concerning [Tudjman's, Šušak's and Bobetko's] participation in the JCE and did not find [them] guilty of any crimes."On 29 November 2017, without attributing any crimes to Tuđman, the Appeals Chamber in the case upheld the convictions of six Herzeg-Bosnia and HVO leaders and concluded that he shared their joint criminal enterprise of "setting up a Croatian entity that reconstitutedearlier bordersand that facilitated thereunification of the Croatian people"which would be done through the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims.

Tuđman as historian

Tuđman did not have a formal academic education as historian.He approached history as aMarxistscholar and Croatian attorney.He always regarded history as a means of forming society.His voluminous, more than 2,000 pages long,Hrvatska u monarhističkoj Jugoslaviji(English:Croatia in Monarchist Yugoslavia), has come to be assigned as reading materialconcerning this period of Croatian history at some Croatian universities. His shorter treatises on national question,Nacionalno pitanje u suvremenoj Europi(English:The National question in contemporary Europe) andUsudbene povijestice(English:History's fates) are still well-regarded essays on unresolved national and ethnic disputes, self-determination and creation of nation-states in the European milieu.

Horrors of War

Horrors of War: Historical Reality and Philosophy(Croatian:Bespuća povijesne zbiljnosti;literal translationWastelands of historical reality)

In 1989 Tuđman publishedBespuća povijesne zbiljnosti(Literal English translation:Wastelands of historical reality)which was published in English in 1996 asHorrors of War: Historical Reality and Philosophy.The book questioned the different claimed numbers of victims killed duringWorld War IIin Yugoslavia, particularly regarding theJasenovac concentration camp,something Tuđman had previously done in an earlier work published in 1982.The Yugoslav government's estimates put the number of Jasenovac victims between 600,000 and 700,000 while some Serbian historians even suggested up to one million victims; both sets of numbers which were exaggerated.Tuđman felt that Jasenovac was being used to impose a collective guilt on Croats and to prove "the genocidal nature" of Croatian nationalism.

The last serious research of victim numbers before theYugoslav warswas conducted by Croatian economistVladimir Žerjavićand Serbian researcherBogoljub Kočović.Both Žerjavić and Kočović arrived at a figure of 83,000 deaths in Jasenovac, each using different statistical methods.59,589 victims (of all nationalities) were identified by name in a Yugoslav name list that was made in 1964.In his book Tuđman had estimated, relying on some earlier investigations, that the total number of victims in the Jasenovac camp (Serbs, Jews, Gypsies, Croats, and others) was somewhere between 30,000 and 40,000.He listed the victims as "Gypsies, Jews and Serbs, and even Croatians", reversing the conventional order of deaths to imply that more Gypsies and Jews were killed than Serbs.Tuđman emphasized that the camp was organised as a "work camp".He estimated that a total of 50,000 were killed in all Ustashe camps throughout the NDH.While he rightfully challenged the inflated numbers, he wound up downplaying Ustaše crimes by providing figures that were too low.

InHorrors of War,Tuđman asserted that 900,000 Jews perished in theHolocaustinstead of six million.Aside from the war statistics issue, Tuđman's book contained views on the Jewish role in history that many readers found simplistic and profoundly biased. Some have described it as anti-semitic.Tuđman based his views on the Jewish condition on the memoirs of a Croatian formerCommunistAnte Ciliga,who described his experiences at Jasenovac during a year and a half of his incarceration. These are recorded in his book,Sam kroz Europu u ratu (1939–1945),paint an unfavorable picture of his Jewish inmates' behavior, emphasizing their alleged clannishness andethnocentrism.Ciliga claimed Jews had held a privileged position in Jasenovac and actually, as Tuđman concludes, "held in their hands the inmates management of the camp up to 1944 [because] in its originsPavelić's party was philo-Semitic ".Tuđman added that most prisoners at Jasenovac perished at the hands of Jews, who controlled the liquidation process, and not the Ustaše.Ciliga theorized that the behavior of the Jews had been determined by the more-than-2000-year-old tradition of extreme ethnic egoism and unscrupulousness that he claims is expressed in theOld Testament.

Tuđman summarized, among other things, that "The Jews provoke envy and hatred but actually they are 'the unhappiest nation in the world', always victims of 'their own and others' ambitions', and whoever tries to show that they are themselves their own source of tragedy is ranked among the anti-Semites and the object of hatred by the Jews".In another part of the book, he expressed the belief that these traits weren't unique to the Jews; while criticizing what he alleges to be aggression and atrocities in the Middle East on the part ofIsrael,he claimed that they arose "from historical unreasonableness and narrowness in which Jewry certainly is no exception".

In 1994, Tuđman apologized for the remarks made about Jews, stating that in the years since the publication of the book his views on world Jewry had changed.The problematic passages were subsequently edited out in the English version published in 1996, but kept in the Croatian, French and German versions.

On 22 April 1998, Tuđman received the credentials of the first Israeli ambassador to Croatia, Natan Meron. In his speech Tuđman said, among other things:

During the Second World War, within theQuisling regimein Croatia, Holocaust crimes were also committed against members of the Jewish people. The Croatian public then, during WWII, and today, including the Croatian government and me personally, have condemned the crimes that theUstašecommitted not only against Jews but also against democratic Croats and even against members of other nations in the Independent State of Croatia.

Legacy

See also:List of places named after Franjo Tuđman

Tudjman's historic words are engraved on his last resting place: "Always and everything for Croatia, and our only and eternal Croatia for nothing!"

Tuđman's grave at theMirogojcemetery

Statue of Tuđman inSplit

Tuđman is credited by his supporters with creating the basis for an independent Croatia, and helping the country move away from communism. He is sometimes given the title "father of the country" for his role in achieving the country's independence. His legacy is still strong in many parts of Croatia as well as in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatian majorities; there are schools, squares and streets in some cities named after him, and statues have been erected. In December 2006, a large square nearIlica Streetin theČrnomerecsection of Zagreb was named after him.In June 2015Siniša Hajdaš Dončić,Minister of Maritime Affairs Transport and Infrastructure, said that the reconstructed and upgradedZagreb International Airportwill be named after Tuđman.

His tenure as president was criticized asauthoritarianby some observers.Goldstein views Tudjman's post-war policies negatively, remarking that "between healthy nationalism and chauvinism, he chose chauvinism; between free-market economy and clientelism, he chose the latter. Instead of the cult of freedom, he chose the cult of the state. Between modernity and openness to the world, he chose traditionalism; a fatal choice for a small state like Croatia that needs to open for the sake of development".

Public opinion

Tuđman's approval ratings remained largely positive throughout his presidency and were generally evaluated higher than the rest of the government. They increased significantly following the admission of Croatia to membership in the United Nations in May 1992, the successful military operations in January 1993 and August 1995, and the peaceful reintegration of eastern Slavonia in January 1998. Polls showed a drop in support in the second half of 1993, throughout 1994 and in 1996. From early 1998 his approval gradually declined, before increasing slightly in November 1999.

In a December 2002 poll by HRT, 69% voters expressed a positive opinion about Tuđman.

In a June 2011 poll byVečernji list,62% voters gave the most credit to Tuđman for the creation of independent Croatia.In December 2014, an Ipsos Puls survey on 600 people showed that 56% see him as a positive figure, 27% said he had both positive and negative aspects, while 14% regard him as a negative figure.

In a survey by promocija Plus in July 2015, regarding the renaming of Zagreb Airport after Tuđman, a majority of 65.5% showed support for the initiative, 25.8% were opposed to the idea, while 8.6% had no opinion about it.

Franjo Tuđman's approval ratings

Date	Event	Approval (%)
December 1991		69
May 1992	Croatia accepted into the UN	77
July 1992		71
January 1993	Operation Maslenica	76
May 1993		61
December 1994		55
August 1995	Operation Storm	85
October 1996		60
July 1997	Re-elected president	65
February 1998		50
October 1998		44
November 1999		45

Immediate family

• Widow:Ankica Tuđman(1926–2022)
• Sons:Miroslav Tuđman(1946–2021)and Stjepan Tuđman
• Daughter: Nevenka Tuđman (born in 1951)

Honours and decorations

Croatian

Awarded by theCroatian Parliamentin 1995:

Award or decoration
	Grand Order of King Tomislav
	Grand Order of King Petar Krešimir IV
	Order of Duke Domagoj
	Order of Ante Starčević
	Order of Stjepan Radić
	Order of Danica Hrvatskawith the face ofRuđer Bošković
	Order of the Croatian Trefoil
	Homeland War Memorial Medal
	Homeland's Gratitude Medal

Military rank

Award or decoration
	Vrhovnikof theCroatian Armed Forces

Foreign

Award or decoration		Country	Awarded by	Date	Place
	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic	Italy	Francesco Cossiga	17 January 1992	Zagreb
	Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Italy	Italy	Francesco Cossiga	17 January 1992	Zagreb
	Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Chile	Chile	Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle	29 November 1994	Santiago de Chile
	Collar of the Order of the Liberator San Martin	Argentina	Carlos Menem	1 December 1994	Buenos Aires
	Medal of Zhukov	Russia	Boris Yeltsin	4 November 1996	Zagreb
	Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer	Greece	Konstantinos Stephanopoulos	23 November 1998	Athens
	Order of the State of Republic of Turkey	Turkey	Suleyman Demirel	1999	Zagreb

Notes

• Bing, Albert (October 2008)."Sjedinjene Američke Države i reintegracija hrvatskog Podunavlja"[The United States of America and the reintegration of the Croatian Danube Region].Scrinia Slavonica(in Croatian).8(1). Croatian Institute of History: 336–365.
• Buckley, Mary E. A.; Cummings, Sally N. (2001).Kosovo: perceptions of war and its aftermath.Continuum International Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-8264-5670-0.
• Christia, Fotini (2012).Alliance Formation in Civil Wars.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-13985-175-6.
• Goldstein, Ivo(1999).Croatia: A History.London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.ISBN1-85065-525-1.
• Holbrooke, Richard(1999).To End a War.New York:Modern Library.ISBN978-0-375-75360-2.
• Hudelist, Darko (2004).Tuđman – biografija(in Croatian). Zagreb: Profil.ISBN953-12-0038-6.
• Krišto, Jure (April 2011)."Deconstructing a myth: Franjo Tuđman and Bosnia and Herzegovina".Review of Croatian History.6(1). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 37–66.
• Lamza Posavec, Vesna (July 2000)."Što je prethodilo neuspjehu HDZ-a na izborima 2000.: Rezultati istraživanja javnoga mnijenja u razdoblju od 1991. do 1999. godine"[What Preceded HDZ's Failure at the 2000 Elections: Results of Public Opinion Polis from 1991 to 1999].Društvena Istraživanja: Časopis za Opća Društvena Pitanja(in Croatian).9(4–5). Institut društvenih znanosti Ivo Pilar: 433–471.
• Macdonald, David Bruce (2002).Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia.Manchester University Press.ISBN9780719064678.
• Marijan, Davor (2004).Bitka za Vukovar[Battle of Vukovar] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest.ISBN9789536324453.
• Marijan, Davor (2004)."Expert Opinion: On the War Connections of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991 – 1995)".Journal of Contemporary History.36.Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Institute of History: 249–289.
• Marijan, Davor (June 2008)."Sudionici i osnovne značajke rata u Hrvatskoj 1990. – 1991"[Participants and the basic characteristics of the war in Croatia 1990–1991].Journal of Contemporary History(in Croatian).40(1). Croatian Institute of History: 47–63.ISSN0590-9597.
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External links

• Website in a tribute of Franjo Tuđman(in Croatian)
• Britannica entry on Franjo Tuđman