Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Galicia | |
---|---|
Historical region | |
View from the Lion Mountain to the historic center ofLviv | |
![]() Galicia (dark green) juxtaposed with modern-day Poland and Ukraine (light green) | |
Country | ![]() ![]() |
Largest cities | Kraków Lviv |
Area | |
• Total | 78,497 km2(30,308 sq mi) |
Demonym | Galician |
Time zones | UTC+2(EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3(EEST) |
UTC+1(CET) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2(CEST) |
Galicia(/ɡəˈlɪʃ(i)ə/gə-LISH(-ee)-ə;[1]Polish:Galicja,IPA:[ɡaˈlit͡sja] ;Ukrainian:Галичина,romanized:Halychyna,IPA:[ɦɐlɪtʃɪˈnɑ];Yiddish:גאַליציע,romanized:Galitsye) is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeasternPolandand westernUkraine,long part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[2][3][4]It covers much of the other historic regions ofRed Ruthenia(centered onLviv) andLesser Poland(centered onKraków).
The name of the region derives from the medieval city ofHalych,[5][6][7]and was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in the year 1206 asGaliciæ.[8][9]The eastern part of the region was controlled by the medievalKingdom of Galicia–Volhyniabefore it was annexed by theKingdom of Polandin 1352 and became part of theRuthenian Voivodeship.During thepartitions of Poland,it was incorporated into acrown landof theAustrian Empire– theKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within the modern regions ofwestern Ukraine:theLviv,Ternopil,andIvano-Frankivskoblastsnear Halych.[10]In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of theLesser Poland Voivodeship,Subcarpathian Voivodeship,andSilesian Voivodeshipwere added to Galicia after the collapse of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Eastern Galiciabecame contested ground between Poland and Ruthenia in medieval times and was fought over byAustria-HungaryandRussiaduringWorld War Iand alsoPoland and Ukrainein the 20th century. In the 10th century, several cities were founded there, such asVolodymyrandJaroslaw,whose names mark their connections with theGrand Princes of Kiev.There is considerable overlap between Galicia andPodolia(to the east) as well as between Galicia and south-westRuthenia,especially in across-border region(centred onCarpathian Ruthenia) inhabited by various nationalities and religious groups.
Origins and variations of the name
The name of the region in the local languages is:
- Ukrainian:Галичина;romanized:Halychyna;
- Polish:Galicja
- Rusyn:Галичина,romanized:Halyčyna;
- Russian:Галиция,romanized:Galitsiya;
- CzechandSlovak:Halič;
- German:Galizien;
- Hungarian:Galícia/Gácsország/Halics;
- Romanian:Galiția/Halicia;
- Yiddish:גאַליציע,romanized:Galitsye.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Polska_1333_-_1370.png/220px-Polska_1333_-_1370.png)
Some historians[a]speculated that the name had to do with a group of people ofThracianorigin (i.e.Getae)[11]who during theIron Agemoved into the area after the Roman conquest ofDaciain 106 CE and may have formed the Lypytsia culture with theVenedipeople who moved into the region at the end ofLa Tène period.[11]The Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt (seeThraco-Cimmerian) and Vysotske cultures.[11]A connection withCeltic peoplessupposedly explains the relation of the name "Galicia" to many similar place names found acrossEuropeandAsia Minor,such as ancientGalliaorGaul(modern France, Belgium, and northern Italy),Galatia(inAsia Minor), the Iberian Peninsula'sGalicia,and RomanianGalați.[11][failed verification]Some other scholars[who?]assert that the nameHalychhas Slavic origins – fromhalytsa,meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or fromhalkawhich means "jackdaw".[12] (The jackdaw featured as a charge in the city'scoat of arms[13] and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria.[14] The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may representcantingor simplyfolk etymology). Although Ruthenians drove out the Hungarians from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to addGalicia et Lodomeriato their official titles.
In 1349, in the course of theGalicia–Volhynia Wars,KingCasimir III the Greatof Poland conquered the major part of Galicia and put an end to the independence of this territory. Upon the conquest Casimir adopted the following title:
Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland and Rus (Ruthenia), lord and heir of the land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania (Pomerelia).Latin:Kazimirus, Dei gratia rex Polonie et Rusie, nec non-Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres.
Under theJagiellonian dynasty(Kings of Poland from 1386 to 1572), the Kingdom of Poland revived and reconstituted its territories. In place of historic Galicia there appeared theRuthenian Voivodeship.
In 1526, after the death ofLouis II of Hungary,theHabsburgsinherited the Hungarian claims to the titles of the Kingship of Galicia and Lodomeria, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772 the Habsburg EmpressMaria Theresa,Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, used those historical claims to justify her participation in theFirst Partition of Poland.In fact, the territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia – theRussian Empiretook control ofVolhyniato the north-east, including the city ofVolodymyr-Volynskyi(Włodzimierz Wołyński) – after whichLodomeriawas named. On the other hand, much ofLesser Poland–Nowy SączandPrzemyśl(1772–1918),Zamość(1772–1809),Lublin(1795–1809), andKraków(1846–1918) – became part ofAustrian Galicia.Moreover, despite the fact that Austria's claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, "Galicia and Lodomeria" were not officially assigned to Hungary, and after theAusgleichof 1867, the territory found itself inCisleithania,or the Austrian-administered part ofAustria-Hungary.
The full official name of the new Austrian territory was theKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeriawith the Duchies ofAuschwitzandZator.After the incorporation of theFree City of Krakówin 1846, it was extended toKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and theGrand Duchy of Krakówwith the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator(German:Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator).
Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in theAustrian emperor's titles,each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province. The duchies of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Zator were small historical principalities west ofKraków,on the border withPrussianSilesia.Lodomeria,under the name Volhynia, remained under the rule of the Russian Empire – seeVolhynian Governorate.
History
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg/220px-Sejm_Galicyjski.jpg)
InRomantimes, the region was populated by various tribes of Celto-Germanic admixture, includingCeltic-based tribes, theLugians,Cotini,VandalsandGoths(thePrzeworskandPúchovcultures). During theMigration Period,a variety of nomadic groups invaded the area.[15][16]The East Slavic tribesWhite CroatsandTivertsidominated the area since the 6th century until it was annexed toKievan Rus'in the 10th century.[17]
In the 12th century, aRurikidPrincipality of Halych(Halicz, Halics, Galich, Galic) formed, which merged at the end of the century with neighbouringVolhyniainto theKingdom of Ruthenia.Galicia and Volhynia had originally been two separateRurikidprincipalities, assigned on a rotating basis to younger members of the Kievan dynasty. The line of PrinceRoman the GreatofVolodymyrhad held theprincipality of Volhynia,while the line ofYaroslav Osmomyslheld thePrincipality of Halych.Galicia–Volhynia was created following the death in 1198[18]or 1199 (and without a recognised heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia,Vladimir II Yaroslavich;Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as the designation of their combined kingdom. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities wereHalychand Volodymyr. In 1204, Roman capturedKyivin alliance withPoland,signed a peace treaty with theKingdom of Hungaryand established diplomatic relations with theByzantine Empire.[19]
In 1205, Roman turned against his Polish allies, leading to a conflict withLeszek the WhiteandKonrad of Masovia.Roman was killed in theBattle of Zawichost(1205), and Galicia–Volhynia entered a period of rebellion and chaos, becoming an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary. KingAndrew II of Hungarystyled himselfrex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ,Latinfor "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]", a title that later was adopted in theHouse of Habsburg.In a compromise agreement made in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, the throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son,Coloman of Lodomeria.
In 1352, when the principality was divided between Poland and theGrand Duchy of Lithuania,the territory became subject to thePolish Crown.With theUnion of Lublinin 1569, Poland and Lithuania merged to form thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,which lasted for 200 years until conquered and divided up by Russia,Prussia,and Austria in the 1772partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.The south-eastern part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was awarded to the Habsburg EmpressMaria-Theresa,whose bureaucrats named it theKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,after one of the titles of the princes of Hungary, although its borders coincided but roughly with those of the former medieval principality.[20]Known informally as Galicia, it became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of theAustrian Empire.After 1867 it was part of theAustrian halfofAustria-Hungary,until the dissolution of the monarchy at the end ofWorld War Iin 1918.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg/220px-Szturm_Twierdzy_Przemysl_A._Ritter_von_Meissl.jpg)
During theFirst World War,Galicia saw heavy fighting between the forces of theRussian Empireand theCentral Powers,on theEastern Front of World War I.The Russian forces overran most of the region in 1914 after defeating the Austro-Hungarian army in a chaotic frontier battle in the opening months of the war.[21]They were in turn pushed out in the spring and summer of 1915 by a combined German/Austro-Hungarian offensive.
In 1918,Western Galiciabecame a part of the restoredRepublic of Poland,which absorbed theLemko-Rusyn Republic.The local Ukrainian population declared the independence ofEastern Galiciaas the short-livedWest Ukrainian People's Republic.During thePolish-Soviet War,the Soviets tried to establish thepuppet-stateof theGalician SSRinEast Galicia,but the territory was then conquered by the Poles.
The 1921Peace of Rigaconfirmed Galicia's status as part of theSecond Polish Republic.Although never accepted as legitimate by someUkrainian nationalists,this was ratified by theConference of Ambassadorson 14 March 1923[22][23]and internationally recognized on 15 May 1923.[24]
The Ukrainians of Eastern Galicia and the neighbouring province ofVolhyniamade up about 12% of the Polish Republic's population, and were its largest minority. As Polish government policies were discriminatory towards minorities, tensions between the Polish government and the Ukrainian population grew, eventually giving rise to the militant undergroundOrganization of Ukrainian Nationalists.
People
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Campesinos_y_jud%C3%ADos_galizia.png/170px-Campesinos_y_jud%C3%ADos_galizia.png)
In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). Theserfsaccounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of the population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions.[citation needed]
Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and "Ruthenians";[25]the peoples known later asUkrainiansandRusyns,as well as ethnicJews,Germans,Armenians,Czechs,Slovaks,Hungarians,Romaand others. In Galicia as a whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German.[26]This population was not evenly distributed. ThePoleslived mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ( "Ruthenia" ). At the turn of the twentieth century, Poles constituted 88% of the whole population of Western Galicia and Jews 7.5%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show the following numbers: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 22.0%, Jews 12%.[27][28]Of the 44 administrative divisions of Austrian eastern Galicia,Lviv(Polish:Lwów,German:Lemberg) was the only one in which Poles made up a majority of the population.[29]AnthropologistMarianna Dusharhas argued that this diversity led to a development of a distinctive food culture in the region.[30]
The Polish language was the most spoken language in Galicia as a whole, although the eastern part of the region was predominantly Ruthenian-speaking. According to the 1910 census, 58.6% of Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue, compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language.[31]The number of Polish-speakers may have been inflated because Jews were not given the option of listing Yiddish as their language.[32]Eastern Galiciawas the most diverse part of the region, and one of the most diverse areas in Europe at the time.
TheGalician Jewsimmigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such asSaxonyorSwabia). For those who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, and the widespread multilingualism blurred ethnic divisions.
Religiously, Galicia is predominantly Catholic, andCatholicismis practiced in two rites. Poles areRoman Catholic,while Ukrainians belong to theGreek Catholic Church.Other Christians belong to one of theUkrainian Orthodox Churches.Untilthe Holocaust,Judaismwas widespread, and Galicia was the center ofHasidism.
Economy
The new state borders cut Galicia off from many of its traditional trade routes and markets of the Polish sphere, resulting in stagnation of economic life and decline of Galician towns. Lviv lost its status as a significant trade center. After a short period of limited investments, the Austrian government started the fiscal exploitation of Galicia and drained the region of manpower through conscription to the imperial army. The Austrians decided that Galicia should not develop industrially but remain an agricultural area that would serve as a supplier of food products and raw materials to other Habsburg provinces. New taxes were instituted, investments were discouraged, and cities and towns were neglected.[33][34][35]The result was significantpoverty in Austrian Galicia.[35][36]Galicia was the poorest province of Austro-Hungary,[37][38]and according toNorman Davies,could be considered "the poorest province in Europe".[36]
Oil and natural gas industry
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Galicia_1897_1.jpg/330px-Galicia_1897_1.jpg)
NearDrohobychandBoryslavin Galicia, significant oil reserves were discovered and developed during the mid 19th and early 20th centuries.[39][40]The first European attempt to drill for oil was inBóbrkain western Galicia in 1854.[39][40]By 1867, a well at Kleczany, in Western Galicia, was drilled using steam to about 200 meters.[39][40]On 31 December 1872, arailway linelinking Borysław (now Boryslav) with the nearby city of Drohobycz (now Drohobych) was opened. British engineer John Simeon Bergheim and CanadianWilliam Henry McGarveycame to Galicia in 1882.[41][b]In 1883, their company bored holes of 700 to 1,000 meters and found large oil deposits.[39]In 1885, they renamed their oil developing enterprise the Galician-Karpathian Petroleum Company (German:Galizisch-Karpathische Petroleum Aktien-Gesellschaft), headquartered in Vienna, with McGarvey as the chief administrator and Bergheim as a field engineer,[c]and built a huge refinery at Maryampole nearGorlice,south of Tarnow.[41]Considered the biggest, most efficient enterprise in Austro-Hungary, Maryampole was built in six months and employed 1,000 men.[41][d]Subsequently, investors from Britain, Belgium, and Germany established companies to develop the oil and natural gas industries in Galicia.[39]This influx of capital caused the number of petroleum enterprises to shrink from 900 to 484 by 1884, and to 285 companies manned by 3,700 workers by 1890.[39]However, the number of oil refineries increased from thirty-one in 1880 to fifty-four in 1904.[39]By 1904, there were thirty boreholes in Borysław of over 1,000 meters.[39]Production increased by 50% between 1905 and 1906 and then trebled between 1906 and 1909 because of unexpected discoveries of vast oil reserves of which many were gushers.[42]By 1909, production reached its peak at 2,076,000 tons or 4% of worldwide production.[39][40]Often called the "Polish Baku", the oil fields of Borysław and nearby Tustanowice accounted for over 90% of the national oil output of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[39][42][43]From 500 residents in the 1860s, Borysław had swollen to 12,000 by 1898.[42]At the turn of the century, Galicia was ranked fourth in the world as an oil producer.[39][e]This significant increase in oil production also caused a slump in oil prices.[42]A very rapid decrease in oil production in Galicia occurred just before theBalkan Warsof 1912–1913.
Galicia was theCentral Powers' only major domestic source of oil duringthe Great War.[42]
Ethnic groups
- Mountain Dwellers (largerkinshipgroup):ŻywczakiorGoralsofŻywiec(pl: górale żywieccy),Babiogórcyor Gorals ofBabia Góra,Gorals ofRabkaorZagórzanie,Kliszczaki, Gorals inPodhale(pl: górale podhalańscy), Gorals ofNowy TargorNowotarżanie,Górale pienińscy or Gorals ofPieninyandGórale sądeccy(Gorals ofNowy Sącz), Gorals ofSpiszorGardłaki,Kurtacy or Czuchońcy (Lemkos,Rusnaks),Boykos(Werchowyńcy), Tucholcy,Hutsuls(Czarnogórcy).
- Dale Dwellers (larger kinship group):Krakowiacy,Mazury,Grębowiacy (Lesowiacyor Borowcy),Głuchoniemcy,Bełżanie, Bużanie (Łopotniki, Poleszuki), Opolanie, Wołyniacy, Pobereżcy or Nistrowianie.[45]
Linguistic and religious structure in 1910
Today part of | County | Pop. | Polish | Ruthenian (Ukrainian) | Other Slavic | German | Other language | Roman Catholic | Protestant | Uniate | Orthodox | Jewish | Other religion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Kraków City | 151886 | 94.4% | 0.4% | 1.8% | 3.4% | 0.0% | 76.8% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 21.3% | 0.0% |
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Biała | 86174 | 83.0% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 16.7% | 0.0% | 93.9% | 2.8% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 3.1% | 0.0% |
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Bochnia | 114401 | 99.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 93.9% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 5.8% | 0.0% |
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Brzesko | 104498 | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 94.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 5.6% | 0.0% |
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Chrzanów | 110838 | 99.6% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 89.5% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 10.3% | 0.0% |
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Dąbrowa | 69119 | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 91.8% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 8.1% | 0.0% |
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Gorlice | 82203 | 75.6% | 24.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 68.5% | 0.0% | 23.9% | 0.0% | 7.5% | 0.0% |
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Grybów | 53240 | 82.2% | 17.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 77.1% | 0.0% | 17.4% | 0.0% | 5.5% | 0.0% |
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Jasło | 87878 | 91.6% | 8.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 84.9% | 0.0% | 8.6% | 0.0% | 6.5% | 0.0% |
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Kolbuszowa | 73912 | 99.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 91.3% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 8.5% | 0.0% |
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Kraków County | 68829 | 99.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 97.8% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% |
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Krosno | 83115 | 84.6% | 15.4% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 77.2% | 0.0% | 15.2% | 0.0% | 7.5% | 0.0% |
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Łańcut | 93532 | 96.8% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 87.2% | 0.3% | 5.0% | 0.0% | 7.5% | 0.0% |
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Limanowa | 81163 | 99.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 96.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3.8% | 0.0% |
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Mielec | 77218 | 98.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.4% | 0.0% | 88.8% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 10.0% | 0.0% |
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Myślenice | 93241 | 99.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 98.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2.0% | 0.0% |
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Nisko | 69194 | 99.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 90.3% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 8.2% | 0.0% |
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Nowy Sącz | 131366 | 86.5% | 12.8% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 76.6% | 1.2% | 13.0% | 0.0% | 9.3% | 0.0% |
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Nowy Targ | 80767 | 99.5% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 93.1% | 0.1% | 2.7% | 0.0% | 4.1% | 0.0% |
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Oświęcim | 49996 | 99.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 86.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 13.1% | 0.0% |
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Pilzno | 48673 | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 93.8% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 6.1% | 0.0% |
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Podgórze | 64383 | 98.2% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 88.4% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 11.0% | 0.0% |
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Przeworsk | 57044 | 98.4% | 1.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 87.4% | 0.0% | 5.6% | 0.0% | 6.9% | 0.0% |
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Ropczyce | 80170 | 99.6% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 91.1% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 8.5% | 0.0% |
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Rzeszów | 144271 | 99.1% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 88.4% | 0.1% | 1.8% | 0.0% | 9.7% | 0.0% |
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Strzyżów | 58549 | 95.5% | 4.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 87.9% | 0.0% | 4.9% | 0.0% | 7.2% | 0.0% |
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Tarnobrzeg | 77360 | 99.9% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 89.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 10.7% | 0.0% |
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Tarnów | 114118 | 99.3% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 84.4% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 15.4% | 0.0% |
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Wadowice | 95339 | 99.7% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 96.7% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 3.1% | 0.0% |
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Wieliczka | 67724 | 99.9% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 95.5% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 4.2% | 0.0% |
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Żywiec | 119653 | 99.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 98.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.6% | 0.0% |
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Lviv City | 206129 | 85.8% | 10.8% | 0.4% | 2.9% | 0.1% | 51.2% | 1.5% | 19.2% | 0.3% | 27.8% | 0.1% |
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Bibrka | 88527 | 30.1% | 69.1% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 18.8% | 0.2% | 69.5% | 0.0% | 11.5% | 0.0% |
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Bohorodchany | 69463 | 13.7% | 84.9% | 0.1% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 5.1% | 0.6% | 83.6% | 0.0% | 10.8% | 0.0% |
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Borshchiv | 109320 | 31.0% | 68.6% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 19.4% | 0.0% | 68.9% | 0.0% | 11.7% | 0.0% |
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Brody | 146216 | 37.8% | 59.6% | 0.0% | 2.5% | 0.2% | 21.7% | 0.2% | 62.4% | 0.3% | 15.5% | 0.0% |
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Berezhany | 104810 | 40.9% | 58.9% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 27.8% | 0.0% | 62.0% | 0.0% | 10.3% | 0.0% |
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Brzozów | 81409 | 87.9% | 12.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 78.2% | 0.0% | 15.2% | 0.0% | 6.5% | 0.0% |
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Buchach | 138297 | 46.6% | 53.0% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 31.4% | 0.0% | 55.9% | 0.0% | 12.6% | 0.0% |
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Cieszanów | 86549 | 48.1% | 51.4% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 34.9% | 0.2% | 52.4% | 0.0% | 12.5% | 0.0% |
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Chortkiv | 76447 | 39.1% | 59.7% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 0.0% | 28.0% | 0.2% | 61.3% | 0.0% | 10.4% | 0.0% |
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Dobromyl | 72103 | 39.2% | 59.7% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 24.9% | 0.7% | 64.0% | 0.0% | 10.5% | 0.0% |
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Dolyna | 113831 | 21.4% | 74.9% | 0.0% | 3.7% | 0.0% | 10.8% | 2.1% | 75.8% | 0.0% | 11.3% | 0.0% |
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Drohobych | 171687 | 41.3% | 56.7% | 0.0% | 2.0% | 0.0% | 21.9% | 1.3% | 59.6% | 0.0% | 17.2% | 0.0% |
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Horodok | 79612 | 35.0% | 62.7% | 0.0% | 2.3% | 0.0% | 23.7% | 1.4% | 66.3% | 0.0% | 8.6% | 0.0% |
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Horodenka | 92033 | 26.9% | 72.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 12.8% | 0.0% | 76.2% | 0.1% | 11.0% | 0.0% |
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Husiatyn | 96891 | 44.2% | 55.7% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 27.6% | 0.0% | 60.7% | 0.0% | 11.6% | 0.0% |
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Jarosław | 150301 | 66.7% | 32.0% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 50.3% | 0.1% | 39.6% | 0.0% | 10.0% | 0.0% |
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Yavoriv | 86720 | 20.6% | 78.3% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 13.1% | 0.5% | 79.0% | 0.1% | 7.3% | 0.0% |
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Kalush | 97421 | 17.1% | 81.2% | 0.0% | 1.6% | 0.0% | 10.1% | 0.8% | 80.7% | 0.0% | 8.4% | 0.0% |
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Kamianka-Buzka | 115316 | 39.7% | 58.4% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 0.2% | 24.6% | 1.6% | 60.7% | 0.3% | 12.7% | 0.0% |
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Kolomyia | 124850 | 38.1% | 59.2% | 0.2% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 17.8% | 0.9% | 62.0% | 0.2% | 19.1% | 0.0% |
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Kosiv | 85805 | 15.1% | 84.1% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 83.8% | 0.0% | 11.3% | 0.0% |
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Lesko | 98492 | 30.2% | 68.9% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 15.0% | 0.6% | 70.3% | 0.0% | 14.1% | 0.0% |
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Lviv County | 161580 | 61.6% | 36.6% | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% | 43.4% | 2.1% | 45.8% | 0.0% | 8.7% | 0.0% |
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Mostyska | 87841 | 43.8% | 56.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 31.8% | 0.1% | 59.9% | 0.0% | 8.2% | 0.0% |
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Nadvírna | 90663 | 25.4% | 73.4% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 12.8% | 0.6% | 74.0% | 0.0% | 12.6% | 0.0% |
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Pechenizhyn | 46794 | 12.1% | 87.8% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 3.6% | 0.0% | 87.4% | 0.0% | 9.0% | 0.0% |
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Pidhaitsi | 93546 | 33.4% | 65.9% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 26.7% | 0.0% | 65.5% | 0.0% | 7.8% | 0.0% |
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Przemyśl | 159991 | 52.4% | 44.9% | 0.4% | 2.2% | 0.0% | 35.4% | 0.4% | 49.9% | 0.1% | 14.1% | 0.1% |
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Peremyshliany | 86568 | 39.5% | 59.5% | 0.0% | 1.0% | 0.0% | 26.0% | 0.7% | 62.3% | 0.0% | 11.0% | 0.0% |
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Rava-Ruska | 115333 | 32.0% | 67.0% | 0.0% | 1.0% | 0.0% | 15.0% | 0.4% | 70.1% | 0.0% | 14.5% | 0.1% |
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Rohatyn | 124966 | 29.2% | 70.6% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 17.4% | 0.1% | 71.7% | 0.0% | 10.8% | 0.0% |
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Rudky | 77269 | 39.1% | 60.5% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 27.8% | 0.4% | 63.5% | 0.0% | 8.3% | 0.0% |
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Sambir | 107445 | 41.7% | 57.1% | 0.0% | 1.2% | 0.0% | 30.5% | 0.3% | 60.9% | 0.0% | 8.2% | 0.0% |
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Sanok | 108678 | 54.4% | 45.4% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 39.3% | 0.0% | 50.3% | 0.0% | 10.4% | 0.0% |
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Skalat | 96006 | 52.0% | 47.7% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 36.5% | 0.0% | 50.3% | 0.0% | 13.1% | 0.0% |
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Skole | 55353 | 18.1% | 77.8% | 0.0% | 4.1% | 0.0% | 10.9% | 1.0% | 77.4% | 0.0% | 10.7% | 0.0% |
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Sniatyn | 88706 | 17.3% | 80.5% | 0.0% | 2.1% | 0.0% | 8.1% | 0.5% | 79.7% | 0.1% | 11.5% | 0.0% |
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Sokal | 109250 | 39.7% | 60.2% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 19.3% | 0.2% | 65.5% | 0.0% | 14.9% | 0.0% |
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Stanyslaviv | 158066 | 39.6% | 57.5% | 0.3% | 2.5% | 0.1% | 22.3% | 0.9% | 57.6% | 0.2% | 18.8% | 0.1% |
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Staryi Sambir | 60810 | 27.4% | 72.4% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 14.9% | 0.0% | 74.4% | 0.0% | 10.7% | 0.0% |
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Stryi | 80211 | 37.6% | 58.3% | 0.1% | 4.0% | 0.0% | 19.0% | 4.0% | 61.0% | 0.0% | 15.9% | 0.0% |
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Ternopil | 142138 | 51.4% | 48.0% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 32.5% | 0.1% | 53.5% | 0.0% | 13.9% | 0.0% |
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Tlumach | 116066 | 27.4% | 71.8% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 17.9% | 0.7% | 73.2% | 0.0% | 8.3% | 0.0% |
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Terebovlia | 81048 | 51.7% | 48.0% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 39.4% | 0.1% | 51.5% | 0.0% | 9.0% | 0.0% |
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Turka | 85823 | 19.9% | 79.8% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 6.1% | 0.1% | 80.2% | 0.0% | 13.6% | 0.0% |
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Zalishchyky | 76957 | 30.3% | 69.2% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 16.6% | 0.0% | 71.3% | 0.1% | 12.0% | 0.0% |
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Zbarazh | 71498 | 43.0% | 57.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 31.6% | 0.0% | 60.9% | 0.0% | 7.5% | 0.0% |
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Zboriv | 60665 | 32.0% | 67.9% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 19.3% | 0.0% | 70.5% | 0.0% | 10.2% | 0.0% |
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Zolochiv | 117372 | 40.3% | 59.1% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 25.6% | 0.3% | 62.6% | 0.0% | 11.6% | 0.0% |
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Zhovkva | 99658 | 25.9% | 72.3% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 16.9% | 0.5% | 73.0% | 0.0% | 9.6% | 0.0% |
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Zhydachiv | 83339 | 22.4% | 74.7% | 0.0% | 2.9% | 0.0% | 15.9% | 0.2% | 75.7% | 0.0% | 8.2% | 0.0% |
Linguistic and religious structure of former Galicia in 1931
Today part of | County | Pop. | Polish | % | Yiddish & Hebrew | % | Ukrainian & Ruthenian | % | Other language % | Roman Catholic | % | Jewish | % | Uniate & Orthodox | % | Other religion % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Borshchiv | 103277 | 46153 | 44.7% | 4302 | 4.2% | 52612 | 50.9% | 0.2% | 28432 | 27.5% | 9353 | 9.1% | 65344 | 63.3% | 0.1% |
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Brody | 91248 | 32843 | 36.0% | 7640 | 8.4% | 50490 | 55.3% | 0.3% | 22521 | 24.7% | 10360 | 11.4% | 58009 | 63.6% | 0.4% |
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Berezhany | 103824 | 48168 | 46.4% | 3716 | 3.6% | 51757 | 49.9% | 0.2% | 41962 | 40.4% | 7151 | 6.9% | 54611 | 52.6% | 0.1% |
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Buchach | 139062 | 60523 | 43.5% | 8059 | 5.8% | 70336 | 50.6% | 0.1% | 51311 | 36.9% | 10568 | 7.6% | 77023 | 55.4% | 0.1% |
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Chortkiv | 84008 | 36486 | 43.4% | 6474 | 7.7% | 40866 | 48.6% | 0.2% | 33080 | 39.4% | 7845 | 9.3% | 42828 | 51.0% | 0.3% |
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Kamianka-Buzka | 82111 | 41693 | 50.8% | 4737 | 5.8% | 35178 | 42.8% | 0.6% | 29828 | 36.3% | 6700 | 8.2% | 45113 | 54.9% | 0.6% |
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Kopychyntsi | 88614 | 38158 | 43.1% | 5164 | 5.8% | 45196 | 51.0% | 0.1% | 31202 | 35.2% | 7291 | 8.2% | 50007 | 56.4% | 0.1% |
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Pidhaitsi | 95663 | 46710 | 48.8% | 3464 | 3.6% | 45031 | 47.1% | 0.5% | 38003 | 39.7% | 4786 | 5.0% | 52634 | 55.0% | 0.3% |
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Peremyshliany | 89908 | 52269 | 58.1% | 4445 | 4.9% | 32777 | 36.5% | 0.5% | 38475 | 42.8% | 6860 | 7.6% | 44002 | 48.9% | 0.6% |
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Radekhiv | 69313 | 25427 | 36.7% | 3277 | 4.7% | 39970 | 57.7% | 0.9% | 17945 | 25.9% | 6934 | 10.0% | 42928 | 61.9% | 2.2% |
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Skalat | 89215 | 60091 | 67.4% | 3654 | 4.1% | 25369 | 28.4% | 0.1% | 45631 | 51.1% | 8486 | 9.5% | 34798 | 39.0% | 0.3% |
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Ternopil | 142220 | 93874 | 66.0% | 5836 | 4.1% | 42374 | 29.8% | 0.1% | 63286 | 44.5% | 17684 | 12.4% | 60979 | 42.9% | 0.2% |
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Terebovlia | 84321 | 50178 | 59.5% | 3173 | 3.8% | 30868 | 36.6% | 0.1% | 38979 | 46.2% | 4845 | 5.7% | 40452 | 48.0% | 0.1% |
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Zalishchyky | 72021 | 27549 | 38.3% | 3261 | 4.5% | 41147 | 57.1% | 0.1% | 17917 | 24.9% | 5965 | 8.3% | 48069 | 66.7% | 0.1% |
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Zbarazh | 65579 | 32740 | 49.9% | 3142 | 4.8% | 29609 | 45.2% | 0.1% | 24855 | 37.9% | 3997 | 6.1% | 36468 | 55.6% | 0.4% |
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Zboriv | 81413 | 39624 | 48.7% | 2522 | 3.1% | 39174 | 48.1% | 0.1% | 26239 | 32.2% | 5056 | 6.2% | 49925 | 61.3% | 0.2% |
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Zolochiv | 118609 | 56628 | 47.7% | 6066 | 5.1% | 55381 | 46.7% | 0.5% | 36937 | 31.1% | 10236 | 8.6% | 70663 | 59.6% | 0.7% |
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Dolyna | 118373 | 21158 | 17.9% | 9031 | 7.6% | 83880 | 70.9% | 3.6% | 15630 | 13.2% | 10471 | 8.8% | 89811 | 75.9% | 2.1% |
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Horodenka | 92894 | 27751 | 29.9% | 5031 | 5.4% | 59957 | 64.5% | 0.2% | 15519 | 16.7% | 7480 | 8.1% | 69789 | 75.1% | 0.1% |
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Kalush | 102252 | 18637 | 18.2% | 5109 | 5.0% | 77506 | 75.8% | 1.0% | 14418 | 14.1% | 6249 | 6.1% | 80750 | 79.0% | 0.8% |
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Kolomyia | 176000 | 52006 | 29.5% | 11191 | 6.4% | 110533 | 62.8% | 1.3% | 31925 | 18.1% | 20887 | 11.9% | 121376 | 69.0% | 1.0% |
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Kosiv | 93952 | 6718 | 7.2% | 6730 | 7.2% | 79838 | 85.0% | 0.7% | 4976 | 5.3% | 7826 | 8.3% | 80903 | 86.1% | 0.3% |
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Nadvírna | 140702 | 16907 | 12.0% | 11020 | 7.8% | 112128 | 79.7% | 0.5% | 15214 | 10.8% | 11663 | 8.3% | 113116 | 80.4% | 0.5% |
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Rohatyn | 127252 | 36152 | 28.4% | 6111 | 4.8% | 84875 | 66.7% | 0.1% | 27108 | 21.3% | 9466 | 7.4% | 90456 | 71.1% | 0.2% |
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Stanyslaviv | 198359 | 49032 | 24.7% | 26996 | 13.6% | 120214 | 60.6% | 1.1% | 42519 | 21.4% | 29525 | 14.9% | 123959 | 62.5% | 1.2% |
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Stryi | 152631 | 25186 | 16.5% | 15413 | 10.1% | 106183 | 69.6% | 3.8% | 23404 | 15.3% | 17115 | 11.2% | 108159 | 70.9% | 2.6% |
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Sniatyn | 78025 | 17206 | 22.1% | 4341 | 5.6% | 56007 | 71.8% | 0.6% | 8659 | 11.1% | 7073 | 9.1% | 61797 | 79.2% | 0.6% |
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Tlumach | 116028 | 44958 | 38.7% | 3677 | 3.2% | 66659 | 57.5% | 0.6% | 31478 | 27.1% | 6702 | 5.8% | 76650 | 66.1% | 1.0% |
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Zhydachiv | 83817 | 16464 | 19.6% | 4728 | 5.6% | 61098 | 72.9% | 1.8% | 15094 | 18.0% | 5289 | 6.3% | 63144 | 75.3% | 0.3% |
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Bibrka | 97124 | 30762 | 31.7% | 5533 | 5.7% | 60444 | 62.2% | 0.4% | 22820 | 23.5% | 7972 | 8.2% | 66113 | 68.1% | 0.2% |
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Dobromyl | 93970 | 35945 | 38.3% | 4997 | 5.3% | 52463 | 55.8% | 0.6% | 25941 | 27.6% | 7522 | 8.0% | 59664 | 63.5% | 0.9% |
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Drohobych | 194456 | 91935 | 47.3% | 20484 | 10.5% | 79214 | 40.7% | 1.5% | 52172 | 26.8% | 28888 | 14.9% | 110850 | 57.0% | 1.3% |
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Horodok | 85007 | 33228 | 39.1% | 2975 | 3.5% | 47812 | 56.2% | 1.2% | 22408 | 26.4% | 4982 | 5.9% | 56713 | 66.7% | 1.1% |
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Yavoriv | 86762 | 26938 | 31.0% | 3044 | 3.5% | 55868 | 64.4% | 1.1% | 18394 | 21.2% | 5161 | 5.9% | 62828 | 72.4% | 0.4% |
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Lviv City | 312231 | 198212 | 63.5% | 75316 | 24.1% | 35137 | 11.3% | 1.1% | 157490 | 50.4% | 99595 | 31.9% | 50824 | 16.3% | 1.4% |
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Lviv County | 142800 | 80712 | 56.5% | 1569 | 1.1% | 58395 | 40.9% | 1.5% | 67430 | 47.2% | 5087 | 3.6% | 67592 | 47.3% | 1.9% |
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Mostyska | 89460 | 49989 | 55.9% | 2164 | 2.4% | 37196 | 41.6% | 0.1% | 34619 | 38.7% | 5428 | 6.1% | 49230 | 55.0% | 0.2% |
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Rava-Ruska | 122072 | 27376 | 22.4% | 10991 | 9.0% | 82133 | 67.3% | 1.3% | 22489 | 18.4% | 13381 | 11.0% | 84808 | 69.5% | 1.1% |
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Rudky | 79170 | 38417 | 48.5% | 4247 | 5.4% | 36254 | 45.8% | 0.3% | 27674 | 35.0% | 5396 | 6.8% | 45756 | 57.8% | 0.4% |
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Sambir | 133814 | 56818 | 42.5% | 7794 | 5.8% | 68222 | 51.0% | 0.7% | 43583 | 32.6% | 11258 | 8.4% | 78527 | 58.7% | 0.3% |
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Sokal | 109111 | 42851 | 39.3% | 5917 | 5.4% | 59984 | 55.0% | 0.3% | 25425 | 23.3% | 13372 | 12.3% | 69963 | 64.1% | 0.3% |
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Turka | 114457 | 26083 | 22.8% | 7552 | 6.6% | 80483 | 70.3% | 0.3% | 6301 | 5.5% | 10627 | 9.3% | 97339 | 85.0% | 0.2% |
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Zhovkva | 95507 | 35816 | 37.5% | 3344 | 3.5% | 56060 | 58.7% | 0.3% | 20279 | 21.2% | 7848 | 8.2% | 66823 | 70.0% | 0.6% |
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Brzozów | 83205 | 68149 | 81.9% | 3836 | 4.6% | 10677 | 12.8% | 0.7% | 65813 | 79.1% | 4316 | 5.2% | 12743 | 15.3% | 0.4% |
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Jarosław | 148028 | 120429 | 81.4% | 6064 | 4.1% | 20993 | 14.2% | 0.4% | 83652 | 56.5% | 11721 | 7.9% | 52302 | 35.3% | 0.2% |
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Kolbuszowa | 69565 | 65361 | 94.0% | 3693 | 5.3% | 62 | 0.1% | 0.6% | 63999 | 92.0% | 5091 | 7.3% | 91 | 0.1% | 0.6% |
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Krosno | 113387 | 93691 | 82.6% | 4416 | 3.9% | 14666 | 12.9% | 0.5% | 91189 | 80.4% | 6521 | 5.8% | 15132 | 13.3% | 0.5% |
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Lesko | 111575 | 31840 | 28.5% | 8475 | 7.6% | 70346 | 63.0% | 0.8% | 18209 | 16.3% | 10916 | 9.8% | 81588 | 73.1% | 0.8% |
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Lubaczów | 87266 | 43294 | 49.6% | 5485 | 6.3% | 38237 | 43.8% | 0.3% | 32994 | 37.8% | 9342 | 10.7% | 44723 | 51.2% | 0.2% |
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Łańcut | 97679 | 92084 | 94.3% | 2318 | 2.4% | 2690 | 2.8% | 0.6% | 86066 | 88.1% | 6281 | 6.4% | 4806 | 4.9% | 0.5% |
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Nisko | 64233 | 60602 | 94.3% | 3084 | 4.8% | 115 | 0.2% | 0.7% | 59069 | 92.0% | 3985 | 6.2% | 925 | 1.4% | 0.4% |
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Przemyśl | 162544 | 86393 | 53.2% | 15891 | 9.8% | 60005 | 36.9% | 0.2% | 67068 | 41.3% | 21424 | 13.2% | 73631 | 45.3% | 0.3% |
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Przeworsk | 61388 | 58634 | 95.5% | 2144 | 3.5% | 406 | 0.7% | 0.3% | 54833 | 89.3% | 3405 | 5.5% | 3042 | 5.0% | 0.2% |
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Rzeszów | 185106 | 173897 | 93.9% | 9065 | 4.9% | 963 | 0.5% | 0.6% | 164050 | 88.6% | 17098 | 9.2% | 3277 | 1.8% | 0.4% |
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Sanok | 114195 | 67955 | 59.5% | 7354 | 6.4% | 38192 | 33.4% | 0.6% | 48968 | 42.9% | 9455 | 8.3% | 54882 | 48.1% | 0.8% |
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Tarnobrzeg | 73297 | 67624 | 92.3% | 5186 | 7.1% | 93 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 65891 | 89.9% | 6333 | 8.6% | 194 | 0.3% | 1.2% |
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Biała | 139127 | 127089 | 91.3% | 5932 | 4.3% | 48 | 0.0% | 4.4% | 126431 | 90.9% | 9951 | 7.2% | 197 | 0.1% | 1.8% |
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Bochnia | 113790 | 109717 | 96.4% | 3847 | 3.4% | 75 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 107399 | 94.4% | 5656 | 5.0% | 134 | 0.1% | 0.5% |
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Brzesko | 102226 | 100251 | 98.1% | 1894 | 1.9% | 20 | 0.0% | 0.1% | 97730 | 95.6% | 4121 | 4.0% | 66 | 0.1% | 0.3% |
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Chrzanów | 138061 | 127078 | 92.0% | 10435 | 7.6% | 88 | 0.1% | 0.3% | 125016 | 90.6% | 12127 | 8.8% | 240 | 0.2% | 0.5% |
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Dąbrowa | 66678 | 62620 | 93.9% | 4016 | 6.0% | 25 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 61584 | 92.4% | 4807 | 7.2% | 36 | 0.1% | 0.4% |
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Gorlice | 104805 | 76266 | 72.8% | 3508 | 3.3% | 24881 | 23.7% | 0.1% | 73788 | 70.4% | 5578 | 5.3% | 25092 | 23.9% | 0.3% |
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Jasło | 116146 | 103935 | 89.5% | 4608 | 4.0% | 7435 | 6.4% | 0.1% | 102213 | 88.0% | 5786 | 5.0% | 7659 | 6.6% | 0.4% |
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Kraków City | 219286 | 171206 | 78.1% | 45828 | 20.9% | 924 | 0.4% | 0.6% | 159372 | 72.7% | 56515 | 25.8% | 1894 | 0.9% | 0.7% |
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Kraków County | 187509 | 185567 | 99.0% | 1569 | 0.8% | 97 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 181836 | 97.0% | 4138 | 2.2% | 309 | 0.2% | 0.7% |
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Limanowa | 87279 | 85238 | 97.7% | 1951 | 2.2% | 29 | 0.0% | 0.1% | 84048 | 96.3% | 2766 | 3.2% | 43 | 0.0% | 0.5% |
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Mielec | 77465 | 71272 | 92.0% | 5441 | 7.0% | 48 | 0.1% | 0.9% | 69737 | 90.0% | 6457 | 8.3% | 72 | 0.1% | 1.5% |
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Myślenice | 102692 | 101878 | 99.2% | 770 | 0.7% | 16 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 99978 | 97.4% | 2189 | 2.1% | 32 | 0.0% | 0.5% |
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Nowy Sącz | 183867 | 148329 | 80.7% | 10282 | 5.6% | 24252 | 13.2% | 0.5% | 141857 | 77.2% | 15135 | 8.2% | 25060 | 13.6% | 1.0% |
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Nowy Targ | 129489 | 123877 | 95.7% | 2571 | 2.0% | 2156 | 1.7% | 0.7% | 121767 | 94.0% | 4853 | 3.7% | 2296 | 1.8% | 0.4% |
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Ropczyce | 110925 | 105700 | 95.3% | 5101 | 4.6% | 60 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 104033 | 93.8% | 6410 | 5.8% | 136 | 0.1% | 0.3% |
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Tarnów | 142365 | 124817 | 87.7% | 17307 | 12.2% | 102 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 120610 | 84.7% | 21219 | 14.9% | 293 | 0.2% | 0.2% |
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Wadowice | 145143 | 142852 | 98.4% | 2070 | 1.4% | 53 | 0.0% | 0.1% | 140469 | 96.8% | 3665 | 2.5% | 125 | 0.1% | 0.6% |
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Żywiec | 130949 | 129747 | 99.1% | 915 | 0.7% | 19 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 127685 | 97.5% | 2245 | 1.7% | 71 | 0.1% | 0.7% |
Total former Galicia | 8505902 | 5023763 | 59.1% | 549293 | 6.5% | 2874451 | 33.8% | 0.7% | 4326926 | 50.9% | 789886 | 9.3% | 3331884 | 39.2% | 0.7% |
See also
- Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
- Subdivisions of Galicia
- Bukovina
- Podolia
- West Ukrainian People's Republic
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
- History of the Jews in Galicia (Eastern Europe)
- District of Galicia
- Lesser Poland
- List of rulers of Halych and Volhynia
- List of Galician rulers
- List of towns of the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
- Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
- Distrikt Galizien
- Galatia
- Galician Russophilia
Notes
- ^Includes 40,393 German-speakers or around 0.5% of inhabitants of former Galicia.
- ^Encyclopediaofukraine.com:Volodymyr Kubiyovych,Yaroslav Pasternak, Illya Vytanovych, Arkadiy Zhukovsky.[11]
- ^William McGarvey helped develop a rig in the 1860s or 70s which made his Canadian drilling technology and Canadian drillers famous around the world. John Simon Bergheim and William Henry McGarvey had unsuccessfully searched for oil in Germany under the Continental Oil Company of which McGarvey was the director. They left Germany and began their first drilling in Galicia during 1882 under the company name of McGarvey and Bergheim.[41]
- ^Just after the turn of the century, Bergheim was killed in a taxicab accident in London, England, leaving McGarvey to carry on alone.[41]
- ^Later, Bergheim and McGarvey bought a number of small oil-producing and refining operations and acquired theApollo Oil Company of Budapest.[41]
- ^In 1909, first in the world for oil production was the United States with 183,171,000 barrels, the Russian Empire was second with 65,970,000 barrels, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was third with 14,933,000 barrels per year due to its significant oil reserves discoveries between 1905 and 1909.[42][44]
References
Citations
- ^"Galicia".Collins English Dictionary
- ^See also:Eleonora Narvselius (5 April 2012)."Narratives about (Be)longing, Ambiguity, and Cultural Colonization".Ukrainian Intelligentsia in Post-Soviet Lʹviv: Narratives, Identity, and Power.Lexington Books. p. 293.ISBN978-0-7391-6468-6.Retrieved10 March2019.
... the 'Austro-Hungarian "pedigree" of Galicia becomes the passport to genuine, non-Eastern Europe.'... Otto von Habsburg... expressed clearly that all of Ukraine belongs to Central Europe, which is the ideological construction differing from Russia-dominated Eastern Europe.
- ^Larry Wolff (9 January 2012)."Mythology and Nostalgia: A Matter of Simple Relativity".The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture.Stanford University Press. p. 411.ISBN978-0-8047-7429-1.Retrieved1 January2019.
- ^Paul Robert Magocsi (2002)."Jews and Armenians in Central Europe, ca. 1900".Historical Atlas of Central Europe.University of Toronto Press. p. 124.ISBN978-0-8020-8486-6.Retrieved1 January2019.
- ^"European Kingdoms – Eastern Europe – Galicia".The History Files.Kessler Associates.Retrieved13 December2014.
- ^Zakharii, Roman."History of Galicia".Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group.Retrieved1 January2019.
- ^"Historical Glossary: Galicia (Halychyna)".Ukrainians in the United Kingdom.2018.Retrieved1 January2019.
- ^"Rex+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae" &pg=PA165Die Oesterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Volume 19(in German). Austria: K.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1898. p. 165.Retrieved1 December2015.
Um welchen Preis er dies that, wird nicht überliefert, aber seit dieser Zeit, das ist seit dem Jahre 1206 findet sich in seinen Urkunden der Titel: 'Rex Galiciae et Lodomeriae'
- ^Martin Dimnik (12 June 2003).The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246.Cambridge University Press. p. 266.ISBN978-1-139-43684-7.Retrieved13 December2014.
- ^Wilson, Andrew (2006).Ukraine's Orange Revolution.Andrew Wilson (historian): Yale University Press. p. 34.ISBN0-300-11290-4.
- ^abcde Galicia and Lodomeriaat theEncyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ Max Vasmer points to Russiangalitsa,an adjectival form meaning "jackdaw" – seeGalichinRussisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch(1950–1958).
- ^ Halych coat of arms: 14th century
- ^ Coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria
- ^Tadeusz Sulimirski,The Sarmatians,vol. 73 in series "Ancient People and Places", London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.
- ^Dr. Samar Abbas, Bhubaneshwar, India."Samar Abbas,Common Origin of Croats, Serbs and Jats,The symposium proceedings "Old Iranian Origins of Croats", Zagreb, 1998 ".Iranchamber.com.Retrieved13 February2013.
{{cite web}}
:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Ісаєвич Я.Д. (2004).ГАЛИЧИНА(in Ukrainian). Vol. 2.Naukova Dumka,NASU Institute of History of Ukraine.ISBN966-00-0632-2.
У 6–9 ст. ці землі входили до ареалу розселення сх.-слов'ян. племен білих хорватів, і тиверців, від 10 ст. (ймовірно, з серед. ст.) вони – у складі Київської Русі. 981 до Київ.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^Dimnik, Martin (2003).The Dynasty of Chernigov – 1146–1246.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. (Chronological table of events) xxviii.ISBN978-0-521-03981-9.
- ^Roman Mstyslavych – Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
- ^Larry Wolff,The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture(Stanford University Press, 2012), p. 1
- ^Buttar, Prit.Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914.Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2016.ISBN9781782006480
- ^"Language legislation", inEncyclopedia of Ukraine(University of Toronto Press, 1993)
- ^"Chronicle: A Political Chronicle of Poland", inThe Slavonic Review,Volume 2 (University of London, 1923-24) p. 169
- ^French:Les Alliés reconnaissent à la Pologne la possession de la Galicie,Chronologie des civilisations, Jean Delorme, Paris, 1956.
- ^Magocsi, Paul R. (2002).The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont.Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 57.
- ^Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University ofToronto Press. Pg. 424.
- ^Piotr Eberhardt.Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, analysis.M.E. Sharpe, 2003. pp.92–93.ISBN978-0-7656-0665-5
- ^Timothy Snyder. (2003).The Reconstruction of Nations.New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 123
- ^Timothy Snyder. (2003).The Reconstruction of Nations.New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 134
- ^Plakhta, Dmytro (22 August 2018).""Food is a little universal anchor and a way of identification"".
- ^Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt (1911). Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. Vienna: K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische. "Census December 31st 1910"
- ^Timothy Snyder.(2003).The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, pg. 134
- ^P. R. Magocsi. (1983).Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide.Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 99
- ^P. Wandycz. (1974).The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918. A History of East Central Europe.University of Washington Press. p. 12
- ^abStauter-Halsted, Keely (2001).The nation in the village: the genesis of peasant national identity in Austrian Poland, 1848-1914.Ithaca [N.Y.]ISBN978-1-5017-0224-2.OCLC992798076.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^abNorman Davies (31 May 2001).Heart of Europe:The Past in Poland's Present.Oxford University Press. p. 331.ISBN978-0-19-164713-0.Retrieved8 April2013.
- ^Richard Sylla, Gianni Toniolo. (2002).Patterns of European Industrialisation: The Nineteenth Century.pg. 230. Conversion from 1970 to 2010 dollarshere
- ^Israel Bartal; Antony Polonsky (1999).Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians, 1772–1918.Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 19.ISBN978-1-874774-40-2.
Galician poverty became proverbial in the second half of the nineteenth century
- ^abcdefghijkSchatzker, Valerie; Erdheim, Claudia; Sharontitle, Alexander."Petroleum in Galicia".Drohobycz Administrative District: History. Archived fromthe originalon 10 April 2016.Retrieved20 April2016.
- ^abcdGolonka, Jan; Picha, Frank J. (2006).The Carpathians and Their Foreland: Geology and Hydrocarbon Resources.American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG).ISBN978-0-89181-365-1.
- ^abcdefCreswell, Sarah; Flint, Tom."William H. McGarvey (1843–1914)".Professional Engineers Ontario. Archived fromthe originalon 28 April 2016.Retrieved20 April2016.
- ^abcdefFrank, Allison (29 June 2006)."Galician California, Galician Hell: The Peril and Promise of Oil Production in Austria-Hungary".Washington, D.C.: Office of Science and Technology Austria (OSTA). Archived fromthe originalon 9 May 2016.Retrieved20 April2016.
- ^Thompson, Arthur Beeby (1916).Oil-field Development and Petroleum Mining.Van Nostrand.
- ^Schwarz, Robert (1930).Petroleum-Vademecum: International Petroleum Tables(VII ed.). Berlin and Vienna: Verlag für Fachliteratur. pp. 4–5.
- ^SGKP tom II. str. 459
- ^Zamorski, Krzysztof (1989).Informator statystyczny do dziejów społeczno-gospodarczych Galicji. Ludność Galicji w latach 1857-1910(in Polish). Kraków-Warszawa: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych. pp. Tabela 21, Tabela 35.ISBN83-233-0350-9.
- ^"Plik:Woj.tarnopolskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"(PDF).commons.wikimedia.org(in Polish). 1938.Retrieved16 June2024.
- ^"Plik:Woj.stanisławowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"(PDF).commons.wikimedia.org(in Polish). 1938.Retrieved16 June2024.
- ^"Plik:Woj.lwowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"(PDF).commons.wikimedia.org(in Polish). 1938.Retrieved16 June2024.
- ^"Plik:Woj.krakowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"(PDF).commons.wikimedia.org(in Polish). 1938.Retrieved16 June2024.
- ^Statystyczny, Główny Urząd (1937),English: Dane spisu powszechnego 1931 Miasto Kraków(PDF),retrieved16 June2024
- ^"Plik:M.Lwów-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia"(PDF).commons.wikimedia.org(in Polish). 1937.Retrieved16 June2024.
Sources
- Berend, Nora (2006).At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary,c.1000-c.1300.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-02720-5.
- Buttar, Prit (2016).Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914.Osprey Publishing.ISBN9781782006480.
- Curta, Florin(2006).Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-81539-0.
Further reading
- Dohrn, Verena.Journey to Galicia,(S. Fischer, 1991),ISBN3-10-015310-3
- Frank, Alison Fleig.Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia(Harvard University Press, 2005). A new monograph on the history of the Galician oil industry in both the Austrian and European contexts.
- Christopher HannandPaul Robert Magocsi,eds.,Galicia: A Multicultured Land(Toronto:University of TorontoPress, 2005). A collection of articles by John Paul Himka, Yaroslav Hrytsak, Stanislaw Stepien, and others.
- Paul Robert Magocsi,Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983). Concentrates on the historical, or Eastern Galicia.
- Andrei S. Markovits and Frank E. Sysyn, eds.,Nationbuilding and the Politics of Nationalism: Essays on Austrian Galicia(Cambridge,Massachusetts:Harvard University Press,1982). Contains an important article byPiotr Wandyczon the Poles, and an equally important article byIvan L. Rudnytskyon the Ukrainians.
- A.J.P. Taylor,The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918,1941, discusses Habsburg policy toward ethnic minorities.
- Wolff, Larry.The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture(Stanford University Press; 2010) 504 pages. Examines the role in history and cultural imagination of a province created by the 1772 partition of Poland that later disappeared, in official terms, in 1918.
- (in Polish)Grzegorz Hryciuk,Liczba i skład etniczny ludności tzw. Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1931–1959,[Number and Ethnic Composition of the People of so-called Eastern Galicia 1931–1959] Lublin 1996
External links
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