Lactatewas initially found to activate HCA1onfat cellsand thereby to inhibit these cellslipolysisi.e., break-down of their fats intofree fatty acidsandglycerol.[10][11]Subsequent studies have found that in addition to fat cells, HCA1is expressed on cells in the brain, skeletal muscle, lymphoid tissue, uterus, kidney, liver, and pancreas as well as on immune cells such asmacrophagesandantigen-presenting cells.In the brain, HCA1acts to dampenneuronexcitation and may also function to promoteneurogenesis(i.e., production of neurons fromneural stem cells) andangiogenesis,i.e., formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing blood vessels). The functions of HCA1in non-fat and non-neural tissues have not been fully defined but in many cases appear to involve promoting the survival of cells, including various types of cancer cells.[12]
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