Garad

Garad(Harari:ገራድ,Somali:Garaad,Arabic:الجراد,Oromo:Garaada) is a term used to refer to a king, Sultan or regional administrator. It was used primarily by Muslims in theHorn of Africathat were associated with Islamic states, most notably theAdal Sultanate.^[1]^[2]

Etymology

The origin of the termGaradis uncertain.^[3]According toEnrico Cerulli,Garad originates from the era of theAdalemirate.^[4]Garad denotes a headman within a"Gaar"(clan/house).^[5]^[6]In theSomalilanguageGaradroughly translates to "chief" or "wise man", as well as "wisdom".^[7]^[8]Garad also denotes a"chief"inHarariandSilt'elanguages respectively.^[9]However according toLeslau,Garad is a Cushitic loanword in the Harari language but linguist Giorgio Banti states Leslau provides insufficient confirmation for his claim.^[10]^[11]Another word origin in the Somali language isGar Aad,which is the concatenation of the words "justice" and "move towards", therefore the literal meaning of Garad in Somali is "One who seeks Justice"^[12]

History

Several Muslim states and dominions includingHadiya Sultanate,Sultanate of Darfur,Ganz province,HarlaandSomaliSultanate leaders were known as Garads.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Within Somali clans the use of the traditional hereditary title"Garad"is most widespread among theDhulbahanteandKaranleand was also used by theHabr Awalup until the 1940s.^[17]^[18]^[19]According to tradition the Somali Girhi's founding Garad"Aboker"lived five centuries ago inHarar.^[20]Tradition among the SomaliGelediclan claimAwKalafow, a descendant ofAbadir,was the first to use the titleGarad.^[21]Enrico Cerulli and others state that theHararititles such asGaradwere embraced by Somali chiefs.^[22]^[23]

In the early seventeenth centuryEmirate of Harar,Garad was the title given to tax collectors on behalf of the state. According to Richard Caulk, Garad was a bygone Harari title that was introduced to theOromoofHararghewhom also began using it.^[24]^[25]Garads were also commanders of the army called theMalassayin the Harar Emirate.^[26]An eighteen century Harari chronicle states the Harar region went through major upheavals in the late 1700s which led to the destruction of several villages administrated by Garads.^[27]

Somali Garad clans

There are many Somali clans suffixed with Garad, in particular subclans of theMarehanandDhulbahante,which include:^[28]^[29]

Reer Garad
Farah Garad
Mohamoud Garad
Guuleed Garad
Ali Garad
Yasin Garad
Abdi Garad

Places

Jijiga Gerad Wilwal Airport,airport inJijiga,Ethiopia
Garado, city inWollo ProvinceofAmhara Regionderived from Garad.^[30]
Garad Erer, hill overlookingPorc-Epic CavenearDire Dawa,Ethiopia
Garad(Garacad), port city inPuntland,Somalia

Notable Garads

Mahfuzof Adal Sultanate
Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros
Dhuh Barar, last leader of the Somali Tolje'loIsaaqdynasty
Deria Abdalla, 4th chief of theHabr Awalclan as well as the father of the clan's first Sultan,Abdulrahman Deria
Mohammed ofHadiya Sultanate,father of EmpressEleni of Ethiopia
Ibrahim, ofSultanate of Darfur
AsmadinofWej
Usman Oda ofEmirate of Harar,father of Oromo scholarBakri Sapalo
Abun Adasheof Adal Sultanate
Dhidhin,first chief of the SomaliWarsangaliclan
Abu Bakr Qatinof Adal Sultanate
Sediso K’albo, last leader of the Gan-Silt'edynasty
Sidi Mohammed,forefather ofHalaba people
Matan ibn Uthman Al Somaliof Adal Sultanate
Aboker, first chief of Somali Girhi clan
Jama Ali,current chief of the SomaliDhulbahanteclan
Hassan EnjamoofKebena
AzeofHadiya
Ādan Ṣadiq ofImamate of Aussa
Abass, continued jihad in Ethiopian territory even after Imam Ahmed Gurey's death
Abdiqani Jama,grand chief of theDhulbahanteclan and one of the signatories of theSomaliland declaration of independence

References

^Abubaker, Abdulmalik.Taxes, tax payers and collectors-pre and post Menelik: Harari experience(PDF).University of Alabama. p. 24.
^Hassan, Mohammed.Oromo of Ethiopia(PDF).University of London. p. 177.
^Ben-Dror, Avishai (n.d.),Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth..,Syracuse University Press,ISBN 978-0-8156-5431-5
^Hersi, Ali (1977).The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula(Thesis). University of California. p. 13.
^Woldeselassie, Zerihun (2017)."Ethnicity, belonging and identity among the Eastern Gurage of Ethiopia".Ethnicities.17(3). Sage Publications, Inc: 438.doi:10.1177/1468796815588619.hdl:10037/18693.JSTOR 26413960.S2CID 143003936.
^Turton, Edmund.The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya(PDF).University of London. p. 27.
^Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015).Between Somaliland and Puntland: marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision.London. p. 47.ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5.OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Waller, David (1993).Rwanda: which way now?.Oxford: Oxfam. p. 68.ISBN 0-85598-217-9.OCLC 29513928.
^Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.
^Banti, Giorgio.Strata on loanwords from Arabic and other Semitic languages in Northern Somali.De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 203–204.
^Leslau, Wolf (1959)."An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary".Annales d'Éthiopie.3(1): 290.doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310.
^Kirk, J. W. C. (2010-10-31).A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse, and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects.Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-108-01326-0.
^Boustead, J.E.H (1939)."The Youth & Last Days of Sultan Ali Dinar" A Fur View "".Sudan Notes and Records.22(1). University of Khartoum: 149–153.JSTOR 41716321.
^Markakis, John (2011).Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers.Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 141.ISBN 978-1-84701-033-9.
^Huntingford, G.W.B (15 May 2017).Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla.Taylor & Francis.ISBN 978-1-317-05271-5.
^Levi, Vida."Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792"(PDF).European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. p. 2.
^Felix, Rosen (1907).Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien(in German). VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig. p. 115.ISBN 978-0-274-11341-5.
^Buur, L; Kyed, K (2007).State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?.Springer. p. 176.ISBN 978-0-230-60971-6.Retrieved21 September2019.
^Cerulli, Enrico.Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber.Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 199.
^Hussein, Jeylan (2015)."Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia".African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review.5(2). Indiana University Press: 107.doi:10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89.JSTOR 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89.S2CID 154694376.
^Mukhtar, Mohammed (25 February 2003).Historical Dictionary of Somalia.Scarecrow Press. p. 87.ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1.
^Cerulli, Enrico.HARAR CENTRO MUSULMANO IN ETIOPIA(PDF).Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino. p. 314.
^Banti, Giorgio.Strata in Semitic loanwords in Northern Somali.De Gruyter Mouton. p. 192.
^Abubaker, Abdulmalik.Trade for Peace not for Conflict: Harari Experience.School of Law, University of Warwick.
^WONDIMU, ALEMAYEHU.A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE(PDF).Jimma University. p. 18. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 April 2021.
^Kropp, Manfred (1990)."Mäläsay: Selbstbezeichnung Eines Harariner Offizierskorps und Ihr Gebrauch in Äthiopischen und Arabischen Chroniken".Paideuma.36.Frobenius Institute: 111.JSTOR 40732663.
^Wagner, Ewald (1974)."Three Arabic Documents on the History of Harar".Journal of Ethiopian Studies.12(1): 213–224.JSTOR 44324707.
^GIKONYO, FLORENCE, MÉMOIRE SOUMIS POUR L’OBTENTION DU, and DIPLÔME DE MAÎTRISE ES LETTRES. "UNIVERSITÉ KENYATTA." (2011).
^Hunt, John Anthony (1951).A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484.To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. pp. 141–143.
^Hussein, Ahmed.HARAR-WALLO RELATIONS REVISITED: HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS(PDF).Kyoto University. p. 112.

[1] Abubaker, Abdulmalik.Taxes, tax payers and collectors-pre and post Menelik: Harari experience(PDF).University of Alabama. p. 24.

[2] Hassan, Mohammed.Oromo of Ethiopia(PDF).University of London. p. 177.

[3] Ben-Dror, Avishai (n.d.),Emirate, Egyptian, Ethiopian: Colonial Experiences in Late Nineteenth..,Syracuse University Press,ISBN 978-0-8156-5431-5

[4] Hersi, Ali (1977).The Arab factor in Somali history the origins and the development of Arab enterprise and cultural influences in the Somali peninsula(Thesis). University of California. p. 13.

[5] Woldeselassie, Zerihun (2017)."Ethnicity, belonging and identity among the Eastern Gurage of Ethiopia".Ethnicities.17(3). Sage Publications, Inc: 438.doi:10.1177/1468796815588619.hdl:10037/18693.JSTOR 26413960.S2CID 143003936.

[6] Turton, Edmund.The Pastrol tribes of Northern Kenya(PDF).University of London. p. 27.

[7] Höhne, Markus Virgil (2015).Between Somaliland and Puntland: marginalization, militarization and conflicting political vision.London. p. 47.ISBN 978-1-907431-13-5.OCLC 976483444.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[8] Waller, David (1993).Rwanda: which way now?.Oxford: Oxfam. p. 68.ISBN 0-85598-217-9.OCLC 29513928.

[9] Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.

[10] Banti, Giorgio.Strata on loanwords from Arabic and other Semitic languages in Northern Somali.De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 203–204.

[11] Leslau, Wolf (1959)."An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary".Annales d'Éthiopie.3(1): 290.doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310.

[12] Kirk, J. W. C. (2010-10-31).A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse, and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects.Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-108-01326-0.

[13] Boustead, J.E.H (1939)."The Youth & Last Days of Sultan Ali Dinar" A Fur View "".Sudan Notes and Records.22(1). University of Khartoum: 149–153.JSTOR 41716321.

[14] Markakis, John (2011).Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers.Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 141.ISBN 978-1-84701-033-9.

[15] Huntingford, G.W.B (15 May 2017).Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646: Being Extracts from The History of High Ethiopia or Abassia by Manoel de Almeida Together with Bahrey's History of the Galla.Taylor & Francis.ISBN 978-1-317-05271-5.

[16] Levi, Vida."Le manuscrit Vatican arabe 1792"(PDF).European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. p. 2.

[17] Felix, Rosen (1907).Eine deutsche Gesandtschaft in Abessinien(in German). VERLAG VON VEIT & COMP Leipzig. p. 115.ISBN 978-0-274-11341-5.

[18] Buur, L; Kyed, K (2007).State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?.Springer. p. 176.ISBN 978-0-230-60971-6.Retrieved21 September2019.

[19] Cerulli, Enrico.Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber.Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 199.

[20] Hussein, Jeylan (2015)."Sociocognitive Processes in the Construction of Identity and Conflict between the Jarso and Girhi in Eastern Ethiopia".African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review.5(2). Indiana University Press: 107.doi:10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89.JSTOR 10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.5.2.89.S2CID 154694376.

[21] Mukhtar, Mohammed (25 February 2003).Historical Dictionary of Somalia.Scarecrow Press. p. 87.ISBN 978-0-8108-6604-1.

[22] Cerulli, Enrico.HARAR CENTRO MUSULMANO IN ETIOPIA(PDF).Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino. p. 314.

[23] Banti, Giorgio.Strata in Semitic loanwords in Northern Somali.De Gruyter Mouton. p. 192.

[24] Abubaker, Abdulmalik.Trade for Peace not for Conflict: Harari Experience.School of Law, University of Warwick.

[25] WONDIMU, ALEMAYEHU.A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE HARARI PEOPLE(PDF).Jimma University. p. 18. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 April 2021.

[26] Kropp, Manfred (1990)."Mäläsay: Selbstbezeichnung Eines Harariner Offizierskorps und Ihr Gebrauch in Äthiopischen und Arabischen Chroniken".Paideuma.36.Frobenius Institute: 111.JSTOR 40732663.

[27] Wagner, Ewald (1974)."Three Arabic Documents on the History of Harar".Journal of Ethiopian Studies.12(1): 213–224.JSTOR 44324707.

[28] GIKONYO, FLORENCE, MÉMOIRE SOUMIS POUR L’OBTENTION DU, and DIPLÔME DE MAÎTRISE ES LETTRES. "UNIVERSITÉ KENYATTA." (2011).

[29] Hunt, John Anthony (1951).A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484.To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. pp. 141–143.

[30] Hussein, Ahmed.HARAR-WALLO RELATIONS REVISITED: HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS(PDF).Kyoto University. p. 112.

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