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Garre
بنو كاف
EthnicitySomali
NisbaGarrow
LocationSomalia,Ethiopia,Kenya
Descended fromGardheere
Parent tribeSamaale
Branches
  • Tuff and Quranyoow
  • Deeble-Tuff
    • Adoola
      • Maqabuul
      • Kalmasa
      • Hagar-Kalweyne
      • Bursuni
      • Abtugay
      • Meyd
      • Reer Muug
      • Tubaadi
    • Ali
      • Qalowle
      • Tawlle
      • Sabdow
  • Quranyoow
    • Assare
      • Bana
      • Killiya
    • Furkeesha
      • Urdeeq
      • Odkoya
      • Birkaya
      • Oytira
      • Darrawa
      • Sugubtire
      • Kalwesha
LanguageSomali,Garre
ReligionIslam

TheGarre(alsoGurreh,Karre,orBinukaaf,Somali:Reer Garre,Arabic:بنو كاف,romanized:Banī kāf) are a prominentSomaliclan that traces its lineage back toSamaale,who is believed to have originated from theArabian PeninsulathroughAqiil Abu Talib.[1][2]The Garre clan is considered to be a sub-clan of theDigil-Rahanweyn[3]clan family, which is part of the largerRahanweynclan. However, genealogically, they are descended fromGardheere Samaale.[4]The Garre are also categorized as southernHawiyeas well.[5][6]

Garre are also classified into three major entities of the same lineage but greatly recognized for their unique linguistics characteristics which are widely believed to have developed after their wide dispersal around the Horn of Africa, Garre Libinare identified by their language which resembles Oromo whom it is believed they had a long time interaction as nomadic in southern Ethiopia and Northern Kenya.Garre Marreare found around the majorGanale DoriaandDawa basinsin Southern Ethiopia and are identified by their unique dialect derived from theRahanweyn(Digil and Mirifle) communities whom they interacted and settled with in permanent agrarian settlements alongGanale DoriaandRiver Jubba.The third component of Garre which is believed to be the bearers of the original Garre language are identified asGarre Konfuurdue to their dominant settlement in South Central Somalia.

The Garre Somalis colonised theBarava-Bajunregion, theNFDof Kenya, andBale provincein Ethiopia before theBooranaandWarday Oromo.[7]Garre also founded cities likeBarawe,[8][9]andKismaayo

Etymology[edit]

Garre, the word Gar is derived from the Somali language, it means the strong rope that is used to tie a camel and used for transporting,[10]i.e. thecamel train.Gar, "Garrow" means also in the Somali language bearded man. Gar means just (Fairness) in theMaay dialect[11]which is one of the oldest Somali language. It also means "my home" inHarlalanguage.

Genetics[edit]

According toCruciani et al. (2007)and the Y-DNA analysis by Hirbo, around 75% of Garre carry the paternalE-M78E-V-12haplogroup, which likely originated inNorthern Africa.The Garre are the highest carriers of the haplo-group E-V12.[12]This genetically proves that Garre are one of the ancient and the oldest Somali clan. For instance, the TMRCA of Harti is 800yrs, the Hawiye are 2100-3100yrs but the Garre are 4500yrs. They are classified asProto-Somali.The haplogroupE-m78EV12*[13]is progenitors ofE-v32which is highest frequencies inSomalisandBoranaand Ev-22 which isSahoandAfar.

History[edit]

Introduction[edit]

Somali clan lineage tree
Somali tree clan

The Garre are ofSomali[2][14]origin being descendants ofSamaale[1][2]tracing their lineage toGaredheere,[1]sons ofSamaale.[15]the Garre are divided into two major clans, Garre-Tuuf who are associated with the 'Pre-Hawiye' group (Gardhere - Saransoor- Yahabur - Mayle)[16][17][18][19][20]this was due to the fruit of nomadic life, the necessity of defense, the movement of new territory necessitated by a constant search for pasture and water have resulted over formation of new alliances and later, new clan identities. This show's indeed the Somali saying"tol waa tolane'' (clan is something joined together)and the structure is not based on blood relationship, that is why you will find Garre is closely affiliated withTunniand Jiido of theLower Jubba Valley.

Arabs,who inhabited theKismayucoast and islands parallel to the coast about 1660A.D, and to whom local tombs and ruins are attributed, exerted considerable influence on the formation of the present-day characteristics of theBajuniwere also routed by the Somali Garre whom theBajuniclaims as ancestors- perhaps they were at one time Garre clients.[21][22][23][24]

Support for such a thesis was mainly based on the fact that the Garre group is the most widely dispersed among theSomaliclans.[1][25]

The Garre are a tribe of Somali origin who entering the country from the East, extended up the right bank of theDawaas far asGalgala.This place is looked on as a tribal headquarter and is the burying place of the chiefs. According to the legend,

The first Garre ancestor, Aw Mohamed, crossed the Gulf of Aden into present day Somalia in 652AD. He was an Islamic scholar and a preacher. Because he was bearded, the Somalis named him "Garrow" or "Gardheer".He married a Hawiye woman who sired two boys and a girl. The first-born was Tuff and the second born Qur'an, and the daughter was named Makka.

Garre traditions generally recount movement southwards from the North-west corner ofBritish Somaliland.

The scattering of Garre is also supported by the small remnants they supposedly left along the routes they took in their migration.The great Garre migration occurred after the fall ofAjuuraan empire.This is soo-called Boon Garre at theAfmadu,other Boon Garre atGelibnear the mouth of theRiver Jubbaand still others on theRIver Tanawho spoke not the dialect of theirDaroodneighbours rather the southern Somali dialect[1][26]of theRahanweynspeech variety because they had lived inRahaweynspeaking area between theJubbaandShebellerivers, and yet other who lived aroundBaardherekept their own originalSomalilike language (Garreh Kofar-Af maahaw).

In the 18th century during theGobroon dynastyGarre evolved a high degree of bilingualism when they controlled trade from Luuq to Boranaland,[27]the language of trade wasOromo language,and also when they interacted with Borana and other neighbouring community who spoke the language.[28][27][29][30]

The Garre are also mentioned in theFutuh Al Habasha: Conquest of Abyssiniaas source dating back as far as the 16th century, by author:Shihabudin Ahmad bin Abd al-Qadir 'Arab FaqihorArab Faqih.It is recorded that the Imam Mataan Bin Uthmaan Bin Khalid As-Somali[31][32]- He was a Garre-Sultan who headed the Somali tribe during the invasion of Abyssinia byImam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

The Pre-Hawiye[edit]

ThePre-Hawiye,a much-reduced tribal-family, trace descent from an ancestor collateral toIrir,and are accordingly genealogically anterior to theHawiya.Their traditions show them to have preceded theHawiyain the general expansions of the Northern Somali towards the south. For these reasons Colluci has coined the term 'Pre-Hawiya' to distinguish them from theHawiyato whom they are closely related.[1][33]The term "Pre-Hawiye", invented by Colluci, is used to describe any clan that is descended from one of the brothers ofirirson ofSamaale..They also seen as quasi-ancestors of the Hawiye clan.

Garre pre-Hawiye group was the first group to occupy the land between the Jubba and Tana Rivers prior to the Oromo.[34]

The term pre-Hawiye is useful since there is no Somali equivalent; the Somali people divide the ancient Somalis into theDirandHawiya- (The Dir are universally regarded as being the oldest Somali stock), thus the pre-Hawiya Garre, for example, regard themselves as more closely related to theHawiyethan to theDir.The largest pre-Hawiye clans are the Garre,Hawdle,Degodia,Galjaaland the Garre are the most ancient of all the pre-Hawiya clans. They occupied most of southern Somalia before the arrival of theDigil/Rahaweynconfederacy. Also,Bale provinceand Kenya'sN.F.D.was inhabited by the Garre before theOromo BoranandWardayentered the region.[35]

According to the Garre that inhabit the southernEthiopiathere ancestors originally came fromMerca,on the Somali coast. Evidence for this comes from the fact that Garre tribesmen are found on the islands ofBajun,just off the Southern Somalia coast, and they are also found in the strength nearMerca.[36]

Examination of ancient Muslim graves found in the Garre country were found to be identical to those found in the North-Western Somalia; A.I. Curle made the following observation in 1933:

...around the mosque oat Au Bakadleh in the Hargeisa District of the British Somaliland, there are many graves of this type, exact replicas of those on the Dawa some found some 500 miles distance in the Garre country.[35]

The History of the Garre appears to be similar to that of theGurgura.Both of these tribes were involved with trades; the Garre traded products from the southern Ethiopia to theBajun IslandsandMerca,while theGurgurabrought goods from theHawashregion toZeila.[35]

Gerald Hanleys's description of the Somalis is extremely accurate. During the Second World War Hanley was in charge of Somali troops. His description of Mohamed, a Garre from El Wak, is fascinating:

"The Garre are even harder, fierce, more emotional than the Somalis( to whom they are related through the Hawiya tribal group), but this lad, Mohamed, was like a quivering black harp which burst into flames during emotional stress. He turned out to be the most savage, hysterical, loyal and dangerous human being i ever had with me in the bush. If he felt rage he acted upon it at once, with a knife, or with his nails and teeth, if he felt generous he gave everything away in sight, most of it your "[35]

Distribution[edit]

The pre-hawiye tribe comprises seven families excluding Irir:-Gardhere,Garjante, Yahabur, Meyle, Magarre, Hariire, Karuure. The largest pre-Hawiye clans are the Garre,Hawadle,Degodia,Galjaaland the Garre are the most ancient of all thepre-Hawiyeclans. TheHawadlelive north of theriver Shebelle,adjacent to theMarehanDarodand just north of theAbgaalHawiye.TheGaljaallive next to theHawadle,they are also found further south near theRiver Jubba.TheDegodiainhabit northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia. The Garre are the most important tribe of the pre-Hawiye family.[37]They occur in four large autonomous groups: on the lower reaches of theShebelleinAudegle DistrictaroundDoloon the upperjubba,between theWebi Gestroand theWebi Manain contact and to some extent intermixed with theArsi Oromo,and to the south-west between theAjuranandDegodiaSomali and theBoran Gallaof the Northern Frontier Province of Kenya.[15][37]The northernmost group adjacent to the Arsi Oromo have acquired some features ofBorana Oromoculture;GallaandSomaliare both spoken. Arsi Oromo villages are intermixed with those of the Garre (Gurra) but are kept separate from those of the Somali.[15][37]The Garre (Gurra) of this region have traditions similar to those of the other Garre groups and consider themselvesSomalirather thanGalla.[15][37]Garre traditions generally recount movement southwards from the North-west corner of British Somaliland. As a whole, the Garre are nomadic pastoralists with large numbers of camels, sheep, goats and where the habitat is suitable, they settle and domesticate their cattle.

Proto-Reewin[edit]

The Proto-Reewin group were probably the first Cushitic group to enter what is the southern part of modern-day Somalia, around the end of the second century B.C.. The Proto-Reewin, the ancestors of the modern Reewin families (Digil and Mirifle), occupy a unique position both linguistically and culturally in the historical development, migration and settlement in the area south of the Shabelle River.

The name is not pronounced "Rahanweyn"as traditionally suggested, but" Reewin ". It is a compound name which can be divided intoree=reer=Family; "win=weyn=old ""the old family".This definition of the name Reewin might indicate that Reewin (Digil and Mirifle) might have once been the first Somali speaking group that established itself in what is today modern Somalia, whence the rest of the Somali clans diverged slowly and through time developed their distinct northern dialect. But since the northern Somalis were separated from the Reewin-speaking people for at least 1500 years, their language might have undergone a mutation process

Rahanweyntribes are aggregates of many diverse clan attached to a small original nucleus of Rahanwein,[38]who form the dominant eponymous clan and provide the skeletal framework in each tribe. In many cases, however, this type of organization, dependent for its structure on a dominant clan, is superseded by a system of territorial groups whose political relations are not expressed genealogically.[38]In theRahaweinfamily itself there are only three orders of segmentations between the group-name and ancestor Rahawein, and the individual tribes which constitute the family making about 40% of Somali population. TheRahaweynconsists no so much of groups that derive from preceding groups in an extensive hierarchy of segmentation, as simply of large collateral coalitions. The name "Rahaweyn"(" large crowds ") is itself suggestive of federation.[38]TheSab,who number about a quarter millions are found inSomaliasouth of theHawiya,mainly along theJuba river.They are segmented into three families: TheDigil,RahaweynandTunniof which the last two are numerically the most important. TheRahaweynandTunniderive from theDigilwho although have been superseded in strength still survive as a small independent confederacy.[39]The Garre joinedRahaweynconstituent sub-clans ofDigil,forming a part of theRahaweynconfederation of clans.[2][40]known as"Toddobaadi aw Digil"

Expansion into the Boranaland[edit]

TheBoransay that long ago they all lived inLiban.The head-quarters of their Kings and their religion (Wak) was nearDarar,which is still a great religious centre. Many years ago a number of them made an invasion to the south-west, across theDawa River,into which the country was occupied by theWardey,who were a "suffara" (Somali) tribe. TheWardeywere driven out and went south-east towards Aji betweenWajirandKismayu.The Invader settled in the conquered country, spread and penetrated south as far aswajir.The true Boran countries are, howeverLibanandDirri.[41]

Many years after these event there was an invasion from the east, into the most eastern Boran country, by Muslim of Somali origin. These people were camel owners, whereas the Boran are essentially cattle herds. The Muslim drove back the Boran to the West and occupied the country probably up to about latitude 39°30'. After an unknown period they commenced to withdraw eastwards, but noten masse.Those who penetrated furthest west, weakened by the exodus of many of their number, came under the influence of the boran. These are theGabra Miggogenerally "Gabra" and sometime "Gabra Gelli", Gabra in theBoran languagesignifies "slave" Gelli "Camel".[41]

The Garre were the descendants of the Muslim who drove back the boran to the west, but unlike their brethren who have become the Gabra migo, they remained in the country they had occupied in the sufficient numbers to maintain their independence.[41]

Previous to the abyssinian occupation of the Boran country, the most westerly section of the Garre used at times to fight the Boran; both sides claim to have been the stronger. The chief of the Garre frommuddowestwards is Ali Abdi, who is looked upon by all the Garre people as far as theGanaleas the greatest Mullah and chief of the tribe. Ali Abdi stated that the Garre originated from theHawiyeSomali, and came long ago fromMerkaon the coast, north-east ofKismayu

The Garre used to trade with the Boran, receiving cattle and ivory in exchange for cloth. The boranas are not traders, and do not leave their country unless they are frightened,[41][42]although no tribute was paid by the Garre to the Boran, the western Garre chief used exchanged presents with the Borana Kings. There seems to be no doubt that fromEl-Wakeastwards neither the Garre nor any other of the tribes have ever had any such relations with the Borana

El Wakis from report the most important place between the Ganale River and the Boran country. Besides the Garre, who were the most numerous, there also other Somali tribe who overlap each other and intermix freely i.e. marehan, murulle etc.

Gabra[edit]

After the invasion from the east, into the most eastern Boran by garre, later after some period they commenced to withdraw eastwards, but not en masse. Those who penetrated furthest west, weakened by the exodus of many of their number, came under the influence of the boran. These are theGabra Miggogenerally "Gabra" and sometime "Gabra Gelli", Gabra in theBoran languagesignifies "slave" Gelli "Camel".[41]They stayed to become borana clients

The relations to the Boran became peculiar. They were divided up among different sub-tribes of the boran, and given the name of the sub-tribes to which they were attached. They lost all their national pride, and were only too glad to be able to call themselves "Boran" for the sake of protection. Gabra migo often live in the same settlement with the boran, but have their own separate zarebas. They do not intermarry with Borana nor have they adopted the latter's customs or religion although they retain very little of their own. The Boran gave them protection, and helped themselves to their loading camels, but left them their milk camels to live upon. The boran exacted little, if any, manual labour from them.

Gabra are is divided into Malba and Miigo. They are both the children of Weytaan Derraawe Fukaashe Quranyow Garre Addow.

Bajuni-(Katwa)[edit]

J.A.G. Elliot, whose traditions collected among the Bajun in the 1920s remain in many respects the fullest and most useful, is emphatic that the Bajun Katwa were, in origin, Garre( Gerra, Gurreh). This alternative is corrobated by a historical tradition of the Garre themselves.[43]

Gedi Town Ruin,Garre had factors in the abandonment of Gedi and most of the mainland coastal sites north of Mombasa.[44][45]

An unpublished Garre tradition collected at Mandera c.1930 by Pease, a British colonial administrator, touches on the Garre-Katwa link. After the great Garre migration is soo-called Boon Garre at theAfmadu,other Boon Garre atGelibnear the mouth of theRiver Jubba.The majority crossing the Juba but a small party from theKillia, BanaandBirkaya[Sections].. turned aside at the Juba to make for the coast betweenKismayuandLamu,where they settled with the Bajun[43]

Garre exerted considerable influence on the formation of the present-day characteristics of theBajuniwhom theBajuni-katwa claims them as their ancestors -perhaps they were at one time Garre clients.[21][22][23][24][43]

Garre Dynasty[edit]

The Garre tribe has had several dynasties throughout their history. Most of their dynasties involved often cooperation and completeness with other tribes, leading to a complex and dynamic political landscape. One of the most notable dynasties was theAjuuraan sultanate,which ruled parts of southernSomaliafrom the 13th to the 17th century. The Garre tribe was one of the clans that formed the backbone of the Ajuran Sultanate's military and the economic power. They played a key role in the sultanate's economic success. They were known for their long-distance network that extended from Kismayo to luuq to modern day mooyale.

Another significant dynasty was theGeledi Sultanate,which ruled parts of southern Somalia from the late 18th to the late 19th century, centered around the town of Afgooye, located west of Mogadishu.The Garre people were one of the clans that inhabited the region around the Geledi Sultanate, and they played a significant role in the sultanate's military and economic power.The Garre people were known for their bravery and fighting skills, and they served as soldiers and commanders in the Geledi army. They also participated in long-distance trade networks that extended to Arabia, India, and other parts of Africa i.e. Ethiopia, contributing to the sultanate's economic success.

The Garre tribe is mentioned in "Futuh Al-Habasha: The Conquest of Abyssinia" (also known as "Futuh Al-Habasa" ), which is an historical account of the Ethiopian-Adal war that occurred in the 16th century. The Garre people, along with other Somali clans such as the Issa and the Dir, are mentioned as having supported theAdal Sultanatein its conflict with the Ethiopian empire. The author of "Futuh Al-Habasha," Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Abd al-Qadir al-Fatati, describes Sultan Mataan Cismaan Khalid was a powerful warrior from the Garreh, Girreh tribe. He had 3000 men under his command and 500+ horsemen. He provided valuable military support to the Adal forces, including cavalry and archers.

Demography and Social Organisation[edit]

Most Garre are nomadic herdsmen, seasonally migrating with their camels, sheep, and goats. They live in portable huts made of bent saplings covered with animal skins or woven mats. Their collapsible tents can easily be loaded on pack animals and moved with the herds. The wealth of most Garre is in their herds. Although the husband remains the legal owner of the herd, his wife controls part of it.

Garre villages consist of several related families. Their huts are arranged in a circle or semi-circle surrounding the cattle pens. Villages are enclosed by thorn-shrub hedges to provide protection from intruders or wild animals. The men's responsibilities include caring for the herds, making decisions dealing with migration, and trading. The women are in charge of domestic duties, such as preparing the meals, milking the animals, caring for the children, and actually building the home. Like other nomads, the Garre scorn those who work with their hands, considering craftsmen a part of the lower class. The moving patterns of Garre nomads are dependent upon climate and the availability of grazing land. If water or grazing land becomes scarce, the families pack up their portable huts and move across the desert as a single, extended family unit. The Garre are quite loyal to one another, spreading evenly across the land to make sure that everyone has enough water and pasture for his herds.

Somali chief of Garre Tribe

Just like other Somalis, Garre receive their fundamental social and political identity at birth through membership of their father's clan.[46]Clan identity is traced exclusively in the male line through their father's paternal genealogy (abtirsiinyo: literally “counting ancestors,” in Somali). Children, at an early age, are taught to recite all their paternal ancestors up to the clan ancestor and beyond that the ancestor of their “clan-family.”.[47]

Somali clans are grouped into clan bonds or clan alliances formed to safeguard the mutual interests and protect the members of these alliances, of which Garre lies here underHawiyewith theAbgaal,Habargedir,Hawadle,Mursade,Rahwein,Murule,Ajuran,and among many others sub-clans.[48]On the other hand, theDir,largely inSomaliland,mix well with theIsaaq,the Garre and theDegodia,with closer sub-clans being the Biyamal, Gadsan, and Werdai among others. The sub-clans closer to theIsaaqincludeHabar Awal,Habar Jalo,Habar Yunis,Edigale, and Ayub among others while those closer to theDigilare theGeledi,Shanta Aleen,Bagadi, and Garre, among others.[48]

Socioeconomic[edit]

Garre are known for their large and majestic camels among the Somalis.[49]Despite the heavy emphasis oncamel husbandrythe production system of the Garre includes important cattle and crop components. It is thus an example of a maximally diversified agro-pastoral system entailing very complex household strategies.Thus, the Garre differ both from the northern and central Somali and the agro-pastoralists of theBayregion; from the former by their agro-pastoralism, from the latter by their heavier emphasis on camels, their higher mobility and a segmentary agnatic organisation closer to the northern clan families.[50][51][52]

The Garre were renowned as breeders of burden camels, they supplied the Somalis andOromoscaravaneers of theJubba Basinthe eighteenth century and probably much earlier.[53]They are classified as true nomads along withGaljeelfor they moved inter-riverine region seasonally, often with large herds of camels. The young camel-herders of these groups are known for their distinctive Afro-style hair-do called in Somaliguud.[54]

Majority of Garre camel owners have been integrated into commercial camel milk trade supplying Mogadishu.While most pastoral producers in Africa have become petty commodity producers linked to the national markets, their integration has usually been through the market for animals (or meat) rather than milk.[51]

The nomadic Garre also took part in trade ascaravaneers,they had the reputation of being the most honest at the work.[55]They were able to also profit by the trade which passed by their settlement.

Following the decline of theAjuraanstate in the mid-seventeenth century and after the scene of many conflicts during the age of Oromo expansion, was gradually becoming stabilized. Along that frontier there evolved a number of bilingual trading settlements, coupled with the integrating force of Islam, these developments facilitated the creation of regional exchange networks. The most important inland market towns in southern Somalia wereLuuq[56]andBaardheere,on the Jubba River;Baydhabo(Baidoa) andBuur Hakabain the central inter-river plain; andAwdheegleandAfgooyealong thelower Shabeelle.Since most of these towns were situated in good agricultural country, they were able to supply caravans with foodstuffs and other provisions. In this way, the long-distance caravan trade helped stimulate the local market economy.[57][52]

Although the inland market centers were small—only the towns along theShabeellenumbered more than two thousand permanent residents—they were frequented by nomads, farmers, and peddlers from the surrounding districts. In essence, they were small "ports of trade" that offered security and a degree of political neutrality to buyers and sellers from a variety of different clans and locales.

This was essential, since long-distance trade in southern Somalia—as in the north—was segmented. Goods originating in theJubba basinwere brought to the towns ofLuuqandBaardheerein caravans manned by traders from upcountry clans: Garre andAjuraan.From the Jubba River towns,Gasar Gudda,Eelay,andGarretraders carried the goods toBaydhaboandBuur Hakaba,toAwdheegleandAfgooye.Garre and Elay monopolized the interior route and also controlled caravan transport towards the coast, mostly sent to Marka or Benaadir.[58]

Here are of some of the camel branding ofQuranyow1,Quranyow2,Tuuf1Tuuf l2,Tuuf3

Distribution[edit]

Garre are said mostly to be found in southernSomalia,on the Lower reaches of theShabelle River;Afgooye,around Dolo around the upperJubba;between Webi Gesho and Webi Maana River,Qoroyoley,Merca,andAwdhegle,KurtunwaareyandKaxdaDistrict & Kofur inMogadishu,El WakDistrict inGedo Jubaland.[59][60][61]and in the upper reaches ofDawa Riveron the borders ofEthiopiaandKenya.[1]This, in turn, is based on the Garre oral traditions( collected at the beginning of the century) that they migrated from the upper reaches of theJubba Riveralong the west side of the River Afmadu. In Ethiopia, they live inMoyale, Hudet, Mubarak, Qadaduma, Suruba, Raaro, LeheyandWoredaofDawa zone.[62]InKenya,the Garre tribe inhabitMandera County-(The largest population and composition of Garre live in Mandera County, making them the single largest clan in Mandera County),[63]Wajir,NorthMoyale,as well as part ofIsiolo County.

Both the Garre andAjuranclaim to have lived in their present location inManderaDistrict (formerly Garreh District) and the Northern part ofWajirDistrict before the sixteenth-century expansion of the Oromo, According to tradition Gurreh District was originally inhabited by a Semitic tribe ben-Izraeli before inhabited by Garre tribe.[64]before setting out to prospect for a new country. They travelled down the Juba through Rahaweyn to Kofar (confor) and decided it was a good country.[65] The Confer (Kofar) country lies beyond Rahanweyn in the coastal area, the principal Gurreh towns or villages being Shan and Musser on the Owdegli i.e. the lower reaches of theShebelle Riverwhere it runs parallel with and close to the sea coast betweenMogadishuandMerca.Then when well established and prosperous the Garre penetrated intoRahanweynand sent trading safaris and settlers further in-land until they reachedLughand Dolo and re-entered the Gurreh district (today Mandera District) and worked up the Dawa district (sic: actually 'river') again, trading mostly but also making settlements and farms.[64][65]

Garre is divided into four linguistic clusters, which cross-cut other criteria of differentiation like clanship. Some of them speak anOromodialect close to the one of the Boran, while some speakAf Maay Maayand yet othersAf Garreh (Af mahaw).The latter two are closely related Somali-like languages but are kept clearly apart by their speakers. There are also Garre who speakSomaliproper.Oromois a different language well beyond the comprehension of speakers of any of theseSomalidialects. It belongs to the same lowland branch of the East Cushitic languages as the Somali-type languages, but internal differentiation within this branch is high. The fact that the Garre are also divided between three nation-states (Kenya,Ethiopia,andSomalia) has nothing to do with thislinguisticdifferentiation since speakers of all four languages are found among theGarreof all three states. The only language which is spoken exclusively by Garre appears to beAf mahaaw,but to the outside observer, it is difficult to distinguish that language fromRahanweyndialect (also called Maymay), which is spoken by hundreds of thousands of non-Garre, namely Somali of theRahanweynclan cluster. It does happen that Garre who do not share one of these Cushitic languages are obliged to converse with each other in languages from totally different language families, likeSwahiliorEnglishwhich they have acquired at school, an institution frequented by only a minority of them, mostly for short periods.[66]Arabicis also spoken as a secondary or trade language. Like other Somali, the Garre are typically tall and slender with long, oval faces and straight noses. Their skin colour varies from jet black to light brown.

Garre lived along the Lake Rudolf

Af-Garre(Af-mahaaw) is spoken in the districts ofBaydhaba,Dhiinsor,BuurhakabaandQoryooleyis one of the heterogeneous dialect of Somalia; in fact, some Garreh Koonfur dialects (those inBuurhakabaandQoryooley) have, for instance, preserved the conjugations with prefixes to date, while others (those ofBaydhaba) have already given it up. Also, the typicalDigilplural morpheme—to has been replaced in some Garre. dialects (especially in those aroundBaydhaba) by the common southernSomalimorpheme—yaal. Although Reer Amiir are not Garre at all, their idioms belong to this dialectal group.[67]

Garre genealogy and clan structure[edit]

The followinggenealogyhas been derived from the work of Professor L.M.Lewis, also taken also from theWorld Bank'sConflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics[68]from 2005 and theUnited Kingdom's Home Officepublication,Somalia Assessment 2001,[69]andThe Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition), African Studies Centre Leiden, Netherlands[16]The tribes of Garre have a well-defined patrilineal genealogical structure,

Genealogy of Garre Somali clan, Garre Genealogy
Genealogy of Garre Somali clan,Garre Genealogy

Lineage[edit]

The lineage of GarreMohamed-Garre bin Yusuf (Gardere) bin Samaale,and subsequently Samaale, traced fromAbu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

Abd al-MuttalibFatimah bint Amr
Fatimah bint AsadAbu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Aqil ibn Abi Talib
Muuse
Muhammad al-Muhtadi
Mahdi
Xubli
Ahmad
Cabdirahman
Loxan
'Waloid
Hill
Samaale
Yusuf(Gardheere)
Riidhe
Garjante
Cadow
Garre(Karre)

The Garre are divided into the Tuff and Quranyow sub-clans. While the Tuffs are further divided into the Ali and Adola groups, the Quranyow are divided into the Asare and Furkesha.[70][63]

The eponymous ancestor of the Garre clan:

Hill Abroone Samaale Gardheere
Garre
TuufMohamed
CadooleCaaliMakkaQuranyow
DeebleDoolAw MakiQalowleSabdowTawlleFurkaasheQeyliyow
MalxaseKalxaseCarrowyneGeedi
Aw SotowleAw DuurreAw BuurKaraareKariileMeertiMiinxaamaShaalashane
Aw ShuulleAw DooyAw BarreAw KalbiyoodTaalleKuulleCarqaaleDirwalaalCaarifa
Reer muugMeeydAbtugayTawaadleHagar KalweyneAw RoobleAw XareedAloeSaare
Reer AyseReer MaxamedMaqabuulAw CabdiAw MasugeAw GurowDaamid
KelmaalKuubleEdeegMidigCukaadHabar QosolHabarey
Reer Meeg
ShidooleDurafleDugulleMogobowReer BarreBanneKilliya
DesdemetBurusadeAw FaraxAw Salale
Aw DoobleAw FaqayReer MacalinCaydaboleHedow
BahuraReer UburIImiilla
ErdhowDayleCaliCeliMaxamuudReer warasamaalReer CiiseReer HabowDeerow
WaladayOdogowBerkayUurdeeqDeraaweOwtireSuqutreGalweesh
CeliyeDuraaleDumaaleMiriidAw MaxamedWeytaanWalaasameGeytaanIsgeytaan
WarasileyCisoobeGabraUuryeere
Aw KheeyrowAw LibowCiribowQoxowBegedDuurre
TuurgaaleXamaaleGeer CaadeReer FaqiJilaal
QalaafowLehowDayleMadiileAw XintirAw Saaxi CabdiAw Sugow DugowAw Sugay Bege
Aw DuubowAw MaxamedAbleeloAbliireHarti GaanleAw MaganeyAw SalaanleAw DaayowAw Kaayow
Notes
Gabra are is divided into Malba and Miigo. They are both the children of Weytaan Derraawe Fukaashe Quranyow Garre.
Sources


In history,Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya,by Gunther Schlee,Voice and Power,by Hayward andUNDP Paper on Kenya,the Garre are divided into the following clans.[64][71]

Notable people[edit]

Corporate CEOs[edit]

Ibrahim Rashid Jaffer CEO East Africa Bank- Djibouti

Politicians[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdefgAhmed, Ali Jimale. (1995).The invention of Somalia.Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. pp. 88–89.ISBN0-932415-98-9.OCLC31376757.
  2. ^abcdAhmed, Ali Jimale. (1995).The invention of Somalia.Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press. p. 122.ISBN0-932415-98-9.OCLC31376757.
  3. ^"World Bank: Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics"(PDF).World Bank:56. January 2005.
  4. ^Marchal, Roland (1997).Studies on Governance.United Nations Development Office for Somalia.
  5. ^Verdier, Isabelle (1997).Ethiopia: The Top 100 People.Indigo Publications.ISBN978-2-905760-12-8.
  6. ^Cassanelli, Lee V. (2016-11-11).The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900.University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-1-5128-0666-3.
  7. ^Ali, Ibrahim (1993).Origin and history of the Somali people.Eget forlag.ISBN0-9518924-5-2.OCLC769997578.
  8. ^Reese, Scott (2008-06-30).Renewers of the Age: Holy Men and Social Discourse in Colonial Benaadir.BRILL. p. 41.ISBN978-90-474-4186-1.
  9. ^"According to 'Aydarūs' narrative, Barawe was founded around the year 900 C.E. by an individual from the pastoral Garreh clan known as Aw 'Alī".. Aydarus fromBughyat al-Āmāl
  10. ^Abdullahi, Nouh (2012).Qaamuuska Af-Soomaalig.Rome: Roma TrE-Press.ISBN978-88-97524-02-1.
  11. ^Hussain, Seqend (2018-05-15).Mai-Mai (Somali) Dictionary: Mai-Mai to English.Authors Press.ISBN978-1-948653-08-4.
  12. ^Hirbo, Jibril Boru."Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations"(PDF).University of Maryland, College Park.Retrieved13 July2017.
  13. ^"E-V12 YTree".
  14. ^Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995-01-01).The Invention of Somalia.The Red Sea Press. p. 131.ISBN9780932415998.
  15. ^abcdLewis, I. M. (2017-02-03).Peoples of the Horn of Africa (Somali, Afar and Saho).doi:10.4324/9781315308197.ISBN9781315308197.
  16. ^abAbbink, G. J. (2009)."The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition)".ASC Working Paper Series(84).
  17. ^Schlee, Günther (2007).Identities on the move: clanship and pastoralism in northern Kenya.Gideon S. Were Pr. p. 28.ISBN978-9966-852-20-5.OCLC838094592.
  18. ^But according to legend and oral literatureAw Mohamed (Garrow)bore two sons, First born beingTuuf aw Mohamed(Garrow) andQur'an Aw Mohamed(Garrow)andMakko Mohamed (Garrow)daughter
  19. ^Legend 2:-Aw Garrehad two sons,Mohamed GarreandTuuf Garre.Mohamedwas the eldest son, gave birth toQuranand died.Quranyowwas raised by his uncleTuufand later married his cousinMakko Tuffand sired two sons.AssareandFurkesha.Tuuf sired,AliandAdola
  20. ^Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics,January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  21. ^abI. M., Lewis (1994).Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho (Ethnographic Survey of Africa; North Eastern Africa, Part I).Haan Associates; New Edition. pp. 42–43.ISBN1874209-56-1.
  22. ^abEastman, Carol M.; Nurse, Derek; Spear, Thomas (1991)."The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500".Anthropologica.33(1/2): 231.doi:10.2307/25605624.ISSN0003-5459.JSTOR25605624.
  23. ^abhttps://langsci-press.org/catalog/view/192/1510/1623-1[bare URL PDF]
  24. ^abscientifique., Clem, Emily., Éditeur scientifique. Jenks, Peter., Éditeur scientifique. Sande, Hannah., Éditeur (2019).Theory and description in african linguistics: selected papers from the 47th annual conference on african linguistics.Language Science Press.ISBN978-3-96110-205-1.OCLC1154621726.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  26. ^Mauro Tosco. 2012.The Unity and Diversity of Somali Dialectal Variants.In Nathan Oyori Ogechi and Jane A. Ngala Oduor and Peter Iribemwangi (eds.), The Harmonization and Standardization of Kenyan Languages. Orthography and other aspects, 263-280. Cape Town: The Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS).
  27. ^abOba, Peter Gufu (11 July 2014).Climate change adaptation in Africa: an historical ecology.Routledge.ISBN978-1-317-74590-7.OCLC1124428220.
  28. ^Boorana had established and maintained peaceful trade with Garre since the middle of eighteenth century (Goto 1972:42)
  29. ^Cassanelli, Lee V. (11 November 2016).The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900.University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-1-5128-0666-3.OCLC1165451500.
  30. ^Karlström, Mikael (August 1998)."Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries".American Ethnologist.25(3): 533–534.doi:10.1525/ae.1998.25.3.533.ISSN0094-0496.
  31. ^ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir. 1974.Tuḥfat al-zaman: aw, Futūḥ al-Ḥabashah: al-ṣirāʻ al-Sūmālī al-Ḥabashī fī al-qarn al-sādis ʻashr al-mīlādī.[al-Qāhirah]: al-Hayʼah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Kitāb
  32. ^ibn Abd al-Qadir al-Jizan, Shihab al-Din Ahmad (2005).The Conquest of Abyssinia: Futuh Al Habasa.Tsehai.ISBN0972317260.
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  34. ^Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995).The Invention of Somalia.The Red Sea Press.ISBN978-0-932415-99-8.
  35. ^abcdAli, Ibrahim (1993).Origin and history of the Somali people.Wales: Eget forlag.ISBN0-9518924-5-2.OCLC769997578.
  36. ^Ibrahim, Ali (1993).Origin and History of the Somali People: Vol 1.Wales: Punite Books. p. 69.ISBN0951892452.
  37. ^abcdI. M., Lewis (1994).Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho (Ethnographic Survey of Africa; North Eastern Africa, Part I).Haan Associates; New Edition. p. 27.ISBN1874209-56-1.
  38. ^abcI. M., Lewis (1994).Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho (Ethnographic Survey of Africa; North Eastern Africa, Part I).Haan Associates; New Edition. pp. 34–40.ISBN1874209-56-1.
  39. ^I. M., Lewis (1994) (1994).Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho (Ethnographic Survey of Africa; North Eastern Africa, Part I).Haan Associates; New Edition. pp. 15–18.ISBN1874209-56-1.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  45. ^A fight between the Kiliya and other sections of the Gurreh tribe in the town and resultant fire. A reason which lead to its abandonment by the population. Bajun claim a Kiliya-Gurreh ancestry
  46. ^Lewis, I. M. (1999).A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism & politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa.James Currey.ISBN0-85255-285-8.OCLC40683120.
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  52. ^abV., Cassanelli, Lee (11 November 2016).The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900.University of Pennsylvania Press.ISBN978-1-5128-0666-3.OCLC979729494.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^The early political history of the Garre is summarized in E. R. Turton, "Bantu, Galla, and Somali Migrations in the Horn of Africa: A Reassessment of the Juba/Tana Area,"Journal of African History 16 (1975): 528-31. On the role of the Garre as caravaneers, see Ugo Ferrandi,Lugh: Emporio commerciale sul Giuba(Rome, 1903), pp. 113, 150-51, 341-67 passim.
  54. ^Myrddin, Lewis, Ioan (1995).Understanding Somalia: guide to culture, history and social institutions.HAAN Assoc.ISBN1-874209-41-3.OCLC247676076.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^Ferrandip.343
  56. ^By 1800 the merchants of Luuq, a small town on the upper Jubba River, enjoyed extensive trading contacts with the surrounding Oromo districts: a European observer reported from Muscat in 1811 that Luuq was sending "immense quantities" of slaves and ivory to the coast near Baraawe. Through the remainder of the century, Luuq retained its position as the most important trading town of the southern Somali interior. By the second half of the nineteenth century, ivory traders from Baraawe were known in Borana country and were reported to be trafficking among the Rendille near Lake Turkana.
  57. ^References to internal trade within southern Somalia are found throughout Ferrandi,Lugh,esp. pp. 314-68; this work is an invaluable source for the study of late nineteenth-century regional commerce.
  58. ^Reese, Scott Steven (1996).Patricians of the Benaadir: Islamic Learning, Commerce and Somali Urban Identity in the Nineteenth Century.University of Pennsylvania.
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  65. ^abJ.W.K, Pease (1928).An Ethnological Treatise Of The Gurreh Tribe.KNA.
  66. ^Schlee, Günther (2010).How Enemies are Made: Towards a Theory of Ethnic and Religious Conflict(NED - New edition, 1 ed.). Berghahn Books. pp. 160–161.ISBN978-1-84545-779-2.JSTORj.ctt9qd3d3.
  67. ^Andrzej, Zaborski (1986).Map of Somali Dialects In The Somali Democratic Republic.Gemsamtherstellung: HELMUT BUSKE VERLAG HAMBURG. pp. 24–25.ISBN3871186902.
  68. ^Marchal, Roland (2019-03-01)."Motivations and Drivers of Al-Shabaab".War and Peace in Somalia.Oxford University Press. pp. 309–317.doi:10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0027.ISBN978-0-19-094791-0.Retrieved2020-12-29.
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Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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