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New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary

Coordinates:40°31′00″N74°02′59″W/ 40.51667°N 74.04972°W/40.51667; -74.04972
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A 2016U.S. Army Corps of Engineersmap showing New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary'sdrainage divideanddrainage basin
Harrisse/LOC copy of theManatus Mapof 1639
An 1866 map of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
A 2011NASAimage of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary
Population density and elevation above sea level in theNew York City metropolitan areaas of 2010
An aerial view of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary

TheNew York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary,also known as theHudson-Raritan Estuary,is in thenortheasternstates ofNew JerseyandNew Yorkon theEast Coast of the United States.The system of waterways of thePort of New York and New Jerseyforms one of the most intricate natural harbors in the world[1][2]and one of the busiestports of the United States.The harbor opens onto theNew York Bightin theAtlantic Oceanto the southeast andLong Island Soundto the northeast.

Although the overall form of theestuaryremains unchanged from the time ofGiovanni da Verrazzano's visit in 1524, all parts have changed at least a little, and some parts, such asHell GateandEllis Island,have been almost completely altered. In the greatest hidden change, the navigational channels have been deepened from the natural 17 feet (5.2 m) depth to 45 feet (14 m). In some places this required blasting ofbedrock.[3]

There is an extremely complex system of tides and currents. Both the Bight and the Sound are essentiallymarinebodies withtidesandsaltwater,but the Sound compared to the Atlantic is about 20–30% less saline (as an estuary), and the tide is about 3 hours later with as much as 70% more variation. Rivers add afresher,non-tidal inflow although the tide andbrackishnessextend well up rivers[4]throughout the extended hydrologic system fromAlbanytoMontauk Pointto theHudson Canyonregion of the New York Bight. The New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS)[5]utilizes information from sensors, weather forecasts, and environment models to provide real-time forecasts of meteorological and oceanographic conditions in the area.

Since theAsh Wednesday Storm of 1962beaches along the shores of the East Coast have been regularlyreplenishedwith sand pumped in from off-shore.[6][7]TheUnited States Army Corps of Engineers(USACE) coordinates the projects.[8][9]

In 2016, USACE and thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyproduced a comprehensive restoration plan for theNew York Harborregion, with proposals to mitigate the effects ofsea level risethrough projects to restore natural areas.[10]In September the USACE released the New York New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Study (HATS).[11][12]

Features of the harbor estuary

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1.Upper New York Bay
2.Lower New York Bay
3.Newark Bay
4.Hudson River
5.East River
6.Raritan Bay
7.Jamaica Bay
8.Long Island Sound
9.New York Bight-North Atlantic
10.Ambrose Channel
11. Mud Dump Site[13]
12.Hudson Canyon
A.Manhattan
B.Brooklyn
C.Staten Island
D.Queens
E.The Bronx
F.Bayonne-Jersey City
G.Newark
H.Raritan Bayshore
i.Rockaway Point
j.Sandy Hook
(This isnot for navigation.)

The lists below includes features of thePort of New York and New Jerseywith a waterborne emphasis, starting with natural features. Where possible the list proceeds from the Lower Bay entrance approximately clockwise around the Harbor. The alternative sorting is by jurisdiction.

Official references are theNOAACoastal pilot,[14]NOAAnautical charts,[15]andUSGStopographic maps.[16] Many jurisdictional issues appear in U.S. law.[17]

Rivers and streams

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Bi-state

New Jersey

New York

Tidal straits

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Inter-state

New York

Bays, inlets and coves

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New York Bay

East River

Long Island Sound

Islands

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Bi-state

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New Jersey

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New York

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Land features

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New Jersey

New York

Banks and shoals

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Port facilities

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One of the many duties of thePort Authority of New York and New Jerseyis to develop trade interests in the New York-New Jersey area. The Port Authority operates most of the containerized port facilities listed here, and also collaborates with theArmy Corps of Engineersto maintain shipping channels in the harbor.

New Jersey(numerous privately operated bulk facilities, especially petroleum, are not listed)

New York

Lights and lighthouses

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For lists see[23]and.[24]Active unless noted.

New Jersey

New York

Waterfront jurisdictions

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Government and other agencies

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State, county, municipal

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New Jersey

New York

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Hudson-Raritan Estuary".National Geographic Society. 14 November 2016.Retrieved28 March2017.[dead link]
  2. ^"Urban Core".Retrieved28 March2017.
  3. ^http://www.harborestuary.org/watersweshare/pdfs/CRP/2_Existing_Conditions.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  4. ^NOAA Tides and Current web site FAQ page. Seediscussion of hydraulic currents.
  5. ^NYHOPS
  6. ^Muka, Samantha (August 11, 2015)."Building Beaches: Beach Nourishment in the United States".Retrieved10 April2017.New York State has the longest history of nourishment in the country. The first beach nourishment project was the construction and expansion of the shoreline off of Coney Island and Brighton Beach.
  7. ^Seabrook, John (July 22, 2013)."The Beach Builders".The New Yorker.Retrieved18 April2017.
  8. ^"NY District Coastal Storm Risk Reduction Projects and Studies Map".USACE.Retrieved19 April2017.
  9. ^Anderson, Jenny (May 18, 2013)."Rebuilding the Coastline, but at What Cost?".The New York Times.Retrieved19 April2017.
  10. ^Hudson=Raritan Estuary Comprehensive Restoration Plan(PDF)(Report). USACE. June 1, 2016.Retrieved19 April2017.
  11. ^New York New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Study(Report). USACE. 2022.
  12. ^Barnard, Anne (September 26, 2022)."A $52 Billion Proposal Aims to Protect New York Harbor From Storm Surges".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 29,2022.
  13. ^"62 FR 46142 - Simultaneous De-designation and Termination of the Mud Dump Site and Designation of the Historic Area Remediation Site".Retrieved28 March2017.
  14. ^Chapter 11,New York Harbor and Approaches,Coast Pilot 2,35th Edition, 2006,Office of Coast Survey,NOAA.
  15. ^NOAA nautical charts 12327New York Harbor(1:40,000 scale), 12324Sandy Hook to Little Egg, 12350Jamaica Bay and Rockaway Inlet, 12402, 12401New York Lower Bay, 12331Raritan Bay and southern part of Arthur Kill, 12332Raritan River, 12333Kill van Kull and northern part of Arthur Kill, 12334New York Harbor (Upper Bay and Narrows, 12337, 12335, 12338, 12341Archived2007-09-26 at theWayback Machine, 12339Archived2007-09-26 at theWayback Machine, 12366Archived2007-09-26 at theWayback MachineLong Island Sound and East River,found on pageNautical chartsAtlantic Coast charts onlineArchived2006-09-02 at theWayback Machine,Office of Coast Survey, NOAA.
  16. ^ USGS topographic maps, 1:24,000 scale, listed from west to east (in a row), then north to south:
    • Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Mamaroneck;
    • Orange, Weehawken, Central Park Flushing, Seacliff;
    • Elizabeth, Jersey City, Brooklyn, Jamaica, Lynbrook;
    • Perth Amboy, Arthur Kill The Narrows, Coney Island, Far Rockaway;
    • South Amboy, Keyport, Sandy Hook West, Sandy Hook East.
  17. ^Title 33. Navigation and Navigable WatersArchived2006-09-26 at theWayback MachineUSC. See Section 59.
  18. ^abcAll of the landfill portion of Ellis Island beyond its 1834 waterfront is in Hudson County, NJ. All water surrounding Liberty and Ellis Islands is in Hudson County.
  19. ^"Intent to Prepare a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the New York and New Jersey Harbor Navigation Study: Feasibility Phase".Federal Register Volume 63.Government Printing Office. March 24, 1998.Retrieved2014-08-31.
  20. ^Reports of Channel ConditionsArchived2008-10-29 at theWayback Machine,USACE, Nov. 2004: "Partial Anchorage Channel: Starts approximately 3,990 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2; Ends approximately 1,660 Ft. landward of Red Light & Bell #21. Authorized project: Width: 2000 ft, Length: 2.34 nmiles, Depth 45 ft.... Shoaling exists and begins approximately 2,230 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2 and proceeds landward with a length of approximately 600 Ft. and a width of approximately 60 Ft."
  21. ^Hearing Notice for Department of the Army Corps of Engineers,N.Y.S. Department of Environmental Conservation 21/1/2004.
  22. ^Simplified mapBayonne PeninsulaChap. 6, CPIP Toolkit, PANYNJ.
  23. ^Inventory of Historic Light Stations: New Jersey LighthousesandInventory of Historic Light Stations: New York LighthousesNPS lists.
  24. ^New York LighthousesandNew York LighthousesLighthouse Friends 2001-2005.
  25. ^Boundaries extend to mid-Hudson on the west, into the Upper Harbor south of Governors Island, to the far pierhead line of the East River, Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil. The exceptions are the additional areas ofMarble Hillsection included north of the Harlem River (bounded approximately by Johnson Avenue, West 230 Street) and Liberty and Ellis Islands to their original 1834 waterfront. River

40°31′00″N74°02′59″W/ 40.51667°N 74.04972°W/40.51667; -74.04972

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