Fulla

Fulla(Old Norse:[ˈfulːɑ],possibly 'bountiful') orVolla(Old High German,'plenitude') is agoddessinGermanic mythology.InNorse mythology,Fulla is described as wearing a golden band and as tending to theashenbox and the footwear owned by the goddessFrigg,and, in addition, Frigg confides in Fulla her secrets. Fulla is attested in thePoetic Edda,compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; theProse Edda,written in the 13th century bySnorri Sturluson;and inskaldicpoetry. Volla (Folla) is attested in the "Horse Cure"Merseburg Incantation,recorded anonymously in the 10th century inOld High German,in which she assists in healing the woundedfoalof Phol and is referred to as Frigg's sister. Scholars have proposed theories about the implications of the goddess.

Name[edit]

TheOld NorsenameFullahas been translated as 'bountiful'.^[1]It stems fromProto-Germanic*fullōn('fullness, plenitude'; cf.Gothicfullo'fullness',OHGfolla'plenitude'), itself aderivativeof the adjective*fullaz('full'; cf. ONfullr,Goth.fulls,OHGfoll,all meaning 'full'). The latter derives fromProto-Indo-European*plh₁-nó-('filled, full'; cf.Sktpūrṇá'full',Lith.pìlnas,OCSplьnь'filled, full'), a pastparticipleof the verbal root*pelh₁-('to fill').^[2]

Attestations[edit]

Poetic Edda[edit]

In the prose introduction to thePoetic EddapoemGrímnismál,Frigg makes a wager with her husband—the godOdin—over the hospitality of their human patrons. Frigg sends her servant maid Fulla to warn the kingGeirröd—Frigg's patron—that a magician (actually Odin in disguise) will visit him. Fulla meets with Geirröd, gives the warning, and advises to him a means of detecting the magician:

Henry Adams Bellowstranslation:

Frigg sent her handmaiden, Fulla, to Geirröth. She bade the king beware lest a magician who was come thither to his land should bewitch him, and told this sign concerning him, that no dog was so fierce as to leap at him.^[3]

Benjamin Thorpetranslation:

Frigg sent her waiting-maid Fulla to bid Geirröd be on his guard, lest thetrollmannwho was coming should do him harm, and also say that a token whereby he might be known was, that no dog, however fierce, would attack him.^[4]

Prose Edda[edit]

In chapter 35 of theProse EddabookGylfaginning,Highprovides brief descriptions of 16ásynjur.High lists Fulla fifth, stating that, like the goddessGefjun,Fulla is avirgin,wears her hair flowing freely with a gold band around her head. High describes that Fulla carries Frigg'seski,looks after Frigg's footwear, and that in Fulla Frigg confides secrets.^[5]

In chapter 49 ofGylfaginning,High details that, after the death of the deity coupleBaldrandNanna,the godHermóðrwagers for their return in the underworld location ofHel.Hel,ruler of the location of the same name, tells Hermóðr a way to resurrect Baldr, but will not allow Baldr and Nanna to leave until the deed is accomplished. Hel does, however, allow Baldr and Nanna to send gifts to the living; Baldr sends Odin the ringDraupnir,and Nanna sends Frigg a robe of linen, and "other gifts." Of these "other gifts" sent, the only specific item that High mentions is a finger-ring for Fulla.^[6]

The first chapter of theProse EddabookSkáldskaparmál,Fulla is listed among eight ásynjur who attend an evening drinking banquet held forÆgir.^[7]In chapter 19 ofSkáldskaparmál,poetic ways to refer to Frigg are given, one of which is by referring to her as "queen [...] of Fulla."^[8]In chapter 32, poetic expressions forgoldare given, one of which includes "Fulla'ssnood."^[9]In chapter 36, a work by theskald Eyvindr skáldaspilliris cited that references Fulla's golden headgear ( "the falling sun [gold] of the plain [forehead] of Fulla's eyelashes shone on [...]" ).^[10]Fulla receives a final mention in theProse Eddain chapter 75, where Fulla appears within a list of 27 ásynjur names.^[11]

"Horse Cure" Merseburg Incantation[edit]

One of the twoMerseburg Charms(the "horse cure" ), recorded inOld High German,mentions a deity named Volla. The incantation describes how Phol andWodanrode to a wood, and thereBalder's foalsprained its foot.Sinthguntsang charms, her sisterSunnasang charms,Friiasang charms, her sister Volla sang charms, and finally Wodan sang charms, followed by a verse describing the healing of the foal's bone. The charm reads:

Phol and Wodan went to the forest.

Then Balder's horse sprained its foot.

Then Sinthgunt sang charms, and Sunna her sister;

Then Friia sang charms, and Volla her sister;

Then Wodan sang charms, as he well could:

be it bone-sprain, be it blood-sprain, be it limb-sprain:

bone to bone, blood to blood,

limb to limb, so be they glued together.^[12]

Theories[edit]

Andy Orchard comments that the seeming appearance of Baldr with Volla in the Merseburg Incantation is "intriguing" since Fulla is one of the three goddesses (the other two being Baldr's mother Frigg and his wife Nanna) the deceased Baldr expressly sends gifts to from Hel.^[1]John Lindowsays that since the nameFullaseems to have something to do with fullness, it may also point to an association with fertility.^[13]

Rudolf Simekcomments that while Snorri notes that Baldr sends Fulla a golden ring from Hel inGylfaginning,"this does not prove that she plays any role in the Baldr myth, but merely shows that Snorri associated her with gold" because of kennings used associating Fulla with gold. Simek says that since Fulla appears in the poetry of Skalds as early as the 10th century that she was likely "not a late personification of plenty" but that she is very likely identical with Volla from the Merseburg Incantation. Simek adds that it is unclear as to who Fulla actually is, and argues that she may be an independent deity or simply identical with the goddessFreyjaor with Frigg.^[14]

John Knight Bostock says that theories have been proposed that the Fulla may at one time have been an aspect of Frigg. As a result, this notion has resulted in theory that a similar situation may have existed between the figures of the goddesses Sinthgunt and Sunna, in that the two may have been understood as aspects of one another rather than entirely separate figures.^[15]

Hilda Ellis Davidsonstates that the goddesses Gefjun,Gerðr,Fulla, andSkaði"may represent important goddesses of early times in the North, but little was remembered about them by the time Snorri was collecting his material." On the other hand, Davidson notes that it is also possible that these goddesses are viewable as aspects of a singleGreat Goddess.^[16]Davidson calls Fulla and Volla "vague, uncertain figures, emerging from odd references to goddesses which Snorri has noted in the poets, but they suggest the possibility that at one time three generations were represented among the goddesses of fertility and harvest in Scandinavia."^[17]

Notes[edit]

^^a ^bOrchard 1997,p. 49.
^Orel 2003,p. 118.
^Bellows (1923:86).
^Thorpe (1866:20).
^Faulkes 1987,p. 29.
^Faulkes 1987,p. 50.
^Faulkes 1987,p. 59.
^Faulkes 1987,p. 86.
^Faulkes 1987,p. 94.
^Faulkes 1987,pp. 97–98.
^Faulkes 1987,p. 157.
^Lindow 2001,p. 227.
^Lindow 2001,p. 132.
^Simek 1996,p. 96.
^Bostock (1976:29).
^Davidson (1998:10).
^Davidson (1998:86).

References[edit]

Bostock, John Knight. King, Charles Kenneth. McLintock, D. R. (1976).A Handbook on Old High German Literature.Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-815392-9
Bellows, Henry Adams(Trans.) (1923).The Poetic Edda: Translated from the Icelandic with an introduction and notes by Henry Adams Bellows.New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis(1998).Roles of the Northern Goddess^{[permanent dead link]}.Routledge.ISBN 0-415-13610-5
Faulkes, Anthony, trans. (1987).Edda(1995 ed.). Everyman.ISBN 0-460-87616-3.
Lindow, John(2001).Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs.Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-983969-8.
Orchard, Andy(1997).Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend.Cassell.ISBN 978-0-304-34520-5.
Orel, Vladimir E.(2003).A Handbook of Germanic Etymology.Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0.
Simek, Rudolf(1996).Dictionary of Northern Mythology.D.S. Brewer.ISBN 978-0-85991-513-7.
Thorpe, Benjamin(Trans.) (1907).The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson.Norrœna Society.

[FOOTNOTEOrchard199749-1] Orchard 1997,p. 49.

[FOOTNOTEOrel2003118-2] Orel 2003,p. 118.

[BELLOWS86-3] Bellows (1923:86).

[THORPE20-4] Thorpe (1866:20).

[FOOTNOTEFaulkes198729-5] Faulkes 1987,p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEFaulkes198750-6] Faulkes 1987,p. 50.

[FOOTNOTEFaulkes198759-7] Faulkes 1987,p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEFaulkes198786-8] Faulkes 1987,p. 86.

[FOOTNOTEFaulkes198794-9] Faulkes 1987,p. 94.

[FOOTNOTEFaulkes198797–98-10] Faulkes 1987,pp. 97–98.

[FOOTNOTEFaulkes1987157-11] Faulkes 1987,p. 157.

[FOOTNOTELindow2001227-12] Lindow 2001,p. 227.

[FOOTNOTELindow2001132-13] Lindow 2001,p. 132.

[FOOTNOTESimek199696-14] Simek 1996,p. 96.

[BOSTOCK29-15] Bostock (1976:29).

[DAVIDSON10-16] Davidson (1998:10).

[DAVIDSON86-17] Davidson (1998:86).

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