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Glendale, Arizona

Coordinates:33°32′19″N112°11′11″W/ 33.53861°N 112.18639°W/33.53861; -112.18639
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Glendale
City
Downtown Glendale
Downtown Glendale
Flag of Glendale
Flag
Official logo of Glendale
Logo
Location in Maricopa County, Arizona
Location in Maricopa County, Arizona
Glendale is located in Arizona
Glendale
Glendale
Glendale is located in the United States
Glendale
Glendale
Glendale is located in North America
Glendale
Glendale
Coordinates:33°32′19″N112°11′11″W/ 33.53861°N 112.18639°W/33.53861; -112.18639
CountryUnited States
StateArizona
CountyMaricopa
Founded byWilliam John Murphy
Government
•MayorJerry Weiers(Non-Partisan)
• Vice mayorJamie Aldama
Area
[1]
• Total
65.09 sq mi (168.59 km2)
• Land64.68 sq mi (167.53 km2)
• Water0.41 sq mi (1.06 km2)
Elevation
[2]
1,152 ft (351 m)
Population
(2020)[3]
• Total
248,325
• RankUS:89th
• Density3,839.17/sq mi (1,482.30/km2)
DemonymGlendalian
Time zoneUTC−7(MST(noDST))
ZIP code
85301-85318
Area codes602, 480, 623
FIPS code04-27820
GNISfeature ID5060[2]
Websitewww.glendaleaz.com

Glendale(/ˈɡlɛndeɪl/) is a city inMaricopa County, Arizona,United States. Located about nine miles northwest of the state capitalPhoenix,Glendale is known forState Farm Stadium,which is the home of theArizona Cardinalsfootball team. The city also contains theArrowhead Towne Centershopping mall. As of the2020 census,Glendale had a population of 248,325.[3]

History

[edit]

In the late 1800s the area that is now Glendale was all desert.William John Murphy,a native ofNew Hartford, New York,who resided in the town ofFlagstaffin what was then theterritory of Arizona,was in charge of building the 40-mile-long (64 km)Arizona Canalfrom Granite Reef to New River for the Arizona Canal Company. In 1885, he completed the canal, which would bring water to the desert land.[4]Murphy was deep in debt, since he had agreed to be paid in Arizona Canal Company stock and bonds and land instead of cash.[5]

William John Murphy – founder of Glendale

In 1887, Murphy formed the Arizona Improvement Company. His objective was to sell the land and water rights south of the canal. Murphy raised capital from out of state sources in order to meet payroll and construction expenses.[5]Murphy decided to refer to this land as "Glendale". In order to develop and interest potential investors and settlers in this new town, Murphy decided to provide a better way of access fromPhoenixto Glendale and ending in the town ofPeoriaby building an 18-mile-long (29 km) diagonal road which he named Grand Avenue.

In 1891, Burgess Hadsell worked with Murphy to bring 70 Brethren andRiver Brethrenfamilies to Glendale to form atemperancecolony. Soon settlers, attracted by the town's ban on alcoholic beverages, continued to arrive. In 1895, Murphy platted the original town site and amended the plat to include a town park and some business lots. It was bounded by Lamar Road on the south, 55th Avenue on the east, Myrtle Avenue on the north, and 59th Avenue on the west.[6]The construction of a railroad fromPrescottto Phoenix was made possible with an exchange of the right-of-way made by Murphy along Grand Avenue.[4]The railroad allowed Glendale settlers to transport goods to the north and easily receive building materials.

The construction and commercial applications of the Beet Sugar Factory in 1906 also contributed to the growth of Glendale. Though the operations of the factory only lasted until 1913, it played an important role in the increase of immigrant and migrant settlers in the city.[7]Several other businesses were founded around this time such as Glendale Ice Company, Pacific Creamery Company, Glendale Milling Company, and Southwest Flour and Feed.[8]

World War I ushered in a renewal for Glendale, with cotton prices rising throughout the period. Cotton continues to be a source of economic prosperity in Glendale with many farms still along theLoop 101,despite many farmers switching to more profitable crops.[9]A high demand for food, also kept farmers busy. Numerous farms and orchards were established and thrived through the early 1900s.[10]

World War II brought the birth ofThunderbird Fieldto train civilian pilots for the Army. In late 1940, a few Hollywood actors and businessmen, headed byLeland Hayward,approached the Army to establish a primary flight training school. This group chose the site of Thunderbird Field primarily because of its abundance of space, excellent weather, and good visibility.[11]While this field was being built in 1941, the Army was busy working on a larger base for $4.5 million, Luke Field (now Luke Air Force Base). This base was named for the first pilot to receive a Medal of Honor, Lt. Frank Luke Jr. Thunderbird Field would later become theThunderbird American Graduate School for International Management.

The military and college presence, as well as the increase in population (nearly doubling between 1950 and 1960),[12]sparked a need for utilities, parks, schools and streets. Over the next 40 years, the city added a landfill, water treatment plant, sewage plants, libraries, parks, public safety facilities, an airport, a city hall and a civic center.

Arrowhead Towne Center opened in 1993, and the surrounding neighborhood,Arrowhead Ranch,made the area a hotspot for housing and shopping. The completion of Loop 101 throughout Glendale opened the city to the rest of the Valley.[8]

In recent decades, the city has begun major investment into tourism. The establishment of theWestgate Entertainment District,housingDesert Diamond Arena,andState Farm Stadiumin the early 2000s made Glendale a destination for locals and visitors. Construction of the VAI Resort andMattel Adventure Park,scheduled to open in 2025, will continue to grow Glendale’s tourism economy creating hundreds of new jobs and proving more than a thousand new hotel rooms for the city.[13][14]

In 2024, the city called on the Department of Defense to lobby for Arizona GovernorKatie Hobbsto veto bipartisan legislation to increase housing supply in Arizona. Ryan Lee, the city’s intergovernmental-programs director, confirmed toThe Atlanticthat he was behind the move. State RepresentativeAnalise Ortiz,whose district includes parts of Glendale, criticized the city for going behind legislators' back to lobby against the legislation, "This is not the way we typically go about creating policy."[15]

Geography

[edit]

According to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has a total area of 65.1 square miles (169 km2), of which 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), or 0.63%, is water.[1]The New River andAgua Fria Riverflow southward through the western extremities of the city.

Climate

[edit]

Glendale has ahot desert climate(Köppen: BWh) typical ofSouthern Arizona,with very hot and dry summers and mild winters.[16]

Climate data forPhoenix Int'l,Arizona (1991–2020 normals,[a]extremes 1895–present)[b]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 88
(31) 		92
(33) 		100
(38) 		105
(41) 		114
(46) 		122
(50) 		121
(49) 		118
(48) 		118
(48) 		113
(45) 		99
(37) 		87
(31) 		122
(50)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 78.2
(25.7) 		82.1
(27.8) 		90.4
(32.4) 		99.0
(37.2) 		105.7
(40.9) 		112.7
(44.8) 		114.6
(45.9) 		113.2
(45.1) 		108.9
(42.7) 		100.7
(38.2) 		88.9
(31.6) 		77.7
(25.4) 		115.7
(46.5)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 67.6
(19.8) 		70.8
(21.6) 		78.1
(25.6) 		85.5
(29.7) 		94.5
(34.7) 		104.2
(40.1) 		106.5
(41.4) 		105.1
(40.6) 		100.4
(38.0) 		89.2
(31.8) 		76.5
(24.7) 		66.2
(19.0) 		87.1
(30.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 56.8
(13.8) 		59.9
(15.5) 		66.3
(19.1) 		73.2
(22.9) 		82.0
(27.8) 		91.4
(33.0) 		95.5
(35.3) 		94.4
(34.7) 		89.2
(31.8) 		77.4
(25.2) 		65.1
(18.4) 		55.8
(13.2) 		75.6
(24.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 46.0
(7.8) 		49.0
(9.4) 		54.5
(12.5) 		60.8
(16.0) 		69.5
(20.8) 		78.6
(25.9) 		84.5
(29.2) 		83.6
(28.7) 		78.1
(25.6) 		65.6
(18.7) 		53.7
(12.1) 		45.3
(7.4) 		64.1
(17.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 36.0
(2.2) 		40.0
(4.4) 		44.4
(6.9) 		50.1
(10.1) 		58.4
(14.7) 		69.4
(20.8) 		74.4
(23.6) 		74.2
(23.4) 		68.3
(20.2) 		53.8
(12.1) 		42.0
(5.6) 		35.4
(1.9) 		33.8
(1.0)
Record low °F (°C) 16
(−9) 		24
(−4) 		25
(−4) 		35
(2) 		39
(4) 		49
(9) 		63
(17) 		58
(14) 		47
(8) 		34
(1) 		27
(−3) 		22
(−6) 		16
(−9)
Averageprecipitationinches (mm) 0.87
(22) 		0.87
(22) 		0.83
(21) 		0.22
(5.6) 		0.13
(3.3) 		0.02
(0.51) 		0.91
(23) 		0.93
(24) 		0.57
(14) 		0.56
(14) 		0.57
(14) 		0.74
(19) 		7.22
(183)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) 3.8 4.1 3.1 1.5 1.0 0.5 3.9 4.6 2.5 2.2 2.2 4.0 33.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 50.9 44.4 39.3 27.8 21.9 19.4 31.6 36.2 35.6 36.9 43.8 51.8 36.6
Averagedew point°F (°C) 32.4
(0.2) 		32.2
(0.1) 		32.9
(0.5) 		31.6
(−0.2) 		34.3
(1.3) 		39.0
(3.9) 		56.1
(13.4) 		58.3
(14.6) 		52.3
(11.3) 		43.0
(6.1) 		35.8
(2.1) 		33.1
(0.6) 		40.1
(4.5)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 256.0 257.2 318.4 353.6 401.0 407.8 378.5 360.8 328.6 308.9 256.0 244.8 3,871.6
Percentpossible sunshine 81 84 86 90 93 95 86 87 89 88 82 79 87
Averageultraviolet index 3.1 4.4 6.6 8.5 9.7 10.9 11.0 10.1 8.3 5.6 3.7 2.7 7.0
Source 1: NOAA (dew points, relative humidity, and sun 1961–1990)[17][18][19],Weather.com[20]
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[21]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19101,000—
19202,737173.7%
19303,66533.9%
19404,85532.5%
19508,17968.5%
196015,89394.3%
197036,228127.9%
198097,172168.2%
1990147,86452.2%
2000218,81248.0%
2010226,7213.6%
2020248,3259.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]

2020 census

[edit]
Glendale, Arizona – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity(NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[23] Pop 2010[24] Pop 2020[25] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
Whitealone (NH) 141,462 116,866 107,695 64.65% 51.55% 43.37%
Black or African Americanalone (NH) 9,818 12,766 17,872 4.49% 5.63% 7.20%
Native AmericanorAlaska Nativealone (NH) 2,460 2,707 3,030 1.12% 1.19% 1.22%
Asianalone (NH) 5,860 8,618 11,272 2.68% 3.80% 4.54%
Pacific Islanderalone (NH) 230 355 492 0.11% 0.16% 0.20%
Other racealone (NH) 289 329 1,171 0.13% 0.15% 0.47%
Mixed race or Multiracial(NH) 4,350 4,579 9,176 1.99% 2.02% 3.70%
Hispanic or Latino(any race) 54,343 80,501 97,617 24.84% 35.51% 39.31%
Total 218,812 226,721 248,325 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census

[edit]

As of thecensusof 2010, there were 226,710 people, 79,114 households, and 54,721 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,929.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,517.2/km2). There were 79,667 housing units at an average density of 1,430.7 per square mile (552.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.54%White,6%BlackorAfrican American,1.7%Native American,3.9%Asian,0.2%Pacific Islander,16.95% fromother races,and 4.0% from two or more races. 35.5% of the population wasHispanicorLatinoof any race.

There were 79,114 households, out of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% weremarried couplesliving together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the city, 30.1% of the population was under the age of 18, 10.8% was from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,015, and the median income for a family was $51,162. Males had a median income of $35,901 versus $27,736 for females. Theper capita incomefor the city was $19,124. About 8.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below thepoverty line,including 15.3% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

[edit]

Top employers

[edit]
# Employer # of Employees
1 Luke Air Force Base 5,100
2 Banner Health 3,000
3 Arrowhead Towne Center 2,650
4 Walmart 2,175
5 Glendale Union High School District 1,974
6 Glendale Community College 1,948
7 The City of Glendale 1,693
8 Deer Valley Unified School District 1,594
9 Glendale Elementary School District 1,400
10 Tanger Outlets 1,200

Source: AZCentral.com[26]

Arts and culture

[edit]

Attractions

[edit]
Downtown Glendale with Glendale Glitters around Christmas
The fountain area of the Westgate Entertainment District

Shopping

[edit]

Glendale is noted for its retail sales of antiques.[30]

TheArrowhead Towne Centermall is located here.

Historic sites

[edit]
Further information:National Register of Historic Places listings in Maricopa County, Arizona;List of historic properties in Glendale, Arizona;andCatlin Court Historic District

Concerts

[edit]

Glendale was temporarily renamed as Swift City on March 17 and 18, 2023,[31]as per the mayor and the city council's proclamation,[32]to celebrate the opening concerts ofthe Eras Tour,the sixth concert tour by American singer-songwriterTaylor Swift,at State Farm Stadium.[33]The Westgate Entertainment District, amixed-use complexin the city, additionally put up welcoming messages, with the local restaurants offering Swift-themed menu items.[34][35]State Farm also hosted theSuper Bowl LVII halftime show,headlined by Barbadian singerRihanna,shortly before the tour.[36]

Sports

[edit]
State Farm Stadium
Desert Diamond Arena

Glendale is the site of two major sports venues:State Farm StadiumandDesert Diamond Arena.Both venues are part of the Glendale Sports and Entertainment District development plan, meant to spur growth in the sparsely inhabited Yucca district. Both venues are owned by the City of Glendale.

State Farm Stadium has been the home field of theArizona Cardinalsin theNational Football Leaguesince 2006, and the annualFiesta Bowlcollege football game since 2007. Both the Cardinals and bowl game moved fromMountain America Stadiumon theArizona State Universitycampus inTempe.Since opening, the facility has hosted threeSuper Bowls,three college football national championship games, theNCAA Men's Basketball Final Four,WrestleMania XXVIandInternational Champions Cupsoccer to Glendale. Designed by architect Peter Eisenman, the stadium was featured onThe History ChannelTV series,Modern Marvelsbecause of its roll-out natural grass field.

Desert Diamond Arena(formerly Glendale Arena, then Jobing.com Arena and Gila River Arena) andWestgate Entertainment Districtis adjacent to State Farm Stadium, and was the home of theArizona Coyotesof theNational Hockey League(NHL). It was also the home of the now defunctArizona Stingof theNational Lacrosse League(NLL). The inauguralStreet League Skateboardingevent was held in the summer of 2010 in Glendale at the Gila River Arena. This street skateboarding competition returns to Glendale annually. Currently, the arena hosts theArizona Rattlersof theIndoor Football League.

In 2009, theLos Angeles Dodgersand theChicago White SoxofMajor League Baseballbegan to share the newCamelback Ranch-Glendalespring training complex and stadium in Glendale owned and operated by the City of Glendale.

Education

[edit]

There are a number of higher education campuses in Glendale.Glendale Community Collegeand Glendale Community College North, just across the border in northwestern Phoenix, are members of theMaricopa County Community College District.Arizona State University’sThunderbird School of Global Managementwas founded in Glendale at Thunderbird Field after World War II and recently relocated its campus to the downtown location of ASU after joining the university as an independent unit dedicated to international business education.Westcampus is just across the border from Glendale in west Phoenix.Midwestern Universityis a graduate college of medicine located in Glendale.

Manyschool districtsserve the city of Glendale.

The following school districts serve the city:

Grace Lutheran School is a Pre-K-8 Christian school of theWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod(WELS) in Glendale.[38]

New Gains Academyis a grade 5-12Microschoolin Glendale. with academics, business entrepreneurship, piano, voice, dance and art programs.

Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic School is a Pre-K-8 Catholic school of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Phoenixin Glendale.[39]

Arrowhead Christian Academy is a K-12 Christian school associated with Northwest Valley Baptist Church in Glendale.[40]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

The city of Glendale has a roughly average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 8.4 percent of Glendale households lacked a car, and increased slightly to 9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Glendale averaged 1.72 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[41]

Glendale Municipal Airportserves the city but it does not offer commercial air services. The closest commercial airport isPhoenix Sky Harbor International Airport,located about 30 minutes away by car.

Highways

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Sister cities

[edit]

Glendale has two sister cities:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^Official records for Phoenix kept at downtown August 1895 to September 1953, and at Sky Harbor Int'l since October 1953. For more information seeThreadEx.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ab"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Arizona".United States Census Bureau.Archivedfrom the original on May 23, 2022.RetrievedMay 6,2022.
  2. ^abU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Glendale, Arizona
  3. ^ab"Swift City, Arizona: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)".U.S. Census Bureau.Archivedfrom the original on May 6, 2022.RetrievedMay 6,2022.
  4. ^ab"William J. Murphy Historical Marker".www.hmdb.org.Archivedfrom the original on June 16, 2018.RetrievedApril 27,2019.
  5. ^ab"WaterHistory.org".www.waterhistory.org.Archivedfrom the original on July 18, 2014.RetrievedJune 12,2013.
  6. ^"Glendale City Center Master Plan"(PDF).glendaleaz.com. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on March 4, 2016.RetrievedAugust 5,2015.
  7. ^"Beet Sugar Factory History, Glendale, Arizona".molokane.org.Archivedfrom the original on July 4, 2014.RetrievedAugust 29,2013.
  8. ^ab"History".www.glendaleazchamber.org.RetrievedFebruary 5,2023.
  9. ^Kuhn, Casey (December 17, 2015)."Facing Low Prices And Urbanization, West Valley Cotton Farmers Turn To Other Crops".KJZZ.RetrievedMay 30,2024.
  10. ^"History of Glendale".Glendale Arizona Historical Society.2010.RetrievedMay 30,2024.
  11. ^"Southwest Airways and Thunderbird Field #1".AZ Memory Project.RetrievedMay 30,2024.
  12. ^"Glendale, Arizona Population 2023".worldpopulationreview.com.RetrievedFebruary 5,2023.
  13. ^"FAQs | VAI Resort near Phoenix".www.vairesort.com.RetrievedMay 30,2024.
  14. ^Salerno, Michael (April 3, 2024)."New Arizona mega-resort will rival Vegas and Southern California. What visitors can expect".AZCentral.RetrievedMay 30,2024.
  15. ^Demsas, Jerusalem (September 22, 2024)."How Glendale, Arizona, Used the Pentagon".The Atlantic.
  16. ^"Weather in Glendale, Arizona | GoGlendaleAZ.com".www.goglendaleaz.com.
  17. ^"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedOctober 10,2021.
  18. ^"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Archived fromthe originalon July 1, 2023.RetrievedOctober 11,2021.
  19. ^"WMO Climate Normals for PHOENIX/SKY HARBOR INTL, AZ 1961–1990".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived fromthe originalon July 1, 2023.RetrievedOctober 10,2021.
  20. ^ "Monthly Averages for Phoenix, AZ – Temperature and Precipitation".The Weather Channel.RetrievedMay 7,2009.
  21. ^ "Historical UV Index Data - Phoenix, AZ".UV Index Today.RetrievedApril 21,2023.
  22. ^"Census of Population and Housing".Census.gov.Archivedfrom the original on July 1, 2021.RetrievedJune 4,2016.
  23. ^"P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Glendale city, Arizona".United States Census Bureau.
  24. ^"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Glendale city, Arizona".United States Census Bureau.
  25. ^"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Glendale city, Arizona".United States Census Bureau.
  26. ^"Top 10 largest employers in Glendale".AZCentral.com.Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2023.RetrievedApril 17,2020.
  27. ^"The Sweetest Tour in Glendale, Arizona".TripSavvy.Archivedfrom the original on April 27, 2019.RetrievedApril 27,2019.
  28. ^abc"Glendale, AZ – Events and Festivals".www.glendaleaz.com.Archivedfrom the original on April 27, 2019.RetrievedApril 27,2019.
  29. ^Hwang, Kellie."3/23–24: Glendale Folk & Heritage Festival".azcentral.com.Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2023.RetrievedApril 27,2019.
  30. ^"Phoenix antiques".Archived fromthe originalon October 31, 2008.
  31. ^Attributed to wide media coverage:
    1. Rowley, Glenn (March 13, 2023)."Glendale Mayor Reveals Arizona City's New Name in Honor of Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour".Billboard.RetrievedMarch 14,2023.
    2. "Glendale changes name to Swift City for Taylor Swift tour".12news.com.March 13, 2023.RetrievedMarch 14,2023.
    3. Ragas, Lindsey (March 9, 2023)."'Swift City': Glendale to temporarily change its name for Taylor Swift ".FOX 10 Phoenix.RetrievedMarch 14,2023.
    4. Curto, Justin (March 13, 2023)."Is This the Best Glendale Could Do for Taylor Swift?".Vulture.RetrievedMarch 14,2023.
    5. "Swift City, AZ: Glendale rebrands in honor of Taylor Swift's Eras Tour launch this weekend".The Arizona Republic.RetrievedMarch 14,2023.
  32. ^"Swift City, Arizona".Glendaleaz.com.March 14, 2024.RetrievedMarch 14,2023.
  33. ^"We Built 'Swift City': Glendale, Arizona Changes Name Ahead of Taylor Swift Eras Tour Opener".Rolling Stone.March 13, 2023.RetrievedMarch 14,2023.
  34. ^Reagan, Kevin (March 9, 2023)."Glendale's temporarily changing city's name to welcome Taylor Swift".KPNX.RetrievedMarch 9,2023.
  35. ^Masley, Ed (March 10, 2023)."Glendale (Taylor's Version)? City changes name to honor Taylor Swift's Eras Tour launch".AZCentral.RetrievedMarch 10,2023.
  36. ^Schonfeld, Alexandra (February 12, 2023)."Rihanna Reveals Her Baby Bump — Plus More Photos from Her Epic Super Bowl Halftime Show".People.RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  37. ^"District Overview"ArchivedJuly 30, 2012, at theWayback Machine
  38. ^"School".Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church.Archivedfrom the original on December 1, 2018.RetrievedDecember 1,2018.
  39. ^"School".Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic School.Archivedfrom the original on June 6, 2020.RetrievedJune 6,2020.
  40. ^"School".Arrowhead Christian Academy.RetrievedFebruary 17,2024.
  41. ^"Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map".Governing.Archivedfrom the original on May 11, 2018.RetrievedMay 4,2018.
  42. ^ab"Interactive City Directory: Glendale, Arizona".glendaleazsistercities.org. Archived fromthe originalon May 5, 2022.
[edit]
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