George Gallup

For his son, seeGeorge Gallup Jr.

George Gallup
Born	George Horace Gallup (1901-11-18)November 18, 1901 Jefferson, Iowa,U.S.
Died	July 26, 1984(1984-07-26)(aged 82) Tschingel ob Gunten,Bernese Oberland,Switzerland
Alma mater	University of Iowa
Occupation	Statistician
Known for	Gallup poll

George Horace Gallup(November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of theGallup poll,astatistical methodofsurvey samplingfor measuringpublic opinion.

Life and career

George Gallup on a 2001 Romanian stamp

Grave in Princeton Cemetery

Gallup was born inJefferson, Iowa,the son of Nettie Quella (Davenport) and George Henry Gallup, a dairy farmer. As a teen, George Jr., known then as "Ted", would deliver milk and used his salary to start a newspaper at the high school, where he also played football. His higher education took place at theUniversity of Iowa,where he was a football player, a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of theSigma Alpha Epsilonfraternity, and editor ofThe Daily Iowan,an independent newspaper which serves the university campus. He earned his B.A. in 1923, his M.A. in 1925 and his Ph.D. in 1928.

He then moved toDes Moines, Iowa,where he served as head of the Department of Journalism atDrake Universityuntil 1931. That year, he moved toEvanston, Illinois,as a professor of journalism and advertising atNorthwestern University.The next year, he moved toNew York Cityto join the advertising agency of Young and Rubicam as director of research (later serving as vice president from 1937 to 1947). He was also a professor of journalism atColumbia University,but he had to give up this position shortly after he formed his own polling company, the American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll), in 1935.

Gallup is often credited as the developer of public polling. In 1932, Gallup did some polling for his mother-in-law,Ola Babcock Miller,a candidate who was a long shot from winning a position asIowa Secretary of State.With the Democratic landslide of that year, she won a stunning victory, furthering Gallup's interest in politics.

In 1936, his new organization achieved national recognition by correctly predicting, from the replies of only 50,000 respondents, thatFranklin Rooseveltwould defeatAlf Landonin the U.S. Presidential election. This was in direct contradiction to the widely-respectedLiterary Digestmagazine whose poll based on over two million returned questionnaires predicted that Landon would be the winner. Not only did Gallup get the election right, he correctly predicted the results of theLiterary Digestpoll, as well as using a random sample smaller than theirs but chosen to match it.

Twelve years later, his organization had its moment of greatest ignominy, when it predicted thatThomas Deweywould defeatHarry S. Trumanin the1948 election,by between 5% and 15%; Truman won the election by 4.5%. Gallup believed the error was mostly due to his decision to end polling three weeks before Election Day, thus failing to account for Truman's comeback.

In 1947, he launched theGallup International Association,an international association of polling organizations.With friends-cum-rivalsElmo RoperandArchibald Crossley,he was instrumental in the establishment of the Market Research Council, the National Council on Public Polls, and theAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research.In 1948, withClaude E. Robinson,he foundedGallup & Robinson,anadvertising researchcompany.

In 1958, Gallup grouped all of his polling operations under what becameThe Gallup Organization.

Gallup died in 1984 of aheart attackat his summer home inTschingel ob Gunten,a village in theBernese OberlandofSwitzerland.He was buried inPrinceton Cemetery.His wife died in 1988, and their son, writer and pollsterGeorge Gallup Jr.,died in 2011.

See also

• Approval rating
• The Gallup Organization
• Gallup & Robinson
• George H. Gallup House
• Gallup International Association

Pollsters

• Archibald Crossley
• Elmo Roper
• Mervin Field
• Louis Harris

Bibliography

• Cantril, Hadley.Gauging Public Opinion(1944)
• Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.Public Opinion, 1935–1946(1951)ArchivedJuly 28, 2012, at theWayback Machine,massive compilation of many public opinion polls from US, UK, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere.online
• Converse, Jean M.Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890–1960(1987), the standard history
• Doktorov, Boris Z. "George Gallup: Biography and Destiny". Moscow: (2011)
• Foley, Ryan J.,Gallup Papers Give Glimpse into US Polling History,Associated Press (2012)ArchivedAugust 31, 2013, at theWayback Machine
• Gallup, George.Public Opinion in a Democracy(1939)
• Gallup, George, andEvan Hiill.The Secrets of Long Life(Geis Associates/Random House, 1960).
• Gallup, Alec M. ed.The Gallup Poll Cumulative Index: Public Opinion, 1935–1997(1999) lists 10,000+ questions, but no results
• Gallup, George Horace, ed.The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–19713 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll.
• Hawbaker, Becky Wilson. "Taking 'the Pulse of Democracy': George Gallup, Iowa, and the Origin of the Gallup Poll". The Palimpsest 74(3) 98–118. Description of Gallup's Iowa years and their impact on his development.
• Lavrakas, Paul J. et al. eds.Presidential Polls and the News Media(1995)
• Moore, David W.The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America(1995)
• Ohmer, Susan (2006).George Gallup in Hollywood.Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-12133-0.
• Rogers, Lindsay.The Pollsters: Public Opinion, Politics, and Democratic Leadership(1949)
• Traugott, Michael W.The Voter's Guide to Election Polls3rd ed. (2004)
• Young, Michael L.Dictionary of Polling: The Language of Contemporary Opinion Research(1992)ArchivedApril 20, 2010, at theWayback Machine

External links

• The Gallup Legacy, from Gallup & Robinson website
• "Opinion: The Black & White Beans".Time.May 3, 1948.