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Franz Joseph I of Austria

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Franz Joseph I
Photograph of Franz Joseph I
Franz Joseph in the uniform of a Hungarian field marshal,c. 1892
Emperor of Austria
King of Hungary
(more…)
Reign2 December 1848 –21 November 1916
Coronation8 June 1867
Matthias Church
(as King of Hungary)
PredecessorFerdinand I & V
SuccessorCharles I, III & IV
King of Lombardy-Venetia
Reign2 December 1848 –12 October 1866
PredecessorFerdinand I
SuccessorAnnexation to Italy
Head of thePräsidialmachtAustria
In office
1 May 1850 – 24 August 1866
Preceded byFerdinand I
Succeeded byWilhelm I
(as Head of theNorth German Confederation)
Born(1830-08-18)18 August 1830
Schönbrunn Palace,Vienna,Austrian Empire
Died21 November 1916(1916-11-21)(aged 86)
Schönbrunn Palace,Vienna,Austria-Hungary
Burial
Imperial Crypt
Spouse
​
​
(m.1854; died 1898)​
Issue
Names
‹See Tfd›German:Franz Joseph Karl
English: Francis Joseph Charles
HouseHabsburg-Lorraine
FatherArchduke Franz Karl of Austria
MotherPrincess Sophie of Bavaria
ReligionCatholic Church
SignatureFranz Joseph I's signature
Franz Joseph I's voice
Franz Joseph I on the invention of the phonograph
Recorded 1900

Franz Joseph IorFrancis Joseph I(‹See Tfd›German:Franz Joseph Karl[fʁantsˈjoːzɛfˈkaʁl];Hungarian:Ferenc József Károly[ˈfɛrɛnt͡sˈjoːʒɛfˈkaːroj];18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) wasEmperor of Austria,King of Hungary,and the ruler of theother statesof theHabsburg monarchyfrom 2 December 1848 until his death in 1916.[1]In the early part of his reign, his realms and territories were referred to as theAustrian Empire,but were reconstituted as thedual monarchyof theAustro-Hungarian Empirein 1867. From 1 May 1850 to 24 August 1866, he was also president of theGerman Confederation.

In December 1848, Franz Joseph's uncle EmperorFerdinand Iabdicated the throne atOlomouc,as part ofMinister PresidentFelix zu Schwarzenberg's plan to end theHungarian Revolution of 1848.Franz Joseph then acceded to the throne. In 1854, he married his cousinDuchess Elisabeth in Bavaria,with whom he had four children:Sophie,Gisela,Rudolf,andMarie Valerie.Largely considered to be areactionary,Franz Joseph spent his early reign resistingconstitutionalismin his domains. The Austrian Empire was forced to cede its influence overTuscanyand most of its claim toLombardy–Venetiato theKingdom of Sardinia,following theSecond Italian War of Independencein 1859 and theThird Italian War of Independencein 1866. Although Franz Joseph ceded no territory to theKingdom of Prussiaafter the Austrian defeat in theAustro-Prussian War,thePeace of Prague(23 August 1866) settled theGerman Questionin favour of Prussia, which prevented theunification of Germanyfrom occurring under theHouse of Habsburg.[2]

Franz Joseph was troubled by nationalism throughout his reign. He concluded theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867,which granted greater autonomy toHungaryand created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. He ruled peacefully for the next 45 years, but personally suffered the tragedies of the execution of his brother EmperorMaximilian I of Mexicoin 1867, thesuicide of his son Rudolfin 1889, and the assassinations ofhis wife Elisabethin 1898 andhis nephew and heir presumptive, Archduke Franz Ferdinand,in 1914.

After the Austro-Prussian War, Austria-Hungary turned its attention to theBalkans,which was a hotspot of international tension because of conflicting interests of Austria with not only theOttomanbut also theRussian Empire.TheBosnian Crisiswas a result of Franz Joseph's annexation in 1908 of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had already beenoccupied by his troopssince theCongress of Berlin(1878). On 28 June 1914, the assassination ofArchduke Franz FerdinandinSarajevoresulted in Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against theKingdom of Serbia,which was an ally of the Russian Empire. This activated a system of alliances declaring war on each other, which resulted inWorld War I.Franz Joseph died in 1916, after ruling his domains for almost 68 years. He was succeeded by his grandnephewCharles I & IV.

Early life

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Franz Joseph and his motherArchduchess Sophie,byJoseph Karl Stieler
Franz Joseph's family gathered in prayer, 1839

Franz Joseph was born on 18 August 1830 in theSchönbrunn Palacein Vienna (on the 65th anniversary of the death ofFrancis of Lorraine) as the eldest son of ArchdukeFranz Karl(the younger son ofFrancis I), and his wifeSophie, Princess of Bavaria.Because his uncle, reigning from 1835 as the EmperorFerdinand,was disabled by seizures, and his father unambitious and retiring, the mother of the young Archduke "Franzi" brought him up as a future emperor, with emphasis on devotion, responsibility and diligence.

For this reason, Franz Joseph was consistently built up as a potential successor to the imperial throne by his politically ambitious mother from early childhood.

Up to the age of seven, little "Franzi" was brought up in the care of the nanny ( "Aja" ) Louise von Sturmfeder. Then the "state education" began, the central contents of which were "sense of duty", religiosity and dynastic awareness. The theologianJoseph Othmar von Rauscherconveyed to him the inviolable understanding of rulership of divine origin (divine grace), and therefore a belief that no participation of the population in rulership in the form of parliaments was required.

The educators Heinrich Franz von Bombelles and Colonel Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg ordered Archduke Franz to study an enormous amount of time, which initially comprised 18 hours per week and was expanded to 50 hours per week by the age of 16. One of the main focuses of the lessons was language acquisition: in addition to French, the diplomatic language of the time,LatinandAncient Greek,Hungarian,Czech, Italian andPolishwere the most important national languages of the monarchy. In addition, the archduke received general education that was customary at the time (including mathematics, physics, history, geography), which was later supplemented by law and political science. Various forms of physical education completed the extensive program.

On his 13th birthday, Franz Joseph was appointed Colonel-Inhaberof Dragoon Regiment No. 3 and the focus of his training shifted to imparting basic strategic and tactical knowledge. From that point onward, army style dictated his personal fashion—for the rest of his life, he normally wore the uniform of a military officer.[3]Franz Joseph was soon joined by three younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (born 1832, the future EmperorMaximilianofMexico); ArchdukeKarl Ludwig(born 1833, father ofArchduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria), andArchduke Ludwig Viktor(born 1842), and a sister, ArchduchessMaria Anna(born 1835), who died at the age of four.[4]

Revolutions of 1848

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Main articles:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian EmpireandHungarian Revolution of 1848

During theRevolutions of 1848,theAustrian ChancellorPrinceKlemens von Metternichresigned (March–April 1848). The young archduke, who (it was widely expected) would soon succeed his uncle on the throne, was appointed Governor ofBohemiaon 6 April 1848, but never took up the post. Sent instead to thefront in Italy,he joined Field MarshalRadetzkyon campaign on 29 April, receiving his baptism of fire on 5 May atSanta Lucia.

By all accounts, he handled his first military experience calmly and with dignity. Around the same time, the imperial family was fleeing revolutionary Vienna for the calmer setting ofInnsbruck,inTyrol.Called back from Italy, the archduke joined the rest of his family at Innsbruck by mid-June. It was here that Franz Joseph first met his cousin and eventual future bride, Elisabeth, then a girl of ten, but apparently the meeting made little impression.[5]

Following Austria's victory over the Italians atCustozain late July 1848, the court felt it safe to return to Vienna, and Franz Joseph travelled with them. But within a few weeks Vienna again appeared unsafe, and in September the court left once more, this time forOlmützinMoravia.By now,Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz,an influential military commander in Bohemia, was determined to see the young archduke soon put on the throne. It was thought that a new ruler would not be bound by the oaths to respect constitutional government to which Ferdinand had been forced to agree, and that it was necessary to find a young, energetic emperor to replace the kindly but mentally unfit Ferdinand.[6]

By the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand and the renunciation of his father (the mild-mannered Franz Karl), Franz Joseph succeeded as Emperor of Austria at Olmütz on 2 December 1848. At this time, he first became known by his second as well as his first Christian name. The name "Franz Joseph" was chosen to bring back memories of the new Emperor's great-granduncle, EmperorJoseph II(Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790), remembered as a modernising reformer.[7]

Under the guidance of the new prime minister,Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg,the new emperor at first pursued a cautious course, granting aconstitution in March 1849.At the same time, a military campaign was necessary against the Hungarians, who hadrebelled against Habsburg central authorityin the name of their ancient constitution. Franz Joseph was also almost immediately faced with a renewal of thefighting in Italy,with KingCharles Albert of Sardiniataking advantage of setbacks inHungaryto resume the war in March 1849.

TheBattle of Győron 28 June 1849. Franz Joseph entersGyőrleading the Austrian troops.

However, the military tide began to turn swiftly in favor of Franz Joseph and the Austrian whitecoats. Almost immediately, Charles Albert was decisively beaten by Radetzky atNovaraand forced to sue for peace, as well as to renounce his throne.

Revolution in Hungary

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Main articles:Holy AllianceandHungarian Revolution of 1848

Unlike other Habsburg ruled areas, theKingdom of Hungaryhad anold historic constitution,[8]which limited the power of the crown and had greatly increased the authority of theparliamentsince the 13th century. The Hungarian reform laws (April laws) were based on the 12 points that established the fundaments of modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in the Kingdom of Hungary.[9] The crucial turning point of the Hungarian events were the April laws which was ratified by his uncle King Ferdinand, however the new young Austrian monarch Francis Joseph arbitrarily "revoked" the laws without any legal competence. The monarchs had no right to revoke Hungarian parliamentary laws which were already signed. This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between the Hungarian parliament and Francis Joseph. The AustrianStadion Constitutionwas accepted by theImperial Diet of Austria,where Hungary had no representation, and which traditionally had no legislative power in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary; despite this, it also tried to abolish theDiet of Hungary(which existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century.)[10]

The new Austrian constitution also went against the historical constitution of Hungary, and even tried to nullify it.[11]Even the territorial integrity of the country was in danger: On 7 March 1849 an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the Emperor Francis Joseph, according to the new proclamation, the territory of Kingdom of Hungary would be carved up and administered by five military districts, while thePrincipality of Transylvaniawould be reestablished.[12] These events represented a clear and obvious existential threat for the Hungarian state. The new constrained Stadion Constitution of Austria, the revocation of the April laws and the Austrian military campaign against Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifistBatthyány government(which sought agreement with the court) and led to the sudden emergence ofLajos Kossuth's followers in the Hungarian parliament, who demanded the full independence of Hungary. The Austrian military intervention in the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, thus the events in Hungary grew into a war for total independence from theHabsburg dynasty.

Constitutional and legitimacy problems in Hungary

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On 7 December 1848, theDiet of Hungaryformally refused to acknowledge the title of the new king, "as without the knowledge and consent of the diet no one could sit on the Hungarian throne", and called the nation to arms.[12]While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the monarch's reignbegan immediately upon the death of their predecessor,in Hungary the coronation was indispensable; if it were not properly executed, the kingdom remained "orphaned".

Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned asKing of Hungaryin order to promulgate laws there or exercise royal prerogatives in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary.[13][14][15]From a legal point of view, according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian king could not relinquish the Hungarian throne during his life; if the king was alive and unable to do his duty as ruler, a governor (or regent, as they would be called in English) had to assume the royal duties. Constitutionally, Franz Josef's uncle Ferdinand was still the legalking of Hungary.If there was no possibility to inherit the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (since King Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch wanted to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, technically only one legal solution remained: the parliament had the power to dethrone the king and elect a new king. Due to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not grant Franz Joseph that favour. This event gave to the revolt an excuse of legality. Actually, from this time until the collapse of the revolution,Lajos Kossuth(as elected regent-president) became the de facto and de jure ruler of Hungary.[12]

Military difficulties in Hungary

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Franz Joseph in 1851.

While the revolutions in the Austrian territories had been suppressed by 1849, in Hungary, the situation was more severe and Austrian defeat seemed imminent. Sensing a need to secure his right to rule, Franz Joseph sought help fromRussia,requesting the intervention of TsarNicolas I,in order "to prevent the Hungarian insurrection developing into a European calamity".[16]For the Russian military support, Franz Joseph kissed the hand of the tsar inWarsawon 21 May 1849.[17]Tsar Nicholas supported Franz Joseph in the name of theHoly Alliance,[18]and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. Finally, the joint army of Russian and Austrian forces defeated the Hungarian forces. After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under brutalmartial law.[19]

With order now restored throughout his empire, Franz Joseph felt free to renege on the constitutional concessions he had made, especially as the Austrian parliament meeting atKremsierhad behaved—in the young Emperor's eyes—abominably. The 1849 constitution was suspended, and a policy of absolutist centralism was established, guided by the Minister of the Interior,Alexander Bach.[20]

Assassination attempt in 1853

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Assassination attempt on the emperor in 1853.

On 18 February 1853, Franz Joseph survived an assassination attempt by Hungarian nationalistJános Libényi.[21]The emperor was taking a stroll with one of his officers, CountMaximilian Karl Lamoral O'Donnell,on a citybastion,when Libényi approached him. He immediately struck the emperor from behind with a knife straight at the neck. Franz Joseph almost always wore a uniform, which had a high collar that almost completely enclosed the neck. The collars of uniforms at that time were made from very sturdy material, precisely to counter this kind of attack. Even though the Emperor was wounded and bleeding, the collar saved his life. Count O'Donnell struck Libényi down with his sabre.[21]

O'Donnell, hitherto a Count only by virtue of his Irish nobility,[22]was made a Count of theHabsburg monarchy(Reichsgraf). Another witness who happened to be nearby, the butcher Joseph Ettenreich, swiftly overpowered Libényi. For his deed he was later elevated to the nobility by the emperor and became Joseph von Ettenreich. Libényi was subsequently put on trial and condemned to death for attemptedregicide.He was executed on the Simmeringer Heide.[23]

After this unsuccessful attack, the emperor's brother ArchdukeFerdinand Maximiliancalled upon Europe's royal families for donations to construct a new church on the site of the attack. The church was to be avotive offeringfor the survival of the emperor. It is located onRingstraßein the district ofAlsergrundclose to theUniversity of Vienna,and is known as theVotivkirche.[21]The survival of Franz Joseph was also commemorated in Prague by erecting a newstatue of St. Francis of Assisi,the patron saint of the emperor, onCharles Bridge.It was donated by CountFranz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky,the first minister-president of the Austrian Empire.[24]

Consolidation of domestic policy

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Silver coin:2 Gulden of Franz Joseph I - Silver Wedding Jubilee
Silver coin:5 corona, 1908 – The bust of Franz Joseph I facing right surrounded by the legend "Franciscus Iosephus I, Dei gratia, imperator Austriae, rex Bohemiae, Galiciae, Illyriae et cetera et apostolicus rex Hungariae"
Thegarterof Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria

The next few years saw the seeming recovery of Austria's position on the international scene following the near disasters of 1848–1849. Under Schwarzenberg's guidance, Austria was able to stymiePrussianscheming to create a new German Federation under Prussian leadership, excluding Austria. After Schwarzenberg's premature death in 1852, he could not be replaced by statesmen of equal stature, and the emperor himself effectively took over as prime minister.[20]He was one of the most prominent Roman Catholic rulers in Europe, and a fierce enemy ofFreemasonry.[25]

Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

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Main article:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
Franz Joseph's coronation as Apostolic King of Hungary. Painting byEdmund Tull.

The 1850s witnessed several failures of Austrian external policy: theCrimean War,the dissolution of its alliance with Russia, and defeat in theSecond Italian War of Independence.The setbacks continued in the 1860s with defeat in theAustro-Prussian Warof 1866, which resulted in theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.[26]

The Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during the negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which was lost after theHungarian Revolution of 1848.The other was to restore the series of reform laws of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the12 pointsthat established modern civil and political rights, economic and societal reforms in Hungary.[9]

The Compromise partially re-established[27]the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. Instead, it was regarded as an equal partner with Austria. The compromise put an end to 18 years of absolutist rule and military dictatorship which had been introduced by Francis Joseph after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Franz Joseph was crowned King of Hungary on 8 June, and on 28 July he promulgated the laws that officially turned the Habsburg domains into the Dual Monarchy ofAustria-Hungary.

According to Emperor Franz Joseph, "There were three of us who made the agreement:Deák,Andrássyand myself. "[28]

Political difficulties in Austria mounted continuously through the late 19th century and into the 20th century. However, Franz Joseph remained immensely respected; the emperor's patriarchal authority held the Empire together while the politicians squabbled among themselves.[29]

Bohemian question

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Franz Joseph in the regalia of theOrder of the Golden Fleece,with theBohemian Crown Jewelsnext to him. Painting byEduard von Engerthfor the Bohemian Diet, 1861.

Following the accession of Franz Joseph to the throne in 1848, the political representatives of theKingdom of Bohemiahoped and insisted that account should be taken of their historical state rights in the upcoming constitution. They felt the position ofBohemiawithin theHabsburg monarchyshould have been highlighted by acoronation of the new ruler to the king of Bohemiain Prague (the last coronation took place in 1836). However, before the 19th century the Habsburgs had ruled Bohemia by hereditary right and a separate coronation was not deemed necessary.

His new government installed the system ofneoabsolutismin Austrian internal affairs to make the Austrian Empire a unitary, centralised and bureaucratically administered state. When Franz Joseph returned to constitutional rule after the debacles in Italy atMagentaandSolferinoand summoned the diets of his lands, the question of his coronation as king of Bohemia again returned to the agenda, as it had not since 1848. On 14 April 1861, Emperor Franz Joseph received a delegation from the Bohemian Diet with his words (in Czech):

I will have myself crowned King of Bohemia in Prague, and I am convinced that a new, indissoluble bond of trust and loyalty between My throne and My Bohemian Kingdom will be strengthened by this holy rite.[30]

In contrast to his predecessor EmperorFerdinand(who spent the rest of his life after his abdication in 1848 in Bohemia and especially in Prague), Franz Joseph was never crowned separately as king of Bohemia. In 1861, the negotiations failed because of unsolved constitutional problems. However, in 1866, a visit of the monarch to Prague following defeat at theBattle of Königgrätzwas a huge success, testified by the considerable numbers of new photographs taken.

Portrait byPhilip de László,1899

In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian compromise and the introduction of the dual monarchy left the Czechs and their aristocracy without the recognition of separate Bohemian state rights for which they had hoped. Bohemia remained part of theAustrian Crown Lands.In Bohemia, opposition to dualism took the form of isolated street demonstrations, resolutions from district representations, and even open air mass protest meetings, confined to the biggest cities, such as Prague. The Czech newspaperNárodní listycomplained that the Czechs had not yet been compensated for their wartime losses and sufferings during the Austro-Prussian War, and had just seen their historic state rights tossed aside and their land subsumed into the "other" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, commonly called "Cisleithania".[30]

The Czech hopes were revived again in 1870–1871. In an ImperialRescriptof 26 September 1870, Franz Joseph referred again to the prestige and glory of theBohemian Crownand to his intention to hold a coronation. Under Minister-PresidentKarl Hohenwartin 1871, the government of Cisleithania negotiated a series of fundamental articles spelling out the relationship of the Bohemian Crown to the rest of the Habsburg Monarchy. On 12 September 1871, Franz Joseph announced:

Having in mind the constitutional position of the Bohemian Crown and being conscious of the glory and power which that Crown has given usand our predecessors…we gladly recognise the rights of the kingdom and are prepared to renew that recognition through our coronation oath.[30]

For the planned coronation, the composerBedřich Smetanahad written the operaLibuše,but the ceremony did not take place. The creation of theGerman Empire,domestic opposition from German-speaking liberals (especiallyGerman-Bohemians) and from Hungarians doomed theFundamental Articles.Hohenwart resigned and nothing changed.

Many Czech people were waiting for political changes in monarchy, includingTomáš Garrigue Masarykand others. Masaryk served in theReichsrat(Upper House) from 1891 to 1893 in theYoung Czech Partyand again from 1907 to 1914 in theRealist Party(which he had founded in 1900), but he did not campaign for the independence of Czechs and Slovaks from Austria-Hungary. In Vienna in 1909 he helpedHinko Hinković's defense in the fabricated trial against prominent Croats and Serbs members of the Serbo-Croatian Coalition (such asFrano SupiloandSvetozar Pribićević), and others, who were sentenced to more than 150 years and a number of death penalties. The Bohemian question would remain unresolved for the entirety of Franz Joseph's reign.

Foreign policy

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Franz Joseph among his troops atSolferino,fought during theFranco-Austrian Warof 1859

German question

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Main article:German question
Emperor Franz Joseph (centre in white uniform) at theCongress of German princesinFrankfurt am Main,1863

The main foreign policy goal of Franz Joseph had been theunification of Germanyunder theHouse of Habsburg.[31]This was justified on grounds of precedence; from 1452 to the end of theHoly Roman Empirein 1806, with only one brief period of interruption under theHouse of Wittelsbach,the Habsburgs had generally held the German crown.[32]However, Franz Joseph's desire to retain the non-German territories of the HabsburgAustrian Empirein the event of German unification proved problematic.

Two factions quickly developed: a party of German intellectuals favouring aGreater Germany(Großdeutschland) under the House of Habsburg; the other favouring aLesser Germany(Kleindeutschland). The Greater Germans favoured the inclusion of Austria in a new all-German state on the grounds that Austria had always been a part of Germanic empires, that it was the leading power of theGerman Confederation,and that it would be absurd to exclude eight million Austrian Germans from an all-German nation state. The champions of a lesser Germany argued against the inclusion of Austria on the grounds that it was a multi-nation state, not a German one, and that its inclusion would bring millions of non-Germans into the German nation state.[33]

If Greater Germany were to prevail, the crown would necessarily have to go to Franz Joseph, who had no desire to cede it in the first place to anyone else.[33]On the other hand, if the idea of a smaller Germany won out, the German crown could of course not possibly go to theEmperor of Austria,but would naturally be offered to the head of the largest and most powerful German state outside of Austria—theKing of Prussia.The contest between the two ideas, quickly developed into a contest between Austria andPrussia.After Prussia decisively won theSeven Weeks War,this question was solved; Austria lost no territories to Prussia as long as they remained out of German affairs.[33]

Three Emperors League

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Portrait of Franz Joseph I byFranz Xaver Winterhalter,1865

In 1873, two years after the unification of Germany, Franz Joseph entered into theLeague of Three Emperors(Dreikaiserbund) with EmperorWilhelm I of Germanyand EmperorAlexander II of Russia,who was succeeded by TsarAlexander IIIin 1881. The league had been designed by the German chancellorOtto von Bismarck,as an attempt to maintain the peace of Europe. It would last intermittently until 1887.

Vatican

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In 1903, Franz Joseph's veto ofJus exclusivaeof CardinalMariano Rampolla's election to the papacy was transmitted to thePapal conclaveby CardinalJan Puzyna de Kosielsko.It was the last use of such a veto, as the newPope Pius Xprohibited future uses and provided for excommunication for any attempt.[34][35]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

[edit]
Main article:Bosnian Crisis
See also:Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
Voice recording of the emperor speaking intoValdemar Poulsen's magnetic wire recorder at the1900 World's Fair

During the mid-1870s a series of violent rebellions againstOttoman rulebroke out in the Balkans, and the Turks responded with equally violent and oppressive reprisals. TsarAlexander II of Russia,wanting to intervene against the Ottomans, sought and obtained an agreement with Austria-Hungary.

In theBudapest Convention of 1877,the two powers agreed that Russia would annex southernBessarabia,and Austria-Hungary would observe a benevolent neutrality toward Russia in thepending warwith the Turks. As compensation for this support, Russia agreed to Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina.[36]A scant 15 months later, the Russians imposed on the Ottomans theTreaty of San Stefano,which reneged on the Budapest accord and declared that Bosnia-Herzegovina would be jointly occupied by Russian and Austrian troops.[36]

The treaty was overturned by the 1878Treaty of Berlin,which allowed soleAustrian occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovinabut did not specify a final disposition of the provinces.[clarification needed]That omission was addressed in the Three Emperors' League agreement of 1881, when both Germany and Russia endorsed Austria-Hungary's right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina.[37]However, by 1897, under anew tsar,the Russian Imperial government had again withdrawn its support for Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Russian foreign minister, CountMikhail Muravyov,stated that an Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina would raise "an extensive question requiring special scrutiny".[38]

In 1908, the Russian foreign minister,Alexander Izvolsky,offered Russian support, for the third time, for the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, in exchange for Austrian support for the opening of theBosporus Straitand theDardanellesto Russian warships. Austria's foreign minister,Alois von Aehrenthal,pursued this offer vigorously, resulting in the quid pro quo understanding with Izvolsky, reached on 16 September 1908 at the Buchlau Conference. However, Izvolsky made this agreement with Aehrenthal without the knowledge of TsarNicholas IIor his government in St. Petersburg, or any of the other foreign powers includingBritain,FranceandSerbia.

Based upon the assurances of the Buchlau Conference and the treaties that preceded it, Franz Joseph signed the proclamation announcing theannexationof Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Empire on 6 October 1908. However a diplomatic crisis erupted, as both the Serbs and theItaliansdemanded compensation for the annexation, which the Austro-Hungarian government refused to entertain. The incident was not resolved until the revision of the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909, exacerbating tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs.

Outbreak of World War I

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Main article:July Crisis
Rival military coalitions in 1914:
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance

On 28 June 1914 Franz Joseph's nephew and heir-presumptiveArchduke Franz Ferdinand,and hismorganaticwifeSophie, Duchess of Hohenberg,wereassassinatedbyGavrilo Princip,a Yugoslav nationalist of Serbian ethnicity,[39]during a visit to Sarajevo. Franz Joseph learned about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand from his adjutant, cavalry GeneralEduard von Paar,[40]who also wrote the emperor's reaction in his diary: "one has not to defy the Almighty. In this manner a superior power has restored that order which I unfortunately was unable to maintain."[40]

While the emperor was shaken, and interrupted his holiday to return to Vienna, he soon resumed his vacation at hisKaiservillaatBad Ischl.Initial decision-making during the "July Crisis" fell to CountLeopold Berchtold,the Austrian foreign minister; CountFranz Conrad von Hötzendorf,the chief of staff for theAustro-Hungarian armyand the other ministers.[41]The ultimate resolution of deliberations by the Austro-Hungarian government during the weeks following the assassination of the Archduke was to give Serbiaan ultimatumof itemized demands with which it was virtually certain Serbia would be unable or unwilling to comply, thus serving as a "legal basis for war".

A week after delivery of the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia, on 28 July, war was declared. Within weeks, the Germans, Russians, French and British had all entered the fray which eventually became known asWorld War I.On 6 August, Franz Joseph signed the declaration of war against Russia.

Death

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Film of the funeral procession of Franz Joseph

Franz Joseph died in theSchönbrunn Palaceon the evening of 21 November 1916, at the age of 86. His death was a result of developingpneumoniaof the right lung several days after catching acoldwhile walking in Schönbrunn Park with KingLudwig III of Bavaria.[42]He was succeeded by his grand-nephewCharles I & IV,who reigned until the collapse of the empire following its defeat at the end of the First World War in 1918.[43]

He is buried in theImperial Cryptin Vienna.

Family

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Painting of Franz Joseph with his family

It was generally felt in the court that the emperor should marry and produce heirs as soon as possible. Various potential brides were considered, includingPrincess Elisabeth of Modena,Princess Anna of PrussiaandPrincess Sidonia of Saxony.[44]Although in public life Franz Joseph was the unquestioned director of affairs, in his private life his mother still wielded crucial influence. Sophie wanted to strengthen the relationship between the Houses ofHabsburgandWittelsbach—descending from the latter house herself—and hoped to match Franz Joseph with her sisterLudovika'seldest daughter,Helene( "Néné" ), who was four years the emperor's junior.

However, Franz Joseph fell deeply in love with Néné's younger sisterElisabeth( "Sisi" ), a beautiful girl of fifteen, and insisted on marrying her instead. Sophie acquiesced, despite her misgivings about Sisi's appropriateness as an imperial consort, and the young couple were married on 24 April 1854 inSt. Augustine's Church,Vienna.[45]

Marriage of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth

Their marriage would eventually prove to be an unhappy one; though Franz Joseph was passionately in love with his wife, the feeling was not mutual. Elisabeth never truly acclimatized to life at court, and was frequently in conflict with the imperial family. Their first daughter Sophie died as an infant, and their only sonRudolfdied by suicide in 1889 in the infamousMayerling Incident.[34]

Emperor Franz Joseph hunting with his only sonRudolf, Crown Prince of Austria.

In 1885 Franz Joseph metKatharina Schratt,a leading actress of the Vienna stage, and she became his friend and confidante. This relationship lasted the rest of his life, and was—to a certain degree—tolerated by Elisabeth. Franz Joseph built Villa Schratt inBad Ischlfor her, and also provided her with a small palace in Vienna.[46]Though their relationship lasted for thirty-four years, it remained platonic.[47]

The empress was an inveterate traveller, horsewoman, and fashion maven who was rarely seen in Vienna. Sisi was obsessed about preserving her beauty, carrying out many bizarre routines and strenuous exercise, and as a result suffered from ill health. She wasstabbed to deathbyan Italian anarchistin 1898 while on a visit to Geneva. A few days after the funeral,Robert of Parmawrote in a letter to his friendTirso de Olazábalthat "It was pitiful to look at the Emperor, he showed a great deal of energy in his immense pain, but at times one could see all the immensity of his grief."[48]Franz Joseph never fully recovered from the loss. According to the future empressZita of Bourbon-Parmahe told his relatives: "You'll never know how important she was to me" or, according to some sources, "You will never know how much I loved this woman."[49]

Relationship with Franz Ferdinand

[edit]

Archduke Franz Ferdinandbecameheir presumptive(Thronfolger) to the throne of Austria-Hungary in 1896, after the deaths of his cousin Rudolf (in 1889) and his father Karl Ludwig (in 1896). The relationship between him and Franz Joseph had always been a fairly contentious one, which was further exacerbated when Franz Ferdinand announced his desire to marryCountess Sophie Chotek.The emperor would not even consider giving his blessing to the union, as Sophie was merely of noble rank, not dynastic rank.

Although the emperor received letters from members of the imperial family throughout the fall and winter of 1899 beseeching him to relent, Franz Joseph stood his ground.[50]He finally gave his consent in 1900. However, the marriage was to bemorganatic,and any children of the marriage would be ineligible to succeed to the throne.[51]The couple were married on 1 July 1900 atReichstadt.The emperor did not attend the wedding, nor did any of the archdukes. After that, the two men disliked and mistrusted each other.[46]

His interactions with Franz Ferdinand were strained; the emperor's personal attendant recollected in his memoirs that:
"thunder and lightning always raged when they had their discussions."[52]

Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie in 1914, Franz Joseph's daughter, Marie Valerie, noted that her father expressed his greater confidence in the new heir presumptive, his grandnephew Archduke Charles. The emperor admitted to his daughter, regarding the assassination:
"For me, it is a relief from a great worry."[53]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

[edit]
See also:Grand title of the Emperor of Austria
Styles of
Franz Joseph I of Austria and Hungary
Reference styleHis Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
Spoken styleYour Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty
Monarchical styles of
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Reference styleHis Imperial and Royal Majesty
Spoken styleYour Imperial and Royal Majesty
Monarchical styles of
Ferenc József I of Hungary
Reference styleHis Apostolic Majesty
Spoken styleYour Apostolic Majesty

Name

[edit]

Franz Joseph's names in the languages of his empire were:

Titles and styles

[edit]
  • 18 August 1830 – 2 December 1848:His Imperial and Royal HighnessArchduke and Prince Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia[54]
  • 2 December 1848 – 21 November 1916:His Imperial and Royal Apostolic MajestyThe Emperor of Austria, Apostolic King of Hungary

His official grand title after theAusgleichof 1867 was: "Francis Joseph the First, by the Grace of GodEmperor of Austria,Apostolic King of Hungary, King ofBohemia,King ofDalmatia,Croatia,Slavonia,Galicia and LodomeriaandIllyria;King ofJerusalemetc., Archduke ofAustria;Grand Duke ofTuscanyandCracow,Duke ofLorraine,ofSalzburg,Styria,Carinthia,Carniolaand ofBukovina;Grand Prince ofTransylvania;Margrave ofMoravia;Duke ofUpper and Lower Silesia,ofModena,Parma,PiacenzaandGuastalla,ofOświęcim,ZatorandĆeszyn,Friuli,Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Zara (Zadar); Princely Count ofHabsburgandTyrol,ofKyburg,Gorizia and Gradisca;Prince of Trent (Trento) and Brixen; Margrave ofUpperandLower Lusatiaand inIstria;Count ofHohenems,Feldkirch,Bregenz,Sonnenberg,etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Cattaro (Kotor), and over theWindic march;Grand Voivodeof theVoivodship of Serbia."[55]

Honours

[edit]

National decorations

[edit]

In addition, he founded theOrder of Franz Joseph(Franz Joseph-Orden) on 2 December 1849,[62]and theOrder of Elizabeth(Elizabeth-Orden) in 1898.[63]

Foreign decorations

[edit]

Honorary appointments

[edit]

Arms and monogram

[edit]

Lesser coat of arms of Franz Joseph I
Imperial monogram

Legacy

[edit]
Centennial stamp[107]

Franz Josef Landin the Russian Arctic was named in his honour in 1873 by theAustro-Hungarian North Pole expeditionwhich first reported finding it. TheFranz Josef Glacierin New Zealand's South Island also bears his name.

Franz Joseph founded in 1872 theFranz Joseph University(Hungarian:Ferenc József Tudományegyetem,Romanian:Universitatea Francisc Iosif) in the city ofCluj-Napoca(at that time a part of Austria-Hungary under the name of Kolozsvár). The university was moved toSzegedafter Cluj became a part of Romania, becoming theUniversity of Szeged.

In certain areas, celebrations are still being held in remembrance of Franz Joseph's birthday. The Mitteleuropean People's Festival takes place every year around 18 August, and is a "spontaneous, traditional and brotherly meeting among peoples of the Central-European Countries".[108]The event includes ceremonies, meetings, music, songs, dances, wine and food tasting, and traditional costumes and folklore fromMitteleuropa.

Personal motto

[edit]
  • "With united forces"(as the Emperor of Austria)–‹See Tfd›German:"Mit vereinten Kräften"– Latin:"Viribus Unitis"
  • "My trust in [the ancient] virtue"(as the Apostolic King of Hungary)– Hungarian:"Bizalmam az Ősi Erényben"– Latin:"Virtutis Confido"

Issue

[edit]

Ancestry

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^Francis Joseph,inEncyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved 19 April 2009
  2. ^"Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:Francis Joseph".Answers.com.Retrieved2 December2013.
  3. ^Murad 1968,p. 61.
  4. ^Murad 1968,p. 101.
  5. ^Murad 1968,p. 33.
  6. ^Murad 1968,p. 8.
  7. ^Murad 1968,p. 6.
  8. ^Robert Young (1995).Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada.McGill-Queen's Press.p.138.ISBN978-0-7735-6547-0.the Hungarian constitution was restored.
  9. ^abFerenc Szakály (1980).Hungary and Eastern Europe: Research Report Volume 182 of Studia historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 178.ISBN978-963-05-2595-4.
  10. ^Július Bartl (2002).Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon, G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series.Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 222.ISBN978-0-86516-444-4.
  11. ^Hungarian statesmen of destiny, 1860–1960, Volume 58 of Atlantic studies on society in change, Volume 262 of East European monographs.Social Sciences Monograph. 1989. p. 23.ISBN978-0-88033-159-3.
  12. ^abcThis article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Phillips, Walter Alison(1911). "Hungary".InChisholm, Hugh(ed.).Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918.
  13. ^Yonge, Charlotte (1867)."The Crown of St. Stephen".A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands.London, Glasgow and Bombay: Blackie and Son.Retrieved21 August2008.
  14. ^Nemes, Paul (10 January 2000)."Central Europe Review – Hungary: The Holy Crown".Archived from the original on 17 May 2019.Retrieved26 September2008.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ^An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read atThe Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916.FromTheodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website.
  16. ^Rothenburg, G.The Army of Francis Joseph.West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 35.
  17. ^Paul Lendvai(2021).The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat.Princeton University Press.p. 236.ISBN978-0-691-20027-9.
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  19. ^The Making of the West:Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683–684
  20. ^abMurad 1968,p. 41.
  21. ^abcMurad 1968,p. 42.
  22. ^As a descendant of the Irish noble dynastyO'Donnell of Tyrconnell:O'Domhnaill Abu –O'DonnellClan Newsletterno. 7, Spring 1987.ISSN0790-7389
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  26. ^Murad 1968,p. 169.
  27. ^André Gerrits; Dirk Jan Wolffram (2005).Political Democracy and Ethnic Diversity in Modern European History.Stanford University Press.p. 42.ISBN978-0-8047-4976-3.
  28. ^Kozuchowski, Adam.The Afterlife of Austria-Hungary: The Image of the Habsburg Monarchy in Interwar Europe.Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press (2013),ISBN978-0-8229-7917-3.p. 83
  29. ^:William M. Johnston,The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938(University of California Press, 1983), p. 38
  30. ^abcLe Caine Agnew, Hugh (2007). "The Flyspecks on Palivec's Portrait: Franz Joseph, the Symbols of Monarchy, and Czech Popular Loyalty". In Cole, Laurence; Unowsky, Daniel L. (eds.).The limits of loyalty: imperial symbolism, popular allegiances, and state patriotism in the late Habsburg monarchy.New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 86–112.ISBN978-1-84545-202-5.Retrieved17 November2016.
  31. ^Murad 1968,p. 149.
  32. ^Murad 1968,p. 150.
  33. ^abcMurad 1968,p. 151.
  34. ^abMurad 1968,p. 127.
  35. ^See alsohttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm(discussing the papal veto from the perspective of the Catholic Church)
  36. ^abAlbertini 2005,p. 16.
  37. ^Albertini 2005,p. 37.
  38. ^Albertini 2005,p. 94.
  39. ^Dejan Djokić (January 2003).Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918–1992.C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 24.ISBN978-1-85065-663-0.
  40. ^abAlbert Freiherr von Margutti: Vom alten Kaiser. Leipzig & Wien 1921, S. 147f. Zitiert nach Erika Bestenreiter: Franz Ferdinand und Sophie von Hohenberg. München (Piper), 2004, S. 247
  41. ^Palmer 1994,p. 328.
  42. ^"Sausalito News 25 November 1916 — California Digital Newspaper Collection".Cdnc.ucr.edu. 25 November 1916.Retrieved2 December2013.
  43. ^Norman Davies,Europe: A historyp. 687
  44. ^Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph By Alan Palmer
  45. ^Murad 1968,p. 242.
  46. ^abMurad 1968,p. 120.
  47. ^Morton, Frederic (1989).Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 1913/1914.Scribner. pp.85–86.ISBN978-0-684-19143-0.
  48. ^The letter is availablehere
  49. ^Murad 1968,p. 117.
  50. ^Palmer 1994,p. 288.
  51. ^Palmer 1994,p. 289.
  52. ^Ketterl, Eugen.Der alte Kaiser wie nur einer ihn sah.Cissy Klastersky (ed.), Gerold & Co., Vienna 1929
  53. ^Palmer 1994,p. 324.
  54. ^Kaiser Joseph II. harmonische Wahlkapitulation mit allen den vorhergehenden Wahlkapitulationen der vorigen Kaiser und Könige.Since 1780 official title used for princes ( "zu Ungarn, Böhmen, Dalmatien, Kroatien, Slawonien, Königlicher Erbprinz")
  55. ^The official title of the ruler of Austrian Empire and later the Austria-Hungary had been changed several times: by a patent from 1 August 1804, by a court office decree from 22 August 1836, by an imperial court ministry decree from 6 January 1867 and finally by a letter from 12 December 1867. Shorter versions were recommended for official documents and international treaties: "Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary", "Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary", "His Majesty The Emperor and King" and "His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty". The termKaiserlich und königlich(K.u.K.) was decreed in a letter from 17 October 1889 for the military, the navy and the institutions shared by both parts of the monarchy. – From theOtto's encyclopedia(published during 1888–1909), subject 'King',online in CzechArchived9 December 2008 at theWayback Machine.
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  66. ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Bayern(in German). Königl. Oberpostamt. 1867. p. 8.Retrieved15 July2019.
  67. ^"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold",Almanach Royal Officiel(in French), 1850, p. 33 – via Archives de Bruxelles
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General bibliography

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Further reading

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[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toFranz Joseph I of Austria.
Wikisource has original works on the topic:Francis Joseph I of Austria
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Cadet branch of theHouse of Lorraine
Born:18 August 1830Died:21 November 1916
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Austria
King of Bohemia
King of Galicia and Lodomeria
King of Hungary
King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia
1848–1916 		Succeeded by
Preceded by King of Lombardy-Venetia
1848–1866 		Italian unification
Political offices
Preceded by Head of thePräsidialmachtAustria
1850–1866 		Succeeded byas Holder of theBundespräsidium
of theNorth German Confederation
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