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Anti-gender movement

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This article is about the movement often associated with conservative or religious views. For the anti-trans movement with roots in radical feminism, seeGender-critical feminism.For opposition to the concept of binary gender, seePostgenderism.

Anti-gender march in Lima, Peru
"Gender no more": demonstrators fromCon mis hijos no te metas( "Don't mess with my kids" ) during apro-lifemarch inLima,Peru, 2018
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Anti–gender protest in Warsaw, Poland
"Gender is death — it kills identity, soul and body": picketing against "gender ideology" inWarsaw,Poland, 2014

Theanti-gender movementis an international movement that opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology",[1]"gender theory",[1]or "genderism",[2]terms which cover a variety of issues,[2]and do not have a coherent definition.[3]Members of the anti-gender movement are largely on theright-wingandfar-rightpolitical spectrum, such asright-wing populists,social conservatives,andChristian fundamentalists.[4][5]It has been linked to a shift away fromliberal democracyand towards right-wing populism.[6]Anti-gender rhetoric has seen increasing circulation intrans-exclusionary radical feminist(TERF) discourse since 2016.[7]Different members of the anti-gender movement variously oppose someLGBT rights,somereproductive rights,government gender policies,gender equality,gender mainstreaming,andgender studiesacademic departments.[2][8][9]TheCanadian Security Intelligence Servicehas linked the anti-gender movement to the risk of "extreme violence"against the LGBTQI+ community.[10]UN Womenhas described the anti-gender,gender-criticalandmen’s rights movementsas extremeanti-rights movementsthat "use hateful propaganda and disinformation to target and attempt to delegitimize people with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, gender expressions, and sex characteristics."[11]

The termgender ideologyhas been described by academics Stefanie Mayer and Birgit Sauer as an "empty signifier",[3]and byAgnieszka Graffas a "great name for all that conservative Catholics despise".[12]The idea of gender ideology has been described by some as amoral panic,[13][14]or aconspiracy theory,[1]as it alleges that there is a secretcabalout to undermine society.[15][16]A report by theEuropean Parliamentlinked the rise of the anti-gender movement in Europe todisinformation campaignsthat are sponsored in large part byRussia.[17]

The movement derives fromCatholic theologyand can be dated to the late 20th century, but the protests that brought the movement to attention did not start until around 2012–2013.[18]BesidesRoman Catholics,anti-gender rhetoric is used byother Christians,Confucians,Hindus,Jews,andMuslims.[19][24]Gender researcherAndrea Petőstates that the anti-gender movement is not a form of classicalanti-feminismbut instead "a fundamentally new phenomenon that was launched to establish anew world order".[25]

Terminology[edit]

In non-English speaking countries, many anti-gender activists avoid using vernacular translations of the wordgenderin favor of the English word to promote the idea that gender is a foreign concept.[26]The concept ofgender ideologydoes not have a coherent definition[3]and covers a variety of issues;[2]for this reason, it has been described by academics Stefanie Mayer and Birgit Sauer as an "empty signifier"[3]and byAgnieszka Graffas a catch-all term "for all that conservative Catholics despise".[12]

The termgender ideologyand related termsgender theoryandgenderism,used interchangeably, are not equivalent to the academic discipline ofgender studies,within which significant controversies and disagreements exist. Anti-gender proponents are often unaware of these debates and disagreements.[27]Elizabeth Corredor writes: "gender ideology serves as both a political andepistemologicalcounterclaim to emancipatory conceptions of gender, sex, and sexuality ".[28]She adds that the anti-gender movement combines "gender ideology" rhetoric with attempts to exploit the existing divisions within LGBT and feminist movements.[28]The movement accuses various actors of being bearers of "gender ideology", including "liberal, green or leftist politicians,women's rights activists,LGBT activists,gender policy officers of public administrations, and gender studies scholars ".[29]

Origin theories[edit]

There are various theories about when and where the anti-gender movement originated.

International conferences in the mid-1990s[edit]

Some scholars studying the anti-gender movement date its origins[30][31]to 1990s discussions within theCatholic Churchto counter the results of theUnited Nations' 1994International Conference on Population and Developmentand the 1995World Conference on Women,following which the UN began to recognizesexualandreproductive rights.[32][33][34]TheHoly Seefeared that this recognition would lead toabortion being seen as a human right,delegitimization of motherhood, and the normalization of homosexuality. The termgender"was understood by the Holy See as a strategic means to attack and destabilize the natural family".[32]In 1997, Americananti-abortionjournalist Dale O'Leary, who is affiliated to theOpus Dei,wrote a book titledThe Gender Agenda:"the Gender Agenda sails into communities not as a tall ship, but as a submarine, determined to reveal as little of itself as possible".[35]In Catholic thought, the concept of gender ideology emerged fromJohn Paul II'stheology of the body,in which the sexes are held to be different andcomplementary.[36][37]Although the ideas of the anti-gender movement were developed by 2003, protests related to the movement first emerged in some European countries around 2012–2013.[18]Although it is still promoted by Catholic actors, the anti-gender movement spread more generally throughout the right-wing by 2019.[28]

1980s Church origin[edit]

Alternately, the anti-gender movement has been dated to the early 1980s when CardinalJoseph Ratzinger,the laterPope Benedict XVI,noticed that feminist books arguing that gender wassocially constructedwere bestsellers in Germany and noticed changes in German lawallowing transgender people to legally change their gender.Researcher Mary Anne Case therefore argues that "Trans rights claims were, together with feminist claims, thus a foundational component, not a recent addition, to the Vatican's sphere of concern around 'gender' and to the focusing of that concern on developments in secular law."[30]

Later developments[edit]

Trans-exclusionary radical feminism or gender-critical feminism[edit]

Main article:Gender-critical feminism

Bassi and LaFleur note that "thetrans-exclusionary feminist (TERF) movementand the so-called anti-gender movement are only rarely distinguished as movements with distinct constitutions and aims. "[38]Pearce et al. posits that the concept of "gender ideology" long employed by the anti-gender movement "saw increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist discourse" from around 2016.[7]Claire Thurlow noted that "despite efforts to obscure the point, gender critical feminism continues to rely on transphobic tropes, moral panics and essentialist understandings of men and women. These factors also continue to link trans-exclusionary feminism to anti-feminist reactionary politics and other 'anti-gender' movements."[39]Judith Butlersaid that "the anti-gender ideology movement should be considered a neo-fascist phenomenon" and cautioned those on the left against joining forces with the movement.[40]

Foreign influence[edit]

A report commissioned by theEuropean Parliamentfound that the rise of the anti-gender movement inEuropewas linked to a large degree bydisinformation campaignsthat are sponsored in large part byRussia[17]and funded by theUnited States.[41]

Central figures and issues[edit]

Key proponents of the anti-gender movement include Dale O'Leary,Michel Schooyans,Tony Anatrella,Gabriele Kuby,andMarguerite Peeters[Wikidata].[36][42]According to Łukasz Wawrowski, it is not possible to have a scientific discourse betweengender studiesscholars and anti-gender proponents, because for the former, gender is a scientific concept that can be researched andfalsified,whereas anti-gender proponents derive their arguments from transcendent truths handed down byGod,which are not subject to empirical verification.[43]

In theEuropean Parliament,the strong election results of national parties such as the ItalianLega Nord,the BritishBrexit Party(having left parliament on 31 January 2020), the PolishLaw and Justice,the HungarianFidesz,and the FrenchRassemblement Nationalcontributed to a surge of the anti-gender movement. Most of these MEPs belong to the right-wing populist and nationalistIdentity and Democracy(ID) or theEuropean Conservatives and Reformers(ECR) parliamentary groups. However, there are also members of the European Parliament representing these views within theEuropean People’s Party(EPP) and theProgressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats(S&D) groups.[4]

Members of the anti-gender movement oppose somereproductive rights,particularlyabortion,as well asLGBT rights,especiallysame-sex marriage,along with some campaigns againstgender-based violence.[2][9]They may also campaign againstanti-bullyingprograms,[44]sex educationin schools, andgender studiesin higher education.[2][31]According to Kováts, not all the movements fitting under the "anti-gender" label (by opposing "gender" or "gender ideology" ) are overtlyanti-feministor anti-LGBT,[29]and the anti-gender movement is a novel phenomenon distinct from previous anti-feminism andhomophobia.[45]The anti-gender movement is not synonymous with thefar-right,as not all far-right movements espouse anti-gender views, and anti-gender themes extend beyond the far-right.[46]

"Gender ideology"[edit]

The anti-gender movement often uses the term "gender ideology". Anti-gender activists may portray theEuropean Unionand other international organizations as manipulated by severallobbies,such as American billionaires,Cultural Marxists,Freemasons,feminists,theLGBTQ+ lobby,and/orJews.[1]To promote the idea that gender is a foreign concept imposed by a secretcabalof corrupt elites,[15][47]they often use the English wordgender,rather than a translation into the local language.[26]Proponents present themselves as the defenders of the freedoms ofspeech,thought,and conscience against the "gender ideology", which they label as "totalitarian".[15][48][49]

Some in the anti-gender movement consider "gender ideology" to be atotalitarian ideology.[15][48][49]This is allegedly pushed by a secretcabalof corrupt elites[15][47]or foreign entities (such as theEuropean Union,World Health Organization,orUnited Nations) for the purpose of weakening, undermining, or destroying families, the Catholic Church, the nation, and/orWestern civilization.[50][29][51]

Violent extremism[edit]

TheCanadian Security Intelligence Servicesaid in 2024 that the "anti-gender movement" poses a threat of "extreme violence"that could target the LGBTQI+ community.[10]

Related concepts[edit]

According to sociologistsRoman KuharandDavid Paternotte,"the invention of 'gender ideology' is closely connected to debates within the Catholic Church".[52]Pope Francishas stated that "gender ideology" would undermine the Catholic Church's position ongender complementarity,[50]comparing it tonuclear weapons,and said it was one of the "Herods that destroy, that plot designs of death, that disfigure the face of man and woman, destroying creation".[53]In 2019, the Catholic Church released the first major document dealing specifically with "gender ideology", which states thatthere are only two biologically determined genders or sexes.[47]According to Corredor,

the Holy See's perspective deeply depends on a stable and predictably correlated relationship between biological sex, gender identity, and heterosexual orientation, which is expressed in the Catholic Church's terms as the one and only natural unity of mind, body, and soul. Because this unity is believed to be rooted withinnaturalanddivine law—as a directcreation of God—it transcends political, historical, and social arrangements shaped by man.[54]

The anti-gender movement is closely related toright-wing populism,nationalism,and theChristian right.[55]According to Kuhar and Paternotte, "anti-gender campaigns are [not] the direct consequence of the right-wing populist wave, but the shift towards the Right reinforces these campaigns and provides them with new supporters who took over a concept of 'gender ideology' which shares some ideological structures with right-wing populist ideology".[56]In line with their populist framing,referendumsare often used to secure the outcomes desired by the anti-gender movement.[57]

Analyses and responses[edit]

UN Womenhas described the anti-gender,gender-criticalandmen’s rights movementsas anti-rights movements that have taken attempts to "frame equality for women and LGBTIQ+ people as a threat to so-called 'traditional' family values [...] to new extremes" and that "use hateful propaganda and disinformation to target and attempt to delegitimize people with diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, gender expressions, and sex characteristics."[11]

Backlash or proactive movement[edit]

It is disputed the extent to which the anti-gender movement is a reaction to events and other movements, or a proactive movement attempting to create social change.[9]Hande Eslen-Ziyaargues that the anti-gender movement relies on what she calls "troll science", that she describes as "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse, creating an alternative narrative on the conceptions of gender equality".[58]

An EU-funded research project into the anti-gender movement titled RESIST examined anti-gender rhetoric in parliamentary debates and media coverage in Hungary, Poland and the United Kingdom, and found that key actors in promoting and perpetuating anti-gender politics are primarily "men in the conservative and radical/extreme right in Europe," and that media played a roled in "deliberately stoking up a damaging moral panic targeting transgender identities" that makes transgender people the subject of “relentless ‘debate’ about the legitimacy of their rights and lives”.[59][60]

According to Marta Rawłuszko, the anti-gender movement is, in part, abacklashagainst the devolution of power from democratically elected national governments to unelected equality bodies and international organizations, such as theEuropean Union,which demand changes. Because these policies are not approved by voters or their elected representatives, they generate ademocratic deficit.[61]She notes that "gender equality policies have been implemented without engaging a wider audience or public debate".[62]

However, Paternotte argues that picturing the anti-gender movement as a "backlash" is "conceptually flawed, empirically weak and politically problematic", because comparative research has shown that in different countries, the anti-gender activism is "sparked by extremely different issues".[63]

Conspiracism[edit]

The idea of gender ideology has been described as amoral panic[13][14]orconspiracy theory.[15]According to twopolitical psychologistswriting forThe Conversation,the conspiracy theory contributed to a debate in Poland in 2020 about "whether thecoronavirus pandemicis a punishment for gender theory ".[47]An Ipsos survey in October 2019 found that a plurality of Polish men under 40 believe that "the LGBT movement and gender ideology" is the "biggest threat facing them in the 21st century".[64]

Democracy and liberalism[edit]

The emergence and success of anti-gender movements is considered by political scientist Eszter Kováts to be a symptom of a deeper underlying socioeconomic, political, and cultural crisis ofliberal democracyand a reaction toneoliberalism.[65]Similarly, political scientist Birgit Sauer refers to these movements as, among other things, a reaction toderegulation,precarization of labor,the erosion of thewelfare stateand the widening of thegap between the rich and poor.[66]In the journalLuXemburgin 2018, sociologist Weronika Grzebalska and political scientists Eszter Kováts and Andrea Pető analyze the termgenderas the "symbolic glue" of the anti-gender movement, which unites different political and religious actors who would otherwise not cooperate with each other. They view the "gender ideology" that these actors mobilize against as a metaphor for the insecurity and unfairness produced by the neoliberal socioeconomic order.[67]

Those said to support gender ideology are delegitimized, negatingpluralismand underminingliberal democracy,in a similar way to thefar-right.[33]Lorena Sosa, assistant professor at theNetherlands Institute of Human Rights[d](SIM), states that the anti-gender movement has challenged human rights, such as protection from violence against women, and contributed todemocratic erosion.[68]

Pető argues that "The anti-gender movement is not merely another offshoot of centuries-old anti-feminism... The anti-gender movement is a fundamentally new phenomenon that was launched to establish a new world order." She also argues that the movement "is saturated with hatred" —citing online harassment against gender researchers—and argues that it "attacks liberalism and therefore democracy".[25] In 2021 the philosopherJudith Butlerdescribed the anti-gender movement as afascisttrend and cautioned self-declared feminists against allying with such movements in targeting trans, non-binary, and genderqueer people.[69][70]

In February 2024, Canada'sIntegrated Terrorism Assessment Centrereleased an assessment, finding that "the ecosystem of violent rhetoric within the anti-gender movement, compounded with other extreme worldviews, can lead to serious violence." In June 2023, an associate professor and two students had been stabbed while attending agender studiesclass at theUniversity of Waterloo.[71] In 2023, Elżbieta Korolczuk argued that "while the activities of the anti-gender movement are generally non-violent, its discursive strategies and campaigns should be further analysed as possible conveyor belt to engagement in violent extremism".[72]

LGBT rights and gender equality[edit]

Marie Wittenius of theGunda Werner Institute for feminism and gender democracyargues that the term "gender ideology" "functions as a broad projection area for racism, anti-Semitism, homophobia and transphobia, ethnicnationalist ideas as well as hostility towards elites."[73]

In August 2021, the Council of EuropeCommissioner for Human RightsDunja Mijatovićsaid the anti-gender movement are "instrumentalising existing societal prejudices and verbally attacking LGBTI people to achieve political objectives for their own benefit" and said the targeting of "LGBTI people for political gain is a costly strategy which harms the lives and well-being of those affected and undermines social cohesion in general." The Commissioner said that "by permeating the political scene, the anti-gender movements are increasingly well-placed to erode the protection of human rights in Europe" and concluded that "by standing up for LGBTI people, we defend the equal human dignity of all, protect our societies' wellbeing and the strength of our precious human rights system."[74]

In February 2022, theEuropean ParliamentCommittee on Women's Rights and Gender Equalityorganised a public hearing on "Countering the anti-gender movement", highlighting the anti-gender movement as a threat togender equality.[75]

In March 2024, philosopherJudith Butlerpublished their book titledWho's Afraid of Gender?after being attacked at an airport in Saõ Paulo by "anti-gender" protesters in 2017.[76]Butler uses the phrase "anti-gender ideology movement" to describe the transnational phenomenon of far-right actors turning "gender ideology" into a "psychosocial fantasy" that plays into anxieties and fears surrounding the "traditional family."[76]

By region[edit]

"Marcha contra la Ideología de Género" or "Marcha por Jesús" inChile,27 October 2018

The anti-gender movement emerged in Europe in the early 2010s and, as of 2019, was making headway inLatin America.[77]The movement istransnational,with campaigns in different countries borrowing strategies and rhetoric from other countries.[78]However, in individual countries the anti-gender movement overlaps with appeals tonationalismandnational sovereignty.[79]

Europe[edit]

Before the emergence of the anti-gender movement, activists and scholars believed that Europe was on an inexorable course towards complete gender equality and full LGBT rights, serious opposition to which was deemed a holdover from the past or else a phenomenon confined toEastern EuropeandRoman Catholic countries.The anti-gender movement proved this perception to be incorrect.[79]Since the 1990s, theEuropean Commissionhas made eligibility for funding from theStructural Funds and Cohesion Fundconditional on local gender equality policies, which led to rapid changes after Polandjoined the European Union in 2004.[80]

In February 2019, theEuropean Parliamentpassed a resolution against the "backlash in women's rights and gender equality in the EU".[63][81]

Bulgaria[edit]

In February 2023, theBulgarian Socialist Partycalled for a national referendum on "Gender Ideology". Later in the month, the party praised aSupreme Courtruling that only biological sex can be listed on government documents and could not be changed.[82][83]

France[edit]

"Legender,c'est pas mon genre "(genderis not my gender / gender, that is not my kind of thing), demonstration ofLa Manif pour tousinParis,2 February 2014.

The anti-gender movement in France is spearheaded byFarida Belghoul[84]andLa Manif pour tous(LMPT), a protest movement which originated in early 2013 to opposesame-sex marriage in Franceand pivoted to opposing equality curricula after same-sex marriage was legalized in May 2013.[85]The anti-gender movement in France has spread false rumors and hoaxes, such as the claim that masturbation is being taught in French kindergartens.[86][87][84]

Germany[edit]

In Germany,right-wing extremists and right-wing populistsmobilized against the concept of "gender madness",[a]which was characterized as a "weapon" against "the German people" in a 2013 call by neo-Nazis.[who?][88]

Even outside the extreme right, there has been critical discussion ofgender mainstreamingsince 2006, whenEva Hermancommented on the role of women in society and theFrankfurter Allgemeine Zeitungdebated "political gender reassignment". Right-wing extremists used this as a prelude to a targeted campaign against gender mainstreaming.[88]

The far-right German political party,AfD(Alternative für Deutschland), displays its alignment with the anti-gender movement in its "Key Points for Germany" brochure. In the brochure, the AfD positions itself against post-secondary gender studies programs, "gender-mainstreaming," and the discussion of sexuality at early ages in school.[89]The AfD further illustrates its anti-gender position in its 2017 "Manifesto for Germany."There, the AfD states that" gender ideology, early sexualisation, governmental funding of gender studies, quota systems and the deprivation of the German language with gender-conforming words have to be terminated. "The AfD has organized anti-gender rallies in cities such as Munich in 2023, emphasizing the perceived threat of" gender propaganda "towards children.[1]The anti-gender movement has proven key to the rapid rise of the AfD, with the party projecting the protection of the "traditional family" as key to its platform.[90]

Since 2013, thefundamentalist Christianprotest allianceDemo für Alle[de][b]has mobilized againstsame-sex marriageand gender mainstreaming.[92]At aDemo für Allerally in 2014, journalistBirgit Kelleexclaimed that the German state "grabs for the children to sexualize and reeducate them," playing into the notion of a loss of "parental rights" in educating their own children that the AfD has also used more recently.[90]

Hungary[edit]

According toEszter KovátsandAndrea Pető,writing in 2017, there was "no significant anti-gender movement" in the country, but "a palpable anti-gender discourse", especially in the later 2010s, which to date had only sporadically intersected with the national public debate.[93]They write that the Hungarian anti-gender discourse emerged in 2008, when a textbook was published that was criticized by aFideszMP. The politician said that the textbook contained "gender ideology" and that "the greatest danger of this trend is that society will lose its sexual identity".[94]In politics, the anti-gender discourse first attained prominence in 2010, when the left-wing government inserted a sentence into the national curriculum stating that early childhood educators should "deliberately avoid any strengthening of gender stereotypes and facilitate the dismantling of the prejudices concerning the social equality of genders".[95]Right-wing media gave the change much coverage; it was alleged to promote "gender ideology".[96]

Italy[edit]

UnderGiorgia Meloni,who was elected prime-minister in2022 Italian general election,the far-right Italian political party,Fratelli d'Italia(Brothers of Italy), has placed gender front and centre in its politics. Meloni has frequently emphasized the importance of upholding thegender binaryand traditionalist values surrounding family, tieing such issues to the protection of the Italian state and religious apparati. At a 2019 rally, Meloni proclaimed: "I am Giorgia, I am a woman, I am a mother, I am Italian, I am Christian."[97]Meloni employs her position as a mother situate herself as the "harbinger of a conservative, yet modern, nation"[98]while playing up the need to shelter the "natural family" from the threat of "gender ideology."[76]

Anti-gender in Italy has been sponsored byLega Nordparty[99]as well as the groups Pro Vita (associated with the neo-fascist partyNew Force)[100]and Manif pour Tous Italia, later called Generazione Famiglia.[101]In the2018 Italian general election,Lega Nord placed members of Catholic organizations on its electoral lists, sealing an anti-gender alliance.[102]

Lithuania[edit]

The2020 Lithuanian parliamentary electionsand the formation of coalition between theHomeland UnionandFreedom Party,which shares a positive stance on LGBT-related policies, led to the formation of anti-gender movements such as theLithuanian Family Movement[103]and political parties like theNational Alliance.[104]

Norway[edit]

Gender studies scholarElisabeth L. Engebretsenhas identified groups such as the Norwegian branch ofWomen's Declaration Internationaland LLH2019, a self-declared sister organization ofLGB Alliance,as key anti-gender actors in Norway. According to Engebretsen these groups are part of a "complex threat to democracy".[105]

Gender studies scholar Janne Bromseth wrote that the2022 Oslo shooting"happened in a context" and that "the anti-gender movement has also shifted boundaries in the public debate in Norway in recent years," resulting in "a harsher climate of debate where primarily organizedTERFshave been given space to set the agenda for the 'debate on gender' and the alleged threat of 'gender ideology' to the natural order. "[106]

Poland[edit]

Further information:LGBT-free zones
Catholic anti-LGBT protesters during the 2018equality marchinRzeszów,Poland

In late 2013, the termgender,which had been confined to academic discourse, became popularized as part of an anti-gender campaign by the right-wing and the Catholic Church.[107]The campaign against "gender ideology" was promoted by the national-conservativeLaw and Justiceparty which ruled Poland between 2015 and 2023, by the Catholic Church's hierarchy, and more radically nationalist groups with which Law and Justice had a fluid boundary:All-Polish Youth,theNational Rebirth of Poland,and theNational-Radical Camp.[108]In 2019, sociologistsPiotr Żuk[pl]and Paweł Żuk wrote that: "The right in Poland perceives both feminist and homosexual circles as a threat to the national identity associated with the Catholic religion and as a threat to the traditional family model and social order."[109]Anti-LGBT rhetoric from the Polish right increased following the conclusion of the2015 European migrant crisis,during which anti-migrant rhetoric was prominent.[110]With anti-gender rhetoric, the LGBT community served as the scapegoat or demonized enemy required by populist politics.[111]

A 2020 survey of arepresentative sampleof 1,000 Poles found that 30% believed in the existence of agender conspiracy,"defined as a secret plan to destroy Christian tradition partly by taking control over public media".[47]The survey found that belief in thegender conspiracydid not correlate with religiosity; it was strongly associated with the belief that the Catholic Church should occupy a privileged position in society and rejection of LGBT people as neighbors.[47][112]Marta Rawłuszko suggests that Polish people may be prone to finding conspiracies because of the actual plots duringcommunist rule.[113]In June 2020, Polish presidentAndrzej Dudaof Law and Justice drew attention when he calledLGBT an "ideology"and a form of "neo-Bolshevism", ahead of the2020 Polish presidential election.[114][115]

Russia

Vladimir Putinviewsgenderas an "ideological construction" created by the Western Europe, playing into the complex meanings of the Russian derogatory term,Gayropa.[76]The term invokes the idea that Western European civilization is facing decadence and decay, symbolized in the dissolution of traditionalgender binariestriumphed by contemporaryLGBTQ+ movementsand queer mainstreaming.

North America[edit]

Further information:Parental rights movement

Canada[edit]

In 2023, the "1 Million March 4 Children" was a series of anti-LGTBQ protests carried out in various cities throughout Canada.[116][117][118][119]Protesters advocated removing "pronouns, gender ideology and mixed bathrooms" in the educational environment.[120]Protesters claimed children were exposed to "inappropriate" topics regarding sexuality andgender identity.[121]At least 63 counter-protests were planned or carried out in response to the march.[120][122]On 19 September 2023, an educational union in Ontario had three offices vandalized with anti-LGBTQ messages.[123]In response to the march, various school boards in Ontario expressed their support for LGBTQ schoolchildren, staff, and families.[124]InOttawa,two protesters were arrested for "inciting hatred" by "displaying hateful material".[124]Another person was arrested for disturbance.[125]The protests were condemned by Ottawa mayorMark Sutcliffe,[126]as well as cities such asWhitehorse.[127]

United States[edit]

Main article:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
Further information:Anti-abortion movement in the United States

In 2021, there was a march inPuerto Ricoagainst the introduction of a "Gender Perspective curriculum" in public schools that was created under former GovernorAlejandro García Padillaand being enacted under GovernorPedro Pierluisi.Marchers said they opposed "Gender Ideology". Speakers included BishopDaniel Fernández Torres,political scientistAgustín Laje,and other religious leaders.[128][better source needed][undue weight?–discuss]

Latin America[edit]

Brazil[edit]

FormerPresident of BrazilJair Bolsonarohas characterized "gender ideologists" as a force that is opposed to conservative Christianity. He has also said that he wants to ban "gender ideology in schools".[31]

Colombia[edit]

During the2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum,evangelical Christian groups and right-wing politicians who opposed the peace agreement argued that protections for LGBT people in the treaty were "an instrument to impose gender ideology".[44][79][129]This helped motivate much of theevangelical electorateto oppose the agreement, which was ultimately rejected by voters,[129]50.22% (No) to 49.78% (Yes).

Middle East[edit]

Iraq[edit]

In 2023, the Iraqi government issued an order officially prohibiting media from using the word "gender". It also mandated that the word "homosexuality" be avoided, in favor of "sexual deviance".[130]

Turkey[edit]

The conservative government of Turkey has recently ramped up anti-LGBT rhetoric. The opposition to gender and sexuality related progressive movements comes frompolitical Islam,Islamism,andfamily valuesrhetoric. The government has supported anti-LGBT marches with the name of "The Great Family Meeting" by airing public statements on national TV.[131]The state also suppressesPride Marches.[132]

One of the primary sources of anti-gender action is religious congregations in Turkey. All major parties of the governingCumhur İttifakı,and some prominent people from opposition parties also engage in anti-gender rhetoric.[133]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes
  1. ^German:Genderwahns,rendered in numerous English sources asgender madness.
  2. ^Named after the French groupLa Manif pour tous( "protest for all" ), which in turn was named after the expressionmariage pour tous( "marriage for all" ) used in France as a popular name forsame sex marriage.[91]
Footnotes
  1. ^abcdSalvati, M.; Pellegrini, V.; De Cristofaro, V.; Giacomantonio, M. (January 2024)."What is hiding behind the rainbow plot? The gender ideology and LGBTQ+ lobby conspiracies (GILC) scale".British Journal of Social Psychology.63(1).Wiley-Blackwellon behalf of theBritish Psychological Society:295–318.doi:10.1111/bjso.12678.ISSN2044-8309.PMID37606152.S2CID261062493.
  2. ^abcdefKováts 2016,p. 175.
  3. ^abcdMayer & Sauer 2017,p. 23.
  4. ^ab"The transnational anti-gender movement in Europe | Gunda-Werner-Institut".Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung.Retrieved3 September2022.
  5. ^Kováts & Põim 2015,p. 126.
  6. ^Walton, Kate."Opposition to gender equality around the world is connected, well funded and spreading. Here's what you need to know about the anti-gender movement".CNN.Retrieved29 March2024.
  7. ^abPearce, Ruth; Erikainen, Sonja; Vincent, Ben (2020)."TERF wars: An introduction".The Sociological Review.68(4): 677–698.doi:10.1177/0038026120934713.hdl:2164/18988.S2CID221097475.
  8. ^Kováts & Põim 2015,p. 11.
  9. ^abcRawłuszko 2019,p. 2.
  10. ^ab"CSIS warns that the 'anti-gender movement' poses a threat of 'extreme violence'".CBC.Retrieved1 March2024.
  11. ^ab"LGBTIQ+ communities and the anti-rights pushback: 5 things to know".UN Women.Retrieved15 June2024.
  12. ^abGraff 2016,p. 268.
  13. ^abCareaga-Pérez 2016,p. 251.
  14. ^abŻuk & Żuk 2019,p. 1.
  15. ^abcdefMarchlewskaet al.2019,p. 766.
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Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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