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Ghanaians

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Ghanaians
Total population
c. 34million
Regions with significant populations
Nigeria500,000 (2021)[1]
United States116,807 (2011)[n1][2]
United Kingdom113,000+ (2021)[n1][3]
Ivory Coast111,024
Italy50,414 (2015)[n1][4][5][6]
Netherlands40,000 (2003)[n1][5][7]
Canada35,495 (2016)[n1][5][8]
Germany39,270 (2020)[n1][9]
Spain12,699 (2007)[n1][10]
Lebanon10,297 (2013)[n1][11]
France10,000 (2007)[n1][12]
South Africa10,000 (2010)[n1][13][failed verification]
Belgium5,600 (2015)[n1]
Australia3,866 (2011)[n1][14]
Israel3,000 (2003)[n1][15]
Norway2,424 (2014)[n1][16]
Japan2,000[17]
Finland2,135 (2017)[n1][18]
Senegal2,000[17]
Sweden1,754 (2009)[n1][19]
Denmark1,600 (2015)[n1][20]
Cuba533 (2011)[n1][21]
Turkey500 (2012)[n1]
New Zealand277 (2007)[n1][22]
Russia200 (2011)[n1][23]
Brazil442,189 (2013)[n1][24]
United Arab Emirates300
Togo47,000[17]
Benin16,000[17]
Liberia8,000[17]
Mali6,000[17]
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups
^[n1]Ghanaian citizensorGhanaian cardnationals.
Gold Coast

TheGhanaian peopleare a nation originating in theGhanaian Gold Coast.[29]Ghanaians predominantly inhabit the Republic ofGhanaand are the predominant cultural group and residents of Ghana, numbering 34 million people as of 2024, making up 85% of the population.[27][30]The word "Ghana" means "warrior king".[31]An estimateddiasporapopulation of 4 million people worldwide are of Ghanaian descent.[32]The term ethnic Ghanaian may also be used in some contexts to refer to a group of related ethnic groups native to the Gold Coast.[33]

History

[edit]
Part ofa serieson the
History ofGhana
Black Star of Africa
Timeline
By topic
mapAfrica portal
See also:Akans,Gold Coast,andEarly history of Ghana

Theethnogenesisof Ghanaians is traced back tonomadicmigration fromNubiaalong theSaharadesert then south to the Gold Coast, and the Ghanaian ethnogenesis taking place on the GhanaianGold Coast regionfrom the 10th to 16th century AD.[34]Early Ghanaians were involved in a lucrative trade with gold bars and other natural minerals to thePortuguesein 1471; these Ghanaian states were among the wealthiest on the African continent from the 17th century onwards, following successful further expansion of lucrative Ghanaian gold bars trading to theDutch,PrussianandScandinaviansfrom the 16th century through to the 20th century.[35]

Early Ghanaians established a number of powerful kingdoms and empires from the 10th to 17th century, some of which became great powers in the west African region.[35]By 1902, the kingdoms had been annexed by theUnited Kingdomto theGold Coast colonyfollowing a series of Anglo-Ghanaian conflicts in the 19th century.[35]Ghanaians gained their independence fromBritish colonialrule in 1957, and renamed theirsovereign state"Ghana (Warrior King)" because the various Ghanaian kingdoms were a warrior-based society according to contemporary and historical historiography.[36]The Republic of Ghana was thefirst African countryto gain independence from European colonial rule.[37]

Demographics and genetics

[edit]
Main article:Demographics of Ghana

More than 90% of the Ghanaian citizens in Ghana live inurban areas—a figure higher than the world average. The rate of Ghana's population growth is at the world average.[25]Most Ghanaians move to urban areas seeking well-paid jobs. Ghanaians have high level of education in science,technology,mathematics and vocational studies. However, the rural areas have large productivity in agricultural produce.

According to a 2005Y-DNAstudy, indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana carry 61%E1b1a.[38][nb 1]Indigenous Ghanaians also belong topaternal lineagesat 2.2%E1a.[38]Indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana are 1.1%E1b1bcladebearers, ahaplogroupthat is most common inNorth Africaand theHorn of Africa.West EurasianhaplogroupR1bis present in 1.1% of the population.[38]

National identity and citizenship

[edit]

The inhabitants of Ghana possessingGhanaian passportsare 20 million persons, including an additional 3‒4 million persons abroad. Ghana has a diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples who have populated the region from ancient times to the present, with the historic amalgam of the main groups forming the basis of Ghana's current demographics.Native West Africansmake up 98% of the population.[39][40][41]There is also a new population ofAsians,Middle Easterners,Europeansand other recentimmigrants.[citation needed]

To obtainGhanaian nationality,one must benaturalizedafter seven years ofGhana Cardpermanent residency.[citation needed]TheAsians,Middle Easterners andEuropeanswho have lived in Ghana for most of their lives have acquired Ghanaian citizenship, which is granted without any discrimination.[citation needed]Two thirds, or 67%, of Ghanaians speak English.[25][42]There are more than 100 ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language.[43]However, languages that belong to the same ethnic group are usually mutually intelligible. There are ninelanguage family groupsand 11 languages from these groups are officially sponsored by the government:Akuapem Twi,Asante Twi,Ewe,Fante,Ga,Dangme,Dagbani,Nzema,ahanta language(ahantas)Dagaare,GonjaandKasena.[44]

During the colonial era, a number of Europeans intermarried with Africans and had offspring, who include such notable Gold Coasters asCarel Hendrik BartelsandJames Bannerman.Most European settlers left the Gold Coast after it won independence. Currently, the most significant immigrant populations in Ghana are Africans from other countries on the continent, Asians (IndiansandChinese), some of them Europeans (Britons,Portuguese,Dutch,French,Italians,Latin Americans, Poles,Scandinavians,andGermans), and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese and Syrians.

Nationalism, independence and transformation to republic

[edit]
See also:Ghanaian Nationalism in Gold Coast,Ghanaian Aborigines' Rights Protection Society,andGhana
Universal Newsreelabout the independence of Ghana in 1957.

The Ghanaiannationalismwas suspended by theGhanaian governmentduring the time ofWorld War II,but was resumed in 1945.[45]The Ghanaians allied with theAlliesin World War II.[45]TheFifth Pan-African Congressheld in October 1945, served to form the support for theliberalizationof Ghanaian colonial domination on 4 August 1947.[45][46]On 12 June 1949,Kwame Nkrumah,formed the first governing party in the history of the Gold Coast, which refused to cooperate with the colonial authorities and which led to the achievement of Ghanaian independence and the opposition to the1951 Constitution,in which Nkrumah was incarcerated together with his collaborators.[46]

On 8 February 1951, the first elections in the history of the Gold Coast were held; Nkrumah's win was confirmed on 12 February 1951.[46]Ghanaian nationalism was initiated in organisation with the Ghanaiannationlistmovement, theBig Sixand through theGold Coast Aborigines' Rights Protection Society;then strikes and mass riots were formed on the streets of the Gold Coast by its natives for Gold Coast independence, the colonial governor at the time, theEarl of Listowel,proclaimed Gold Coast's independence on 6 March 1957.[47]Nkrumah became the firstprime minister.[48]On 1 July 1960, Nkrumah drew up the firstConstitution of Ghana;the British monarch ceased to behead of state,and Ghana became arepublic.[48]

Population

[edit]
See also:Settlements in Ghana (by population)

Approximately 5 % of Ghanaiancitizenslive in rural areas and 95 % in urban areas. The rate of urbanization estimated for the period 2010–2015 is 4 % per annum,[49]one of the highest amongdeveloping countries.

Region (2010)[25] Region population Area (km2)[25] City (2010)[50] City population Administrative divisions of Ghana
Ashanti Region 4,780,380 24,389 Kumasi 1,989,062
Administrative Divisions of Ghana.
Administrative Divisions of Ghana.
Brong-Ahafo Region 2,310,983 39,557
Sunyani 87,642
Central Region 2,201,863 9,826
Cape Coast 217,032
Eastern Region 2,633,154 19,323
Koforidua 127,334
Greater Accra Region 4,010,054 3,245 Accra 2,291,352
Northern Region 2,479,461 70,384
Tamale 537,986
Upper East Region 1,046,545 8,842
Bolgatanga 66,68
Upper West Region 702,110 18,476 Wa 102,446
Volta Region 2,118,252 20,570
Ho 96,213
Western Region 2,376,021 23,921
Sekondi-Takoradi 445,205
TotalGhanaGhana 24,658,823 238,533

Subgroups

[edit]

Ghanaian Arabs

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian Arabs

Ghanaian Arabs are Ghanaians andcitizensofAraborigin or descent. Ghanaian Arabs are mainly fromLebanon,SyriaandArab Maghreb.Ghana has the largest Arab population in western Africa.

Ghanaian Indians

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian Indian

Ghanaian Indians are Ghanaians and citizens ofIndianorigin or descent. Many Ghanaian Indians are descendants of those who migrated fromIndiafollowingIndia's partitionin 1947.[51]

White Ghanaians

[edit]

White Ghanaians areGhanaiancitizens mostly ofBritishorigin or descent. Some White Ghanaians are born ofDutch,French,German,Italian,Latin American(includingCentral American,Caribbean,andSouth American),Polish,Portuguese,orScandinavian(includingDanish,Norwegian,andSwedish) origin or descent. They make up 3% of the population.

Diaspora

[edit]

There are 3–4 million Ghanaians in thediaspora.[32]

Ghanaian Australians

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian Australian

Ghanaian Australians aredual citizenswith Australia and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent. More than 50% of all Ghanaian-born Australians live inSydney,New South Wales.[52]

Ghanaian Americans

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian Americans

Ghanaian Americans are dual citizens with America and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian Canadians

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian Canadians

Ghanaian Canadians aredual citizenswith Canada and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian British

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian British

Ghanaian British are dual citizens with Britain and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian New Zealanders

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian New Zealanders

Ghanaian New Zealanders are dual citizens with New Zealand and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian Nigerians

[edit]

An estimated 45,000 people of Ghanaian descent reside in Nigeria.

Ghanaian South Africans

[edit]
Main article:Ghanaian South Africans

Ghanaian South Africans are dual citizens with South Africa and residents of Ghanaian origin and descent.

Ghanaian Surinamese and Guyanese

[edit]
Main articles:Ndyuka people,Afro-Surinamese,andAfro-Guyanese

Ndyuka (also spelled "Djuka" ) or Aukan or Okanisi sama, are a GhanaianAkansubgroup who live in EasternSurinameand west ofFrench Guianaand speak theNdyuka language,a sub-language of theAkan language.They were shipped as imported labourers slaves from theGold Coast(modern-day Ghana) to Suriname about 300 years ago to work on Dutch-owned plantations. Ndyukas or Aukans are subdivided into theOpu,who live upstream of theTapanahony Riverof southeastern Suriname, and theBilo,who live downstream of that river. They further subdivide themselves into 14matrilinearkinship groups calledlo.

Culture

[edit]
Part ofa serieson the
Culture of Ghana
History
People
Languages
Traditions
Mythology
Cuisine
Festivals
Religion
Art
Literature
Writers
Music
Media
Sport
Monuments
Symbols
See also:Social conduct in Ghana,Culture of Ghana,Ghanaian name,Ghana's material cultural heritage,andGhanaian museums

Ghana's cultural diversity is most evident in cuisine, arts, literature, heritage, music, dance, clothing, and sports.[53][54]

Kenteis a Ghanaian ceremonial cloth traditionally used as the national costume. Kente is hand-woven on a horizontaltreadle loomin strips measuring about 4 inches wide, which are sewn together into larger pieces of cloth. Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs, which have different meanings, and are worn on important social occasions.[53]During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their unique art ofadinkraprinting.

Notable Ghanaian authors include novelistsAyi Kwei Armah(The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born),Ama Ata Aidoo(Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint) andJ. E. Casely Hayford,author ofOsiris Rising.In addition to novels, other literary genres such as theatre and poetry have been well developed at a national level.

Ghanaian musicincorporates several distinct types of instruments, includingtalking drums,theatentebenand koloko lute, the atumpan, and logxylophonesused in asonko music. The most well-known genre to come from Ghana ishighlife.[55]Highlife originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the 1990s, a new genre of music,hiplife,was created through the combination of highlife, Afro-reggae,dancehallandhip hop.[56]Hiplife is the most popular Ghanaian music,[57]followed by the other genre of Ghanaian music,highlife.[58]Ghanaian dance is globally well known and performed worldwide.[56]The dances are varied and may involve complex and co-ordinated movement of the arms, torso, hips, feet and head, performed to different Ghanaian music forms for entertainment, celebrating at festivals, and other occasions. Some popular dances include Adowa andAzonto.[59]Other traditional dances from Ghana areKpanlogo,Klama and Bamaya.[59]

Sports in Ghanais dominated by association football represented by theGhana Premier Leagueand theGhana national football team.[60] The rich culture in Ghana led to the annual festival held at the capital region, Greater Accra at the James Town township which is celebrated along with the Homowo festival. This new festival calledChale Wote[61]has caught the eyes of many who seek to experience the true Ghanaian culture and festival for themselves.

Women

[edit]
Further information:Women's Manifesto for Ghana,Women in Ghana,andEducation in Ghana
Ghanaian girl in traditionalkente clothingandnational costume.

In Ghanaian societypolygyny– marriages in which men are permitted to have more than one wife at the same time[62]– has been traditionally practised, especially among well-to-do Ghanaian men.[62]Amongmatrilinealgroups, such as theAkan,married women continued to reside at their maternal homes.[62]Meals prepared by the wife would be carried to the husband at his maternal house.[62]In polygynous situations, visitation schedules would be arranged.[62]The separate living patterns reinforced the idea that each spouse is subject to the authority of a different household head, and because spouses are always members of different lineages, each is ultimately subject to the authority of the senior men of his or her lineage.[62]The wife, as an outsider in the husband's family, would not inherit any of his property, other than that granted to her by her husband as gifts in token appreciation of years of devotion.[62]The children from this matrilineal marriage would be expected to inherit from their mother's family.[62]Today, the percentage of women in polygynous marriages in Ghana's rural areas (23.9%) is almost double that of women in Ghana's urban areas (12.4%).[63]The age group with the most women in polygynous marriages is 45–49, followed by the 15–19 age group and the 40–44 group.[63]Rates of polygynous marriages decrease as education level and wealth level increase.[63]

During 2008–2012, the national literacy rate for women aged 15–24 was 83.2%, only slightly lower than that for males of the same age group (88.3%).[64]However, literacy rates fluctuate across Ghana country and socioeconomic statuses.[63][64]Byregions of Ghana,literacy rates for females range from 44% to 81%.[63]Women living at the highest socioeconomic status exhibit the highest literacy rates at 85%, while only 31% of women living at the lowest socioeconomic status are literate.[63]Over the timespan of 2008–12, there were 4% more females enrolled inpreschoolthan males.[64]Net enrolment and attendance ratios forprimary schoolwere both about the same for males and females, net enrollment standing at about 84% and net attendance at about 73 %.[64]Enrolment insecondary schoolfor females was slightly lower than for males (44.4% vs. 48.1%), but female attendance was higher by about the same difference (39.7% vs. 43.6%).[64]

As of 2011, women made up 66.9% of economically active population in Ghana.[65]Within the informal sector, women usually work in personal services.[65]There are distinct differences in artisan apprenticeships offered to women and men, as well.[65]Men are offered a much wider range of apprenticeships, such as carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, mechanics, painters, repairers of electrical andelectronic appliances,upholsters, metal workers, car sprayers, etc.[65]In contrast, most female artisans are involved in either hairdressing or dressmaking.[65]Women generally experience a disparity in earnings, receiving a daily average of 6,280 cedis compared to 8,560 cedis received by men, according to the Ghana Living Standards Survey.[65]Women are flourishing in teaching professions.[62]

Ghana Armed Forces(GAF) Military FemaleSergeantat a GAF military exercise, 2013 in Ghana.

Early 1990s' data showed that about 19 % of the instructional staff at the nation's three universities in 1990 was female.[62]Of the teaching staff in specialized and diploma-granting institutions, 20% was female; elsewhere, corresponding figures were 21% at secondary-school level; 23% at middle-school level, and as high as 42% at primary-school level.[62]Women also dominated the secretarial and nursing professions in Ghana.[62]When women were employed in the same line of work as men, they were paid equal wages, and they were granted maternity leave with pay.[62]However, women inresearchprofessions report experiencing more difficulties than men in the same field, which can be linked to restricted professional networks for women because of lingering traditional familial roles.[66]

Feminist organizing has increased in Ghana as women seek to obtain a stronger role in the nation's democratic government.[67]In 2004, a coalition of women created theWomen's Manifesto for Ghana,a document that demands economic and political equality as well as reproductive health care and other rights.[67]The National Council for Women and Development (NCWD) is fervent in its stance that the social and economic well-being of women, who compose slightly more than half of the nation's population, cannot be taken for granted.[62]The Council sponsored a number of studies on women's work, education, and training, and on family issues that are relevant in the design and execution of policies for the improvement of the condition of women.[62]Among these considerations the NCWD stressed family planning, child care, and female education as paramount.[62][68]

In 2007, the government of Ghana took legal proceedings to prosecute men who abuse their women.[69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

Republic of Ghana (1957–present)

[edit]
President of the Republic of Ghana and Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces:Nkrumah,Rawlings,Kufuor,MillsandMahama.

In 1966, Nkrumah was deposed, after which Ghana entered a period of military rule. On 31 December 1981, the regime led byFlight lieutenantJerry John Rawlingsinstalled theProvisional National Defence Council(PNDC), of which he became chairman. In 1992, Rawlings retired from the military and set up theNational Democratic Congress(NDC), and was subsequently elected for two terms as president.

In 2002,John Agyekum Kufuorsucceeded Rawlings asGhanaian head of stateuntil the year 2008. Kufuor was replaced as Ghanaian head of state byJohn Atta Millsuntil 2012.[77]In 2013,John Dramani Mahamasucceeded Mills as the Republic of Ghana President and Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces.[77]

On 7 January 2017,Nana Akufo-Addotook office as President.[78]

See also

[edit]

References and notes

[edit]
  1. ^The Consul-General of Ghana in Lagos, Mr. Maxwell Awiaya, on Wednesday, disclosed that there are about 500,000 Ghanaians currently living in different Nigerian cities and communities.[1]
  2. ^See:Ghanaian American– TheUnited States'sUnited States Census Bureaureported in 2010 that 91,322 Americans were citizens or nationals of Ghana.United States Census Bureau(2011)."People Reporting Ancestry, 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, United States Census Bureau".United States Census.census.gov. Archived fromthe originalon 12 February 2020.Retrieved28 September2014.,"Place of Birth For The Foreign-Born Population In The United States, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates".United States Census Bureau.Retrieved28 September2014.[dead link]
  3. ^See:Ghanaians in the United Kingdom– TheUnited Kingdoms'sOffice for National Statistics(ONS) reported in 2009 that 93,000 Britons were citizens or nationals of Ghana.Office for National Statistics(September 2009),"Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3)",2009 United Kingdom Census,census.gov, archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2013,retrieved21 June2012
  4. ^See:Ghanaian people in Italy– TheItaly'sNational Institute of Statistics (Italy)reported in 2010 that 46,980 Italians were citizens or nationals of Ghana.National Institute of Statistics (Italy)(2010),"National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT)",2010 Italy Census,istat.it,retrieved21 June2012
  5. ^abcBump, Micah (2006)."Ghana: Searching for Opportunities at Home and Abroad".Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University.migrationinformation.org.Retrieved21 June2012.
  6. ^"Comuni Italiani".Comuni(in Italian). 11 January 2012.Retrieved22 June2012.
  7. ^Statistics Netherlandsreported in 2003 that 40,000 Dutch people were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See:Statistics Netherlands(2003)."Bevolking, publicaties en artikelen".Netherlands 2003 Census.cbs.nl. Archived fromthe originalon 7 June 2012.Retrieved21 June2012.
  8. ^Statistics Canadareported in 2006 that 23,225 Canadians were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See:Statistics Canada(2006)."Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories".Canada 2006 Census.statcan.ca. Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2013.Retrieved21 June2012.
  9. ^"Ausländische Bevölkerung Ergebnisse des Ausländerzentralregisters"(pdf)(in German). Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). 12 April 2021. p. 27: 3 Ausländische Bevölkerung 2013 bis 2020 nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geschlech – Ghana.Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 November 2021.Retrieved21 January2022.p27 Ghana 39270 (2020); p29 Ghana 29590 (2015)(underAusländische Bevölkerung - Fachserie 1 Reihe 2 - 2020)
  10. ^See:Immigration to Spain."Datos – Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics)".Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)(in Spanish). 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 6 December 2006.Retrieved21 June2012.
  11. ^Lee, Hayeon (3 October 2009)."African men in Lebanon".nowlebanon.com. Archived fromthe originalon 1 February 2012.Retrieved26 June2012.
  12. ^See:Ghanaians in France."Raveil de l'ethnicit"(PDF).hal.archives-ouvertes.fr(in French).Hyper Articles en Ligne.Retrieved21 June2013.
  13. ^"New money transfer facility for Ghanaians in SA".Bizcommunity.com. 25 January 2010.Retrieved10 July2013.
  14. ^TheAustralian Bureau of Statisticsreported in 2006 that 2,770 Australians were citizens or nationals of Ghana. See:
    Australian Bureau of Statistics(27 June 2007),"Community Information Summary – Ghana-born"(PDF),2006 Australian Census,immi.gov.au, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 12 February 2014,retrieved21 June2012
  15. ^Sinai, Ruth (30 September 2003)."For these Ghanaians, Israel became a home they don't want to leave".Haaretz.Retrieved23 March2023.
  16. ^Statistics Norway (SSB)(1 January 2010),"Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background",2010 Norwegian Census,ssb.no,retrieved26 June2012
  17. ^abcdef"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination".
  18. ^"Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Alue, Taustamaa, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot".Archived fromthe originalon 12 February 2019.Retrieved12 August2018.
  19. ^"Tabeller över Sveriges befolkning 2009"[Tables on the population in Sweden 2009](PDF).Tabeller Över Sveriges Befolkning(in Swedish). Örebro: Statistiska centralbyrån: 20–27. June 2010.ISSN1654-4358.
  20. ^"StatBank Denmark".statbank.dk.
  21. ^Ghana News Agency (GNA)(23 October 2011),Ghana Signs MOU to train 250 medical personnel in Cuba-Veep,ghananewsagency.org,retrieved26 June2012
  22. ^"Immigration and Ethnicity in the Auckland region".Statistics New Zealand,27 December 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  23. ^Govt Ghanaian in Russia[permanent dead link].peacefmonline,6 December 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  24. ^Hirsch, Afua(31 January 2013)."Ghana opens its arms to diaspora in Brazil and beyond".The Guardian.London.Retrieved31 January2013.
  25. ^abcdefg"Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census"(PDF).Ghana Statistics Service.Government of Ghana. 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 September 2013.Retrieved25 April2013.
  26. ^"CIA WORLD FACTBOOK - Report".Retrieved12 August2013.,"2010 Population and Housing Census"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 September 2013.Retrieved12 August2013.
  27. ^ab"Facts About Ghana".Touringghana.com.Ministry of Tourism (Ghana).2014. Archived fromthe originalon 11 November 2014.Retrieved21 July2014.
  28. ^"Digital 2024: Ghana".23 February 2024.
  29. ^"Ghana: History | The Commonwealth".thecommonwealth.org.Archived fromthe originalon 27 September 2019.Retrieved23 May2020.
  30. ^"A Journey Through Islam: Muslims have come up well in Ghana".arabnews.com.Arab News.1 March 2013.Retrieved21 July2014.
  31. ^"Ghana | Etymology, origin and meaning of the name ghana".Etymonline.
  32. ^ab"Jamaica National launches new Ghana money transfer brand".The Jamaica Observer.16 September 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 26 September 2011.Retrieved20 February2012.
  33. ^"The people of Ghana",niica.on.ca,archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2013,retrieved27 April2013
  34. ^Cohen, Robin(1995).The Cambridge Survey of World Migration.Cambridge University Press.p.197.ISBN978-052-1-4440-57.Akan migration.Wickens, Gerald E; Lowe, Pat (2008).The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia.Springer Science+Business Media.2008. p. 360.ISBN978-1-4020-6431-9.
  35. ^abcChronology of world history: a calendar of principal events from 3000 BC to AD 1973, Part 1973.
  36. ^"Etymology of Ghana".Douglas Harper.Retrieved27 April2013.
  37. ^Video: A New Nation. Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957).Universal Newsreel.1957.Retrieved27 April2013.,"First For Sub-Saharan Africa".BBC.Retrieved27 April2013.,"Exploring Africa".exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu. Archived fromthe originalon 2 June 2013.Retrieved27 April2013.
  38. ^abcWood, Elizabeth T., et al., 2005.Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processesArchived27 December 2010 at theWayback Machine;alsoAppendix A
  39. ^"Ghana Embassy – Population".Ghana Embassy. Archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2015.Retrieved13 April2014.
  40. ^"Ghana Demographics Profile 2013".Indexmundi.Retrieved13 April2014.
  41. ^"General Information – Key Figures".GhanaWeb.Retrieved13 April2014.
  42. ^"Welcome".Government of Ghana. 2013.Retrieved8 June2014.The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language. It is being widely used in business, law, and government documents, as well being taught throughout schools as a medium of instruction. For the official percentage of English-language speakers in Ghana seeList of countries by English-speaking population
  43. ^Abdulai, Alhaji Ibrahim; John M. Chernoff (1992)."Master Drummers of Dagbon, Volumes 1 and 2".Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.Retrieved8 December2013.
  44. ^"Regions in Ghana",ghanahighcommissionuk.com,archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2011,retrieved26 June2012
  45. ^abc"Nationalism and Independence".Ghana50.Archived fromthe originalon 23 November 2010.Retrieved27 April2013.
  46. ^abc"Nationalism and IndependenceParte 2".Ghana50.Retrieved27 April2013.[permanent dead link]
  47. ^"History of Ghana".Ghana50.Archived fromthe originalon 1 January 2012.Retrieved27 April2013.
  48. ^ab"Post-Independence Ghana".Ghana50.Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2011.Retrieved27 April2013.
  49. ^"Government of Ghana partners with Cities Alliance to host Special Forum on rapid urbanization in Ghana".World Bank.Retrieved2 July2023.
  50. ^"World Gazetteer online".World-gazetteer.com. Archived fromthe originalon 11 January 2012.Retrieved25 April2013.
  51. ^Joshi, Rajesh(29 October 2010)."Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple".BBC News.
  52. ^"Community Information Summary: Ghana-born"(PDF).Department of Immigration & Citizenship.
  53. ^ab"Man Ray, African art, and the modernist lens", Wendy Grossman, Martha Ann Bari, Letty Bonnell,International Arts & Artists,2009 – Photography, 183 pp.
  54. ^A Treasury of African Folklore: the oral literature, traditions, myths, legends, epics, tales, recollections, wisdom, sayings, and humor of Africa,Crown Publishers, 1975, 617 pp.
  55. ^"Kofi Ghanaba - Influential Drummer Who Emphasised the African Origins of Jazz".AllAfrica. 12 February 2009.Retrieved30 May2009.
  56. ^abAmpene, Kwasi (2005).Female Song Tradition and the Akan of Ghana.Ashgate.ISBN9780754631477.Retrieved12 February2012.
  57. ^HKW."Ghana Hiplife"(in German).Retrieved25 April2013.
  58. ^"Ghanaian Highlife Music".National Geographic.Archived fromthe originalon 4 November 2012.Retrieved25 April2013.
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Notes

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  1. ^GhanaKwa:Indigenous Ghanaians ofKwa-speaking ethnicity in Ghana 68.8% of Ghana's population ―Akan(Ashanti,Fanti),Ga-Adangbe,andEwe;see alsoY-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
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