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Gonfalonier of the Church

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TheGonfalonier of the ChurchorPapal Gonfalonier(Italian:Gonfaloniere della Chiesa,"standard-bearer";Latin:Vexillifer Ecclesiæ) was a military and political office of thePapal States.Originating from the use of thePapal bannerduring combat, the office later became largely ceremonial and political. At his nomination, the gonfalonier was given two banners, one with the arms of the Church (vexillum cum armis Ecclesiæ) and another with the arms of the reigningpope(cum armis suis). The gonfalonier was entitled to include ecclesiastical emblems (theKeys of St. Peterand theombrellino) upon his own arms, usually only during his term of office but on occasion permanently.Pope Innocent XIIended the rank, along with thecaptaincy general,and replaced them both with the position offlag-bearer of the Holy Roman Church(Italian:Vessilifero di Santa Romana Chiesa), which later became hereditary in the Naro Patrizi.[1]

List of gonfaloniers of the Church[edit]

The Gonzaga family arms, displaying the papal insignia acquired byFederico IIas Papal Gonfalonier
The Montefeltro family arms, displaying the papal insignia acquired byFederico IIIas Papal Gonfalonier
Term of office Portrait Gonfalonier Appointing Pope Notes
1059–1063
Robert Guiscard Nicholas II
(1059–1061) 		[2]
1063–1075 Saint Erlembald Alexander II
(1061–1073)
c. 1118 Stephen the Norman[3] WithPier Leoni,rescuedPope Gelasius IIfromCencio II Frangipane.
c. 1296 James II of Aragon Boniface VIII
(1294–1303) 		King of Aragon and Valencia;Gonfalonier, admiral, andCaptain General of the Church;appointed to encourage him to wage war against his brotherFrederick III(c.f.Sicilian Vespers)[4]
1372–? Galeotto I Malatesta Gregory XI
(1370–1378) 		Commander of the Papal ArmyagainstBernabò Visconti,whom he defeated atMontechiaro.
1377–1384 Ridolfo II da Varano di Camerino Gregory XI
(1370–1378) 		Appointed by Gregory XI and served as Commander of the Papal Army during the final years of theAvignon Papacy.
1384–1385 Charles III of Naples Urban VI
(1378–1389) 		King of Naples.Excommunicated and removed from office, his forces besieged the pope atNocera,while the pope later attempted to usurp Naples for hisnephew.[5]
1387–?
Carlo I Malatesta Urban VI
(1378–1389) 		Acondottiero.
c. 1399 Martin of Aragon Antipope
Benedict XIII 		King of AragonandSicily.Gonfalonier of theWestern antipope,but refused to wage war against France during the siege of Avignon[6]
1403–? Niccolò III d'Este Boniface IX
(1389–1404) 		Acondottiero;alsoLord of Ferrara.Appointed in opposition to Milan. Possibly reappointed byPope Martin V.
1406–? Ladislaus of Naples Innocent VII
(1404–1406) 		King of Naples;appointed for his assistance in helping Innocent VII against the Roman mob.[7]Routed atRoccaseccain 1411, he abandonedPope Gregory XIIin favor of theantipope John XXIII,who appointed him his gonfalonier.[8]
1409–1411 Louis II of Naples Antipope
Alexander V 		Opposed to Ladislaus for theKingdom of Naples,was appointed gonfalonier by thePisan faction'santipope Alexander V.Despite winning a major victory at Roccasecca, though, abandoned the field and returned to France.[9]
1412–? Gianfrancisco I Gonzaga Gregory XII
(1406–1415) 		Acondottiero;alsoLord of Mantua.
1431–? Niccolò Fortebraccio Eugene IV
(1431–1447) 		Acondottiero;despite his failure to recaptureCittà di Castello,was hired as Gonfalonier to opposeSigismund of Hungaryin Tuscany and thePrefetti di Vicoin Lazio, but fired for using his position to advance his own interests. Thereafter went to war against the Papal States forMilan.
1433–1434 Giovanni Vitelleschi Eugene IV
(1431–1447) 		Commander of the Papal Armiesfor a short time underPope Eugene IV.
1434–1442 Francesco I Sforza Eugene IV
(1431–1447) 		Acondottiero;while working for Milan, received the position of Gonfalonier along withAnconaas part of the terms of a peace with Eugene, then led the campaign against former Gonfalonier and his former ally Niccolò Fortebraccio.[10]Lost his position after Milan allied with the Papacy against him.[11]
1442–? Niccolò Piccinino Eugene IV
(1431–1447) 		Acondottiero.Originally helped Fortebraccio and Sforza against the Papacy, appointed Gonfalonier to recover Sforza's holdings in theMarche.
1444–? Louis, Dauphin of France Eugene IV
(1431–1447) 		Appointed for his actions inSwitzerlandagainst theCouncil of Baseland theantipope Felix V.
c. 1455 Francesco I Sforza Second term.[12]Now uninvestedduke of Milan.
1456–1458[13] Pedro Luis Borgia Callixtus III
(1455–1458) 		AlsoCaptain General.Rodrigo Borgia's older brother.
1462[14]–1468 Federico da Montefeltro Pius II
(1458–1464) 		Acondottiero;alsoConte di Urbino.Appointed againstSigismondo Malatesta,lord ofRimini.Originally reappointed byPope Paul IIto opposeVenice,but challenged in his acquisition of Rimini following the victory atMolinella,switched sides.[15]
1474–1482 Federico da Montefeltro Sixtus IV
(1471–1484) 		Second term. Now styledDuke of Urbino;married his daughter to Pope Sixtus'sfavorite nephew,who inherited the duchy following the death of Federico'sown son.
1484[16]–1489 Giovanni della Rovere Pope Innocent VIII
(1484–1492) 		AlsoCaptain General.
1489[17]–1496 Niccolo Orsini Pope Innocent VIII
(1484–1492) 		AlsoCaptain General.
1496[18]–1497 Giovanni Borgia Alexander VI
(1492–1503) 		Son;Duke of Gandiaand alsoCaptain General;assassinated by unknown agents.
29 March 1500[19]–1503 Cesare Borgia Alexander VI
(1492–1503) 		Son; formercardinal,Duke of Valentinoisand alsoCaptain General.
1504–1508? Guidobaldo da Montefeltro Julius II
(1503–1513) 		Acondottiero;alsoDuke of Urbino.Son of Federico da Montefeltro; adoptedFrancesco Maria I della Rovere,his nephew and the pope's.[15][20]
19 April 1509 – 1510[21] Alfonso I d'Este Julius II
(1503–1513) 		AlsoDuke of FerraraandCaptain General.[22]Commanded forces againstVeniceduring the second phase of theWar of the League of Cambrai.Removed from his post and excommunicated with all his family in order to return Ferrara to direct Papal administration.[23]
1510[24]–? Francesco Gonzaga Julius II
(1503–1513) 		AlsoDuke of MantuaandCaptain General.
1513–1516 Giuliano de'Medici Leo X
(1513–1521) 		AlsoCaptain GeneralandDuke of Nemours.[25]
1516–? Lorenzo II de'Medici[15] Leo X
(1513–1521) 		AlsoCaptain General:commanded the papal army in theWar of Urbino(1517), before being wounded at the siege ofMondolfo
1519–? Federico II Gonzaga Julius II
(1503–1513) 		AlsoDuke of MantuaandCaptain General of the Church,as well asCaptain General of the Republic of Venice.[26]Was not required to oppose theHoly Roman Empireand so failed to intervene in theSack of Rome[22][27]
1 February 1537 – 1547 Pier Luigi Farnese Paul III
(1534–1549) 		Son of Paul III; alsoDuke of Parma, Piacenza,andCastro.[22]
1547–1551 Ottavio Farnese Paul III
(1534–1549) 		Son of Pier Luigi Farnese; alsoDuke of Parma, Piacenza,andCastro[28]
c. 1565 Jacques Annibal de Hohenembs (or Count Hannibal of Altemps.)[1]
1566–? Ottavio Farnese Pius V
(1566–1572) 		Second term.[29]
1572–1585 Giacomo Boncompagni Gregory XIII
(1572–1585) 		Son; also Captain General of Spanish Milan, purchased theDuchies of Sora and Arce,AquinoandArpino.Removed as Gonfalonier upon the election ofPope Sixtus V.
c.1621–? Odoardo Farnese Gregory XV
(1621–1623) 		AlsoDuke of Parma and Piacenza.Excommunicated and prohibited from use of Gonfalonier emblems byPope Urban VIII.[1]
?–1630 Carlo Barberini Urban VIII
(1623–1644) 		Brother ofPope Urban VIIIandAntonio Marcello Barberini.Father ofTaddeo Barberini.
1630–1636(?) Torquato Conti Urban VIII
(1623–1644) 		Duke of GuadagnoloandField Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire
1639–1644 Taddeo Barberini Urban VIII
(1623–1644) 		Nephew ofPope Urban VIIIandPrince ofPalestrina.AppointedCommander of the Papal Armyduring theWars of Castro.Went into exile after the 1644 election ofPope Innocent Xand died, without returning to Rome, in 1647. Dates are approximate.
1649–? Maffeo Barberini Innocent X
(1644–1655) 		Son ofTaddeo Barberiniwho was appointed to his father's previous titles after the reconciliation of thePamphiliandBarberinifamilies.
?–1689 Livio Odescalchi Innocent XI(1676–1689) Nephew of Innocent XI; alsoCaptain General[30]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcLevillain, Philippe.The Papacy: An Encyclopedia."Heraldry." Accessed 5 June 2010.
  2. ^Alighieri, Dante. Trans. Musa, Mark.Divine Comedy: Inferno.Accessed 5 June 2010.[full citation needed]
  3. ^Montalembert, Charles F.The Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard,Vol. 6.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  4. ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."Pope Boniface VIII".Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  5. ^Baddeley, Welbore.Charles III of Naples and Urban VI.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  6. ^Chaytor, H.J.A History of Aragon and Catalonia.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  7. ^Muratori, Lodovico Antonio.Annali d'Italia ed altre opere varie: Dall'anno 1358 all'anno 1687,Vol. IV.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  8. ^Catholic Encyclopedia."Antipope John XXIII."Accessed 5 June 2010.
  9. ^Encyclopædia Britannica,1911."Alexander V."Archived8 December 2015 at theWayback MachineAccessed 5 June 2010.
  10. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò.History of Florence.Archived8 December 2015 at theWayback MachineAccessed 5 June 2010.
  11. ^Ady, Cecilia M.A History Of Milan Under The Sforza.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  12. ^Vasari, Giorgio.Lives of the Most Eminent Painters Sculptors and Architects, Vol. III.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  13. ^Hollingsworth, Mary(2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty.Quercus.ISBN978-0857389169.pp. 56, 77.
  14. ^Mourby, Adrian.The Independent."In search of: Federico in Urbino."13 November 2001. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  15. ^abcSloan, John."Dukes of Urbino."Archived9 May 2012 at theWayback MachineAccessed 5 June 2005.
  16. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty.Quercus.ISBN978-0857389169.p. 141.
  17. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty.Quercus.ISBN978-0857389169.p. 149.
  18. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty.Quercus.ISBN978-0857389169.p. 213.
  19. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty.Quercus.ISBN978-0857389169.pp. 257, 259.
  20. ^Passavant, J.D.Rafael of Urbino and his Father, Giovanni Santi.Op. cit.The National Quarterly Review.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  21. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty.Quercus.ISBN978-0857389169.pp. 341, 342.
  22. ^abcBascapè, Giacomo & al.Insegne e Simboli, Araldica Pubblica e Privata Medievale e Moderna.Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Roma: 1983. Op. cit."Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy."Accessed 5 June 2010.
  23. ^Roscoe, William.The life and pontificate of Leo the Tenth,Vol. II.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  24. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty.Quercus.ISBN978-0857389169.pp. 342.
  25. ^Symonds, John A.Sketches and Studies in Italy and Greece.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  26. ^Setton, Kenneth M.The Papacy and the Levant(1204–1574).Vol. III.The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III.
  27. ^Hare, Christopher & al.Courts & Camps of the Italian Renaissance.1908.
  28. ^Muratori, Lodovico Antonio.Annali d'Italia dal principio dell'era volgare sino all'anno MDCCXLIX,Vol. XIV.Accessed 5 June 2010.
  29. ^Ed. Crosby, Allan J.Calendar of State Papers, Foreign: Elizabeth.Vol. 8 (1566–1568)."Elizabeth: February 1566."Accessed 5 June 2010.
  30. ^"In honor of Livio Odescalchi, Gonfaloniere (Standard-Bearer) of the Holy Roman Church".The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Retrieved25 November2023.
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