George of Poděbrady

George of Poděbrady
Jiří of Poděbrady as depicted in 1607
King of Bohemia
Reign	2 March 1458 – 22 March 1471
Coronation	2 March 1458,Prague
Predecessor	Ladislaus the Posthumous
Successor	Vladislaus II
Born	(1420-04-23)23 April 1420 probably atPoděbrady Castle
Died	22 March 1471(1471-03-22)(aged 50) Prague
Spouses	Kunigunde of Sternberg Johana of Rožmitál
House	Poděbrady
Father	Victor of Munsterberg
Religion	UtraquistHussite

George of Kunštát and Poděbrady(23 April 1420 – 22 March 1471), also known asPoděbradorPodiebrad(Czech:Jiří z Poděbrad;German:Georg von Podiebrad), was the sixteenthKing of Bohemia,who ruled in 1458–1471. He was a leader of theHussites,but moderate and tolerant toward theCatholic faith.His rule was marked by great efforts to preserve peace and tolerance between the Hussites and Catholics in the religiously dividedCrown of Bohemia– hence his contemporary nicknames: "King of two peoples" (Czech:král dvojího lidu) and "Friend of peace" (přítel míru).

During the 19th century, in period of the so-calledCzech National Revival,he began to be praised (even somewhat idealized) as the lastCzechnational monarch (in terms of ethnic awareness), a great diplomat and a courageous fighter against the domination of the Catholic Church. In modern times he is remembered mainly for his idea and attempt to establish common European Christian institutions, which is now seen as an early historical vision of European unity.

Early life

George was the son ofVictor of Kunštát and Poděbrady,a Bohemian nobleman whose ancestors were ofMoravianorigin, one of the leaders of more moderate faction (calledUtraquists) of theHussitesduring theHussite Wars.George's mother is not known by name and it is likely that George was born out of wedlock; during his life he repeatedly heard ridicule from his enemies about his origin.

At the age of fourteen, George himself took part in theBattle of Lipany(1434), which marked the downfall of more radical Hussite factions (TaboritesandOrebites) and the end of revolutionary phase of the Hussite movement. By that time he was already orphaned, as his father had died in 1427.

Early in life, as one of the leaders of the Hussite party, he defeated Austrian troops of KingAlbert II,who had succeeded KingSigismundas King of Bohemia,GermanyandHungary.George soon became a prominent member of the Hussite party after the death ofHynce Ptáček of Pirkstein,its leader.

King Albert was succeeded by his posthumously born sonLadislaus,during whose reign Bohemia sharply divided into two parties: the party faithful to Rome, led by powerful "viceroy"Oldřich II of Rosenberg,and the Hussite party, led by George.

After various attempts at reconciliation, George sought a military decision. He gradually raised an armed force in north-eastern Bohemia, where the Hussites were strong and where his ancestralLitice Castlewas situated. In 1448, he marched this army, about 9000 strong, fromKutná HoratoPrague,and obtained possession of the capital almost without resistance.

Civil war broke out, but George succeeded in defeating the nobles who remained faithful to Rome. In 1451 the EmperorFrederick III,as guardian of the young king Ladislaus, entrusted Poděbrad with the administration of Bohemia. In the same year adietassembled at Prague also confirmed the regency on George.

Ruler of Bohemia

George of Poděbrady, "King of Two Peoples": Treaties Are to Be Observed.(1923) A painting byAlfons Mucha,part of his monumental cycleThe Slav Epic,depicts papalnuncioFantinus de Valle reminding to king his coronation promise to bring Bohemia "back to the womb of the true Church" and exterminate "heretics" (i.e. Utraquists / Hussites), while the king passionately objects that he isn't a heretic but maintain faithfulness to the faith – "according to his conscience"

The struggle of the Hussites against the papal party continued uninterruptedly, and the position of George became a very difficult one when the young king Ladislaus, who was crowned in 1453, expressed his pro-Roman sympathies, though he had recognized the compacts and the ancient privileges of Bohemia. In 1457 King Ladislaus died suddenly and some voices accused George of having poisoned him.However, research in 1985 provedacute leukemiaas the cause of death.

On 2 March 1458 theestatesof Bohemia unanimously chose George as king. Even the adherents of the papal party voted for him, some in honour of his moderate policies, some out of deference to popular feeling, which opposed the election of a foreign ruler.

George attempted to rule in a moderate manner based on theCompacta of Prague.He won the loyalty of some Catholics, but had to contend with the opposition ofPope Pius II,which proved one of the most serious obstacles to his rule. Pius declared the Compacta null and void in 1462 and wished George to consent to this. George rejected this demand but endeavoured to curry favour with the Papal See by punishing the more extreme Hussites (Taborites) or members of then newly foundedUnitas Fratrumchurch.

Message of peace

Plaque inCape Finisterrecommemorating the peace mission of George of Podebrady and the travel ofJaroslav Lev of Rožmitál

George attempted to secure peace with Rome by a radical suggestion, which some consider to have been a proposal before its time of a European Union.He proposed a treaty among all Christian powers, withHungary,Poland,Bohemia,Bavaria,Brandenburg,Saxony,France,BurgundyandItalian statesand its princes the founding members, but others, especially the Hispanic powers, joining later. The member states would pledge to settle all differences by exclusively peaceful means. There was to be a common parliament and other common institutions. George couched the proposal in Christian terms ( "Europe" is not explicitly mentioned) as a way to stop the "abominableTurk",who hadconquered Constantinoplein 1453.

He sent his brother-in-lawJaroslav Lev of Rožmitálon a tour of European courts with a draft treaty ofthe message of peaceto promote the idea. George hoped that the treaty would come into effect in 1464. It is seen as one of historical visions of European unity foreshadowing theEuropean Union.

That did not happen. All George's endeavours to establish peace with Rome proved ineffectual, but Pius II's plan of a crusade against Bohemia remained unexecuted. After Pius' death in 1464, George attempted to negotiate with the new pope,Paul II,who proved to be an equally determined opponent.

Struggle with internal opposition and antiking

George made enemies among the nobles of the papal party, who assembled at Zelená Hora (Grüneberg) on 28 November 1465 to voice their grievances and conclude an alliance against the king. The alliance was from the outset supported by Paul II, who, on 23 December 1466, excommunicated George and pronounced his deposition as king of Bohemia, which released all subjects of the Bohemian crown from their oaths of allegiance to George. Emperor Frederick III and Hungarian KingMatthias Corvinus,George's former ally, joined the insurgent Bohemian nobles, starting theBohemian War.Matthias conquered a large part ofMoravia,and was crowned by the papal party in the Moravian ecclesiastical metropolisOlomoucas king of Bohemia on 3 May 1469.

George was successful against Matthias but, contrary to the wishes of his followers, came to an agreement with the Hungarian king in 1470.

His followers choseVladislaus II,the son of the Polish king, as his successor to continue the fight against Matthias.

Legacy

The largeJiřího z Poděbrad SquareinPrague 3with the nearbyeponymous metro stationare named after him. Other squares named after him are inOstrava,Hořice,Toužim,Řevnice,KunštátorNový Knín.

In 1896, an equestrian statue of King George, sculpted byBohuslav Schnirchwas erected inPoděbrady.

DuringWorld War I,early in 1917, the 2nd Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment of theCzechoslovak Legionswas formed in Russia and named after King George.

Marriages and children

In 1440 he marriedKunigunde of Sternberg;they had the following children:

1. Boček(15 July 1442 – 28 September 1496)
2. Victor(29 May 1443 – 30 August 1500), Imperial prince, Duke ofMunsterbergandOpavaandCount of Kladsko.Married to 1. Margaret Ptáček; 2. Sophie ofSilesian Piasts;3. Helen Margaret Palaiologina, daughter ofJohn IV, Marquess of Montferrat.
3. Barbara (1446–1469), married firstly to Henry of Lipá, and secondly to John of Ronov
4. Henry the Elder(1448–1498), marriedUrsula of Brandenburg,daughter ofAlbert III, Margrave of Brandenburg
5. Katharina(11 November 1449 – 8 March 1464), twin of Sidonie, marriedMatthias Corvinus of Hungary,however died young
6. Sidonie(11 November 1449 – 1 February 1510), twin of Katharina, called Zdeňka, marriedAlbert III, Duke of Saxony

After Kunigunde died in 1449, he marriedJohanna of Rožmitálin 1450, they had the following children:

1. Henry the Younger(18 May 1452 – 1 July 1492) married Catherine, daughter ofWilliam III, Duke of Saxony
2. Frederick (1453–1458)
3. Agnes?, believed to have married in Wallachia
4. Ludmila(16 October 1456 – 20 January 1503), marriedFrederick I of Liegnitz

See also

• Gregory of Heimburg

Further reading

• Claus Bernet (2003). "Podiebrad, Georg von". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)(in German). Vol. 21. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 1183–1203.ISBN3-88309-110-3.
• Colette Beaune:Chrétienté et Europe: le projet de Georges de Podiebrad au xve siècle,in:Chrétiens et sociétés,vol. 1, 1994,uploaded 8 July 2008(in French).
• Frederik Dhondt, “Treaty on the Establishment of Peace Throughout Christendom (1464)”. In: Hélène Ruiz Fabri (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law (Oxford: OUP, 2021),https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law-mpeipro/e3721.013.3721/law-mpeipro-e3721
• Frederick G. Heymann.George of Bohemia. King of Heretics.Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1965.
• Otakar Odložilík.The Hussite King. Bohemia in European Affairs 1440–1471.New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1965.
• Anthony D. Smith. "National Identity and the Idea of European Unity" International Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Jan. 1992), pp. 55–76
• Macek, Josef(1967).Jiří z Poděbrad[George of Podiebrad] (in Czech). Prague: Svobodné slovo.