Ghar-ilchi
| Ghar-ilchi | |
|---|---|
| King | |
 A crossover Alchon-Nezak coin with pseudo-Pahlavi legend 𐭭𐭩𐭰𐭪𐭩𐭬𐭫𐭪 (nycky MLK"King of the Nezaks" ). Minted around the time of Ghar-ilchi.[1] | |
| Reign | 6th-7th century |
| Dynasty | Nezak Huns |
Ghar-ilchi(Chinese: Hạt hiệt chiHexiezhi,also transliterated asKo-chieh-chih,[2]653-661 CE) was, according to Chinese and Arab sources, a local king ofKapisiand the twelfth and last known ruler of theNezak Huns.Ghar-ilchi may have been the last member of a local "Khingal dynasty" founded byKhingila,theAlchon Hunruler.[3]
Chinese confirmation
[edit]In the Chinese annals of 658 CE Ghar-ilchi appears as "Hexiezhi" (Chinese:Hạt hiệt chi, reconstructed from Old Chinese:*γarγär-tśiě<*ghar-ilči), reconstructed as the Turkic "Ghar-ilchi" (*Qarγïlacï,653-c.665 CE), 12th king of his dynasty from the founder "Xinnie" ( hinh nghiệt, reconstructed from Old Chinese:*xäŋ-ŋär<*henger< Khingar/Khingal):[4][5][6]
In the third year of theXianqingreign [658 CE], when [Tang envoys] investigated the customs of this state, people said: "FromXinnie,the founder of the royal house, up to the present [King] Hexiezi, the throne has been passed from father to son, [and by now] there have been twelve generations. In the same year, the city was established as Xiuxian Area Command
Ghar-ilchi was formally installed as king ofJibin(formerKapisi/Kabulistan) by the ChineseTang dynastyemperor in 653 CE, and again as Governor of Jibin under the newly formed ChineseAnxi Protectorate,the "Protectorate of the Western Regions", in 661 CE.[9][3]
Arab invasion (665 CE)
[edit]In 665 CE, generalAbd al-Rahman ibn Samuralaunched an expedition toArachosiaandZabulistan,capturingBostand other cities.Kabulwas occupied in 665 CE after a siege of a few months.[10]Kabul soon revolted but was reoccupied after a month-long siege. Abd al-Rahman's capture and plunder of Kabul mortally weakened the rule of Ghar-ilchi.[11]Ghar-ilchi, following his defeat, apparently was spared his life upon converting toIslam.[12]
The powerful Turkic princeBarha Tegintook this opportunity to capture Kabul, and, according to the 726 CE account of the Korean monkHyechowho visited the region, the ruler of Kabul (Kapisa), probably Ghar-ilchi, was eventually killed by the Turkic prince:[2]
FromKashmirI travelled further northwest. After one month's journey across the mountains I arrived at the country ofGandhara.The king and military personnel are all Turks. The natives areHupeople; there areBrahmins.The country was formerly under the influence of the king ofKapisa.A-yeh ( a gia ), the Turkish prince, took a defeated calvalry and allied himself to the king of Kapisa. Later, when the Turkish force was strong, the prince assassinated the king of Kapisa and declared himself king. Thereafter, the territory from this country to the north was all ruled by the Turkish king, who also resided in the country.
Rise of the Turk Shahis (665-666 CE)
[edit]Ghar-ilchi was succeeded byBarha Tegin,who took the throne in 665-666 CE and founded the dynasty of theTurk Shahis.[11]
References
[edit]- ^Rezakhani 2017,p. 162.
- ^abRehman 1976,p. 63.
- ^abRahman, Abdur (2002)."New Light on Khingal, Turk and Hindu Shahis"(PDF).In Landes, Christian; Bopearachchi, Osmund; Boussac, Marie-Françoise (eds.).Afghanistan, Ancien Carrefour entre l'Est et l'Ouest.Vol. XV. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 37–41.ISBN2-503-51681-5.
- ^Rezakhani 2017,p. 164.
- ^Petrie, Cameron A. (28 December 2020).Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200.Oxbow Books. p. 137.ISBN978-1-78570-304-1.
- ^Journal asiatique(in French). Société asiatique. 1991. pp. 276–277.
- ^Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020).Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History.Barkhuis. p. 104.ISBN978-94-93194-01-4.
- ^
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Chinese original: Hiển khánh tam niên, phóng kỳ quốc tục, vân “Vương thủy tổ hinh nghiệt, chí kim hạt hiệt chi, phụ tử truyện vị, dĩ thập nhị đại.” Kỳ niên, cải kỳ thành vi tu tiên đô đốc phủ. Long sóc sơ, thụ kỳ vương tu tiên đẳng thập nhất châu chư quân sự kiêm tu tiên đô đốc."Cựu đường thư / quyển 198 - duy cơ văn khố, tự do đích đồ thư quán".zh.wikisource.org(in Simplified Chinese).
- ^Alram, Michael; Filigenzi, Anna; Kinberger, Michaela; Nell, Daniel; Pfisterer, Matthias; Vondrovec, Klaus."The Countenance of the other (The Coins of the Huns and Western Turks in Central Asia and India) 2012-2013 exhibit: 13. The Turk Shahis in Kabulistan".Pro.geo.univie.ac.at.Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna. Archived fromthe originalon October 27, 2020.RetrievedJuly 16,2017.
- ^Rehman 1976,pp. 59.
- ^abBaumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 200.ISBN978-1-83860-868-2.
- ^Rehman 1976,pp. 59, 64.
- ^Ch'o, Hye; Ch'ao, Hui; Yang, Han-sŭng (1984).The Hye Ch'o Diary: Memoir of the Pilgrimage to the Five Regions of India.Jain Publishing Company. p. 48.ISBN978-0-89581-024-3.(Also published by the Asian Humanities Press, 1986, Issue 2 of Religions of Asia series Unesco collection of representative works[1])
- ^Original Chinese: Hựu tòng già diệp di la quốc tây bắc cách sơn nhất nguyệt trình chí kiến đà la. Thử vương cập binh mã. Tổng thị đột quyết. Thổ nhân thị hồ. Kiêm hữu bà la môn. Thử quốc cựu thị kế tân vương vương hóa. Vi thử đột quyết vương a gia lĩnh nhất bộ lạc binh mã. Đầu bỉ kế tân vương. Ô hậu đột quyết binh thịnh. Tiện sát bỉ kế tân vương. Tự vi quốc chủ. Nhân tư quốc cảnh đột quyết bá vương thử quốc dĩ bắc. Tịnh trụ trung. in"Du phương ký sao đệ 1 quyển CBETA hán văn đại tàng kinh".tripitaka.cbeta.org.
Sources
[edit]- Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush".The Numismatic Chronicle.174:261–291.JSTOR44710198.(registration required)
- Grenet, Frantz (2002)."Nēzak".Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition.
- Payne, Richard (2016). "The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity".Journal of Late Antiquity.9.Johns Hopkins University Press: 4–41.doi:10.1353/jla.2016.0011.S2CID156673274.
- Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017)."The Nezak and Turk period" in "ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity".Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.ISBN9781474400305.
- Rehman, Abdur (January 1976).The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography(Thesis). Australian National University.
- Vondrovec, Klaus."Coinage of the Nezak".
- VONDROVEC, KLAUS (2003)."Coins from Gharwal (Afghanistan)".Bulletin of the Asia Institute.17:159–175.ISSN0890-4464.JSTOR24049313.