Rail yard

A largeAmtrakandMetracoach yard just south ofChicago Union Station.About 25 percent of all rail traffic in the United States travels through theChicagoarea.

Yard forAmtrakequipment, located next to theLos Angeles River.The two tracks on the left are the mainline.

Arail yard,railway yard,railroad yard(US) or simplyyard,is a series oftracksin a rail network for storing, sorting, or loading and unloadingrail vehiclesandlocomotives.Yards have many tracks in parallel for keeping rolling stock or unused locomotives stored off themain line,so that they do not obstruct the flow of traffic. Cars or wagons are moved around by specially designed yardswitcher locomotives(US) or shunter locomotives (UK), a type of locomotive. Cars or wagons in a yard may be sorted by numerous categories, includingrailway company,loaded or unloaded, destination, car type, or whether they need repairs. Yards are normally built where there is a need to store rail vehicles while they are not being loaded or unloaded, or are waiting to be assembled into trains. Large yards may have atowerto control operations.

Many yards are located at strategic points on amain line.Main-line yards are often composed of an up yard and a down yard, linked to the associateddirection of travel.There are different types of yards, and different parts within a yard, depending on how they are built.

Freight yards

Forfreight cars,the overall yard layout is typically designed around a principalswitching(US term) orshunting(UK) technique:

• A flat yard has no hump, and relies on locomotives for all car movements.
• A gravity yard is built on a natural slope and relies less on locomotives; generally locomotives will control a consist being sorted from uphill of the cars about to be sorted. They are decoupled and let to accelerate into the classification equipment lower down.
• A hump yard has a constructed hill, over which freight cars are shoved by yard locomotives, and then gravity is used to propel the cars to various sorting tracks;

Sorting yard basics

Main article:Classification yard

In the case of all classification or sorting yards, human intelligence plays a primary role in setting a strategy for theswitching operations;the fewer times coupling operations need to be made and the less distance traveled, the faster the operation, the better the strategy and the sooner the newly configured consist can be joined to its outbound train.

• Switching yards, staging yards, or shunting yards are typically graded to be flat yards, where switch engines manually shuffle and maneuver cars from (a) train arrival tracks, to (b) to consist breakdown track, to (c) an consist assembly track, thence to (d) departure tracks of the yard.
  • A large sub-group of such yards are known as staging yards, which are yards serving an end destination that is also a collection yard starting car groups for departure. These seemingly incompatible tasks are because the operating or road company and its locomotive drops off empties and picks up full cars waiting departure which have been spotted and assembled by local switch engines. The long haul carrier makes the round trip with a minimal turn around time, and the local switch engine transfers empties to the loading yard when the industries output is ready to be shipped.
  • This activity is duplicated in a transfer yard, the difference being in the latter several industrial customers are serviced by the local switcher, which is part of the yard equipment, and the industry pays a cargo transfer fee to the railroad or yard operating company. In the staging yard, the locomotive is most likely operated by industry (refinery, chemical company or coal mine personnel); and ownership of the yard in both cases is a matter of business, and could be any imaginable combination. Ownership and operation are quite often a matter of leases and interests.

The "hump" of a hump yard. Railcars travel past retarders, which control their speed, and are directed onto tracks to be assembled into new trains. The control tower operates the retarders.

• Hump yards and gravity yards are usually highly automated and designed for the efficient break-down, sorting, and recombining of freight into consists, so they are equipped with mechanicalretarders(external brakes) andscalesthat a computer or operator uses along with knowledge of thegradientof the hump to calculate and control the speed of the cars as they roll downhill to their destination tracks. These modern sorting and classification systems are sophisticated enough to allow a first car to roll to a stop near the end of its classification track, and, by slowing the speed of subsequent cars down the hump, shorten the distance for the following series of cars so they can bump and couple gently, without damaging one another. Since overall throughput speed matters, many have small pneumatic, hydraulic or spring-driven braking retarders (below, right) to adjust and slow speed both before and after yard switch points. Along with car tracking and load tracking to destination technologies such as RFID, long trains can be broken down and reconfigured in transfer yards or operations in remarkable time.

Nomenclature and components

This map ofCedar Hill YardinConnecticutshows a variety of different facilities, including receiving yards, departure yards, classification yards, and a repair yard.

A large freight yard may include the following components:

• Receiving yard, also called an arrival yard, where freight cars or wagons are detached from their locomotives, inspected for mechanical problems, and sent to a classification or marshalling yard.
• Switching yards, switchyards, shunting yards or sorting yards—yards where cars are sorted for various destinations and assembled into blocks have different formal names in different cultural traditions:
  • Classification yard(US and byCanadian National RailwayinCanada) or
  • Marshalling yard (UK andCanadian Pacific RailwayinCanada)
• Departure yard, where car blocks are assembled into trains.
• Car repair yard or maintenance yard, for freight cars.
• Engine house (in some yards, aroundhouse), to fuel and service locomotives.
• Transfer yard, a yard where consists are dropped off or picked up as a group by through service such as aunit train,but managed locally by local switching service locomotives.
• Unit tracks may be reserved forunit trains,which carry a block of cars all of the same origin and destination, and so as through traffic do not get sorted in a classification yard. Such consists often stop in a freight yard for other purposes: inspection, engine servicing, being switched into a longer consist, or crew changes.

Freight yards may have multiple industries adjacent to them where railroad cars are loaded or unloaded and then stored before they move on to their new destination.

Coach yards

A coach yard in Shanghai, China

Workingtonstabling point in 1981, with locomotives from Classes25,40and47parked between duties.

Coach yards (American English) or stabling yards or carriage sidings (British English)are used for sorting, storing and repairingpassenger cars.These yards are located in metropolitan areas near largestationsor terminals. An example of a major US coach yard isSunnyside YardinNew York City,operated byAmtrak.Those that are principally used for storage, such as theWest Side Yardin New York, are called "layup yards"or "stabling yards." Coach yards are commonly flat yards because unladen passenger coaches are heavier than unladen freight carriages.

In the UK, a stabling point is a place where raillocomotivesare parked while awaiting their next turn of duty.A stabling point may be fitted with a fuelling point and other minor maintenance facilities. A good example of this wasNewport's Godfrey Road stabling point, which has since been closed. Stabling sidings can be just a few roads or large complexes like Feltham Sidings. They are sometimes electrified with athird railorOLE.An example of a stabling point with third rail would beFeltham marshalling yardwhich is being made into carriage sidings for theBritish Rail Class 701 EMU.

See also

• Classification yard
• Goods station
• List of rail yards
• List of railway roundhouses
• Rail transport operations
• Siding (rail)
• Traction maintenance depot

Further reading

• Armstrong, John H. (1998).The Railroad: What It Is, What It Does(4th ed.). Omaha, NE: Simmons-Boardman.ISBN978-0-911382-04-4.
• Farrington, S. Kip Jr.(1958).Railroads of the Hour.New York: Coward-McCann.