Gonyaulax
| Gonyaulax | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Myzozoa |
| Superclass: | Dinoflagellata |
| Class: | Dinophyceae |
| Order: | Gonyaulacales |
| Family: | Gonyaulacaceae |
| Genus: | Gonyaulax Diesing, 1866 |
| Species | |
| |
Gonyaulaxis a genus ofdinoflagellateswith thetype speciesGonyaulax spinifera(Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing.Gonyaulaxbelongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causesred tides.It can produce yesotoxins: for example, strains ofGonyaulax spiniferafrom New Zealand are yessotoxin producers.[4]
Structure
[edit]The plate formula in the genusGonyaulaxDiesing was redefined as Po, 3', 2a, 6 ", 6c, 4-8s, 5'", 1p, 1 "".[5]
Classification
[edit]All species are marine, except for one freshwater species,Gonyaulax apiculata.[5]
It previously included several species, which are now considered to belong to a separate genus, e.g.:[5]
- Gonyaulax tamarensis(now:Alexandrium tamarense)
- Gonyaulax grindleyi(now:Protoceratium reticulatum)
- Gonyaulax polyedra(now:Lingulodinium polyedra)
Adaptations
[edit]Gonyaulaxdinoflagellatescan produce resting cysts that belong to the cyst-defined genusSpiniferitesand other genera[6]
Effect on humans
[edit]Although someGonyaulaxspecies can produce yessotoxins, which can accumulate in shellfish, no harmful effects to humans have been clearly demonstrated; however abalone mortalities have been related to blooms ofGonyaulax membranaceae.[7]
Red tide
[edit]ARed tideis a discoloration of the sea water by pigmented cells likeGonyaulax spp.,some of which may produce toxins.Gonyaulax spiniferahas been connected to the production ofyessotoxins(YTXs), a group of structurally relatedpolyethertoxins, which can accumulate in shellfish.[8]
References
[edit]- ^syn.G. schuettiiLemmermann 1899AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma
- ^syn.Steiniella fragilisSchüttAQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis
- ^Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K (2015). "Relationship between the dinoflagellate cystSpiniferites pachydermusandGonyaulax ellegaardiaesp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization ".J. Phycol.51(3): 560–73.Bibcode:2015JPcgy..51..560M.doi:10.1111/jpy.12304.PMID26986670.S2CID24811284.
- ^Rhodes, L.A.; McNabb, P.; de Salas, M.; Briggs, L.; Beuzenberg, V.; Gladstone, M. (2006). "Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera".Harmful Algae.5(2): 148–55.doi:10.1016/j.hal.2005.06.008.
- ^abcDodge, J.D. (1989). "Some revisions of the family Gonyaulacaceae (Dinophyceae) based on scanning electron microscope study".Botanica Marina.32(4): 275–298.doi:10.1515/botm.1989.32.4.275.S2CID85674405.
- ^Rochon, André; Lewis, Jane; Ellegaard, Marianne; Harding, Ian C. (2009-05-01)."The Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae)" complex ": Perpetuating the paradox?".Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology.155(1): 52–60.Bibcode:2009RPaPa.155...52R.doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.12.017.ISSN0034-6667.
- ^Pitcher, Grant C.; Foord, Charles J.; Macey, Brett M.; Mansfield, Lisa; Mouton, Anna; Smith, Marie E.; Osmond, Steven J.; van der Molen, Lynndal (2019-01-01)."Devastating farmed abalone mortalities attributed to yessotoxin-producing dinoflagellates".Harmful Algae.81:30–41.doi:10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.006.ISSN1568-9883.PMID30638496.S2CID58643225.
- ^"Yessotoxin".toxins.hais.ioc-unesco.org.Retrieved2024-04-08.