Jump to content

Waymo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromGoogle driverless car)

Waymo LLC
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryAutonomous cars
PredecessorGoogle Self-Driving Car Project
Founded
  • January 17, 2009;15 years ago(January 17, 2009)(as the Google Self-Driving Car Project)
  • December 13, 2016;7 years ago(2016-12-13)(as Waymo)
  • 2004;20 years ago(2004)(as Stanford Self-Driving Car Team)
Founder
Headquarters
Mountain View, California
,
USA
Area served
Key people
Number of employees
2,500 (2023)Edit this on Wikidata
Parent
Websitewaymo.com
WaymoChrysler Pacifica Hybridundergoing testing in the San Francisco Bay Area

Waymo LLC,formerly known as theGoogle Self-Driving Car Project,is an Americanautonomous drivingtechnology company headquartered inMountain View, California.It is a subsidiary ofAlphabet Inc.

The company traces its origins to the Stanford Racing Team, whichcompeted in the 2005and 2007Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA)Grand Challenges.[1]Google's development of self-driving technology began in January 2009,[2][3]led bySebastian Thrun,the former director of theStanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory(SAIL), andAnthony Levandowski,founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots.[4][5]After almost two years of road testing with seven vehicles,theNew York Timesrevealed Google's project in October 2010.[6][7][8]

In fall 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads".[9]In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet.[10]In October 2020, Waymo became the first company to offer service to the public without safety drivers in the vehicle.[11][12][13][14]Waymo currently operates commercialrobotaxiservices inPhoenix, Arizona,Los Angeles,andSan Francisco,[15]with new services planned inAustin, Texas.[16]As of October 2024,it offers 150,000 paid rides per week totalling over 1 million miles weekly.[17]

Waymo is run by co-CEOsTekedra MawakanaandDmitri Dolgov.[18]The company raised US$5.5 billion in multiple outside funding rounds[19]by 2022 and raised $5.6 billion funding in 2024.[20]Waymo has partnerships with multiple vehicle manufacturers, includingStellantis,[21]Mercedes-Benz Group AG,[22]Jaguar Land Rover,[23]andVolvo.[24]

History

[edit]
See also:History of self-driving cars

Ground work

[edit]

Google's development of self-driving technology began on January 17, 2009,[3][non-primary source needed]atGoogle Xlab, run by co-founderSergey Brin.[2]The project was launched at Google by Sebastian Thrun, the former director of theStanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory(SAIL) andAnthony Levandowski,founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots.[4][5]

The initial software code andartificial intelligence(AI) design of the effort started before the team worked at Google, when Thrun and 15 engineers, including Dmitri Dolgov, Mike Montemerlo, Hendrik Dahlkamp, Sven Strohband, andDavid Stavens,built Stanley and Junior, Stanford's entries in the 2005 and 2007DARPA Challenges.Later, aspects of this technology were used in a digital mapping project for SAIL called VueTool.[25][26][6]In 2007, Googleacqui-hiredthe entire VueTool team to help advance Google'sStreet Viewtechnology.[25][26][7][27]

As part of Street View development, 100Toyota Priuses[5]were outfitted withTopcondigital mapping hardware developed by 510 Systems.[28][26][5]

In 2008, the Street View team launched project Ground Truth,[29]to create accurate road maps by extracting data from satellites and street views.[30]

Pribot

[edit]

In February 2008, aDiscovery Channelproducer for the documentary seriesPrototype This!phoned Levandowski.[26][31]The producer requested to borrow Levandowski's Ghost Rider, the autonomous two-wheeled motocycle Levandowski'sBerkeleyteam had built for the2004 DARPA Grand Challenge[1]that Levandowski had later donated to theSmithsonian.[32]Since the motorcycle was not available, Levandowski offered to retrofit a Toyota Prius as a self-drivingpizza deliverycar for the show.[26]

As a Google employee, Levandowski askedLarry Pageand Thrun whether Google was interested in participating in the show. Both declined, citing liability issues.[1]However, they authorized Levandowski to move forward with the project, as long as it was not associated with Google.[26][33]Within weeks Levandowski founded Anthony's Robots to do so.[25]He retrofitted the car withlight detection and rangingtechnology (lidar), sensors, and cameras. The Stanford team (Stanley (vehicle)) provided its code base to the project.[1]The ensuing episode depicting Pribot delivering pizza across theSan Francisco Bay Bridgeunder police escort aired in December 2008.[34][4][33][35]

The project success led Google togreenlightGoogle's self-driving car program in January 2009.[1]In 2011, Google acquired 510 Systems (co-founded by Levandowski, Pierre-Yves Droz and Andrew Schultz), and Anthony's Robots for an estimated US$20 million.[28][25][34][4][36]Levandowski's vehicle and hardware, and Stanford's AI technology and software, became the nucleus of the project.[1]

A Firefly self-driving Waymo car

Project Chauffeur

[edit]

After almost two years of road testing with seven vehicles, theNew York Timesrevealed the existence of Google's project on October 9, 2010.[6]Google announced its initiative later the same day.[7][8]

Starting in 2010, lawmakers in various states expressed concerns over how to regulate autonomous vehicles. A relatedNevadalaw went into effect on March 1, 2012.[37]Google had been lobbying for such laws.[38][39][40]A modified Prius was licensed by theNevada Department of Motor Vehicles(DMV) in May 2012.[41]The car was "driven" byChris Urmsonwith Levandowski in the passenger seat.[41]This was the first US license for a self-driven car.[37]

In January 2014[42]Google was granted a patent for a transportation service funded by advertising that included autonomous vehicles as a transport method.[43]In late May, Google revealed an autonomousprototype,which had no steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal.[44][45]In December, Google unveiled a Firefly prototype that was planned to be tested onSan Francisco Bay Arearoads beginning in early 2015.[46][47]

A self-driving car with the previous Google branding

In 2015, Levandowski left the project. In August 2015, Google hired formerHyundai Motorexecutive,John Krafcik,as CEO.[48]In fall 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads" inAustin, Texasto Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa Clara Valley Blind Center, who was alegally blindfriend of principal engineer Nathaniel Fairfield.[9]It was the first entirely autonomous trip on a public road. It was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort.[49]The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals.[50]By the end of 2015, Project Chauffeur had covered more than a million miles.[28]

Google spent $1.1 billion on the project between 2009 and 2015. For comparison, the acquisition ofCruise AutomationbyGeneral Motorsin March 2016 was for $500 million, and Uber's acquisition ofOttoin August 2016 was for $680 million.[51]

Waymo

[edit]

In May 2016, Google and Stellantis announced an order of 100Chrysler Pacificahybridminivans to test the self-driving technology.[52]In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and spun out of Google as part of Alphabet.[10]The name was derived from "a new way forward in mobility".[53]In May 2016, the company opened a 53,000-square-foot (4,900 m2) technology center inNovi, Michigan.[54]

In 2017, Waymo suedUberfor allegedly stealing trade secrets.[27]Waymo began testing minivans without a safety driver on public roads inChandler, Arizona,in October 2017.[55]In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and chips that are less expensive to manufacture, cameras that improve visibility, and wipers to clear thelidarsystem.[56]At the beginning of the self-driving car program, they used a $75,000 lidar system fromVelodyne.[57]In 2017, the cost decreased approximately 90 percent, as Waymo converted to in-house built lidar.[58]Waymo has applied its technology to various cars including the Prius,Audi TT,FiatChrysler Pacifica,andLexus RX450h.[59][60]Waymo partners with Lyft on pilot projects and product development.[61]Waymo ordered an additional 500 Pacifica hybrids in 2017.

Waymo-operated Jaguar I-Pace in San Francisco

In March 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that Waymo had ordered up to 20,000 of itsI-Paceelectric SUVs at an estimated cost of more than $1 billion.[62][63]In late May 2018, Alphabet announced plans to add up to 62,000 Pacifica Hybrid minivans to the fleet.[64][65]Also in May 2018, Waymo established Huimo Business Consulting subsidiary in Shanghai.[66]

In April 2019, Waymo announced plans for vehicle assembly in Detroit at the former American Axle & Manufacturing plant, bringing between 100 and 400 jobs to the area. Waymo used vehicle assemblerMagnato turnJaguar I-PACEelectric SUVs andChrysler PacificaHybrid minivans into WaymoLevel 4autonomous vehicles.[67][68]Waymo subsequently reverted to retrofitting existing models rather than a custom design.[69]

In March 2020, Waymo Via was launched after the company's announcement that it had raised $2.25 billion from investors.[70]In May 2020, Waymo raised an additional $750 million.[71]In July 2020, the company announced an exclusive partnership with auto manufacturerVolvoto integrate Waymo technology.[24][72]

In April 2021, Krafcik was replaced by two co-CEOs: Waymo's COO Tekedra Mawakana andCTODmitri Dolgov.[73]Waymo raised $2.5 billion in another funding round in June 2021,[74][75]with total funding of $5.5 billion.[19]Waymo launched a consumer testing program in San Francisco in August 2021.[76][77]GeelyHolding said it would partner with Waymo to make electric vehicles from its premium electric mobility brand, Zeekr, to be deployed as fully autonomous ride-hailing vehicles across the United States.[78]

In May 2022, Waymo started a pilot program seeking riders in downtownPhoenix, Arizona.[76][77]In May 2022, Waymo announced that it would expand the program to more areas of Phoenix.[79]In 2023, coverage of the Waymo One area was increased by 45 square miles (120 km2), expanding to include downtown Mesa, uptown Phoenix, and South Mountain Village.[80][81][82]

In June 2022, Waymo announced a partnership with Uber, under which Waymo will integrate its autonomous technology into Uber's freight truck service.[83]Plans to expand the program to Los Angeles were announced in late 2022.[84]On December 13, 2022, Waymo applied for the final permit necessary to operate fully autonomous taxis, without a backup driver present, within the state of California.[85]

In January 2023,The Informationreported that Waymo staff were among those affected by Google's layoffs of around 12,000 workers.TechCrunchreported that Waymo was set to kill its trucking program.[86]

Technology

[edit]
ALexus RX450hretrofitted by Google for its self-driving car project

Google has invested heavily inmatrix multiplicationandvideo processinghardware such as theTensor Processing Unit(TPU) to augmentNvidia'sgraphics processing units(GPUs) andIntelcentral processing units(CPUs).[87]Much of this is shrouded in trade secrets, buttransformer (machine learning)technology for inference is probably involved.[88]

Waymo manufactures a suite of self-driving hardware developed in-house.[89]This includes sensors and hardware-enhanced vision system,radar,and lidar.[21][89]

Sensors give 360-degree views while lidar detects objects up to 300 metres (980 ft) away.[21]Short-range lidar images objects near the vehicle, while radar is used to see around other vehicles and track objects in motion.[21]

Riders push buttons to control functions such as "help", "lock", "pull over", and "start ride".[90]

Waymo'sdeep-learningarchitecture VectorNet predicts vehicle trajectories in complex traffic scenarios. It uses agraph neural networkto model the interactions between vehicles and has demonstrated state-of-the-art performance on several benchmark datasets for trajectory prediction.[91]

Waymo Carcraft is a virtual world where Waymo can simulate driving conditions.[92][93]The simulator was named after the video gameWorld of Warcraft.[92][93]With Carcraft, 25,000 virtual self-driving cars navigate through models of Austin, Texas;Mountain View, California;Phoenix, Arizona; and other cities.[92]

Road testing

[edit]

Chronology

[edit]
AToyota Priusmodified to operate as a Google driverless car, navigating a test course[94]

In 2009, Google began testing its self-driving cars in theSan Francisco Bay Area.[95]

By December 2013, Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan had passed laws permittingautonomous cars.[96]A law proposed in Texas allowed testing.[97][98]

In June 2015, Waymo announced that their vehicles had driven over 1,000,000 mi (1,600,000 km) and that in the process they had encountered 200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles.[99]Prototype vehicles were driving in Mountain View.[100]Speeds were limited to 25 mph (40 km/h) and had safety drivers aboard.[101]Google took its first driverless ride on public roads in October 2015, when Mahan took a 10-minute ride around Austin in a Google "pod car" with no steering wheel or pedals.[102]Google expanded its road-testing to Texas, where regulations did not prohibit cars without pedals or a steering wheel.[103]

In 2016, road testing expanded to Phoenix andKirkland, Washington,which has a wet climate.[104]As of June 2016,Google had test driven its fleet of vehicles in autonomous mode a total of 1,725,911 mi (2,777,585 km).[105]In August 2016 alone, their cars traveled a "total of 170,000 miles; of those, 126,000 miles were autonomous (i.e., the car was fully in control)".[106]

In 2017, Waymo reported a total of 636,868 miles covered by the fleet in autonomous mode, and the associated 124 disengagements, for the period from December 1, 2015, through November 30, 2016.[107]In November Waymo altered its Arizona testing by removing safety drivers.[21]The cars were geofenced within a 100-square-mile (260 km2) region surroundingChandler, Arizona.[21]

In 2017, Waymo began testing itslevel 4cars in Arizona to take advantage of good weather, simple roads, and reasonable laws.[21]

In 2017, Waymo began testing inMichigan.[90]Also, in 2017, Waymo unveiled itsCastletest facility inCentral Valley,California. Castle, a former airbase, has served as the project's training course since 2012.[21]

In March 2018, Waymo announced its plans for experiments with the company's self-driving trucks delivering freight to Google data centers inAtlanta,Georgia.[108]In October 2018, theCalifornia Department of Motor Vehiclesissued a permit for Waymo to operate cars without safety drivers. Waymo was the first company to receive a permit that allowed day and night testing on public roads and highways. Waymo announced that its service would include Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Los Altos, and Palo Alto.[109][110]In July 2019, Waymo received permission to transport passengers.[111]

In December 2018, Waymo launched Waymo One, transporting passengers. The service used safety drivers to monitor some rides, with others provided in select areas without them. In November 2019, Waymo One became the first autonomous service worldwide to operate without safety drivers.[112][113][114]

By January 2020, Waymo had completed twenty million miles (32,000,000 km) of driving on public roads.[115][116]

In August 2021, commercial Waymo One test service started in San Francisco, beginning with a "trusted tester" rollout.[117]

In March 2022, Waymo began offering rides for Waymo staff in San Francisco without a driver.[118]

As of October 2024,Waymo is offering 100,000 paid rides per week across its Phoenix, San Francisco, and Los Angeles markets.[119]

Crashes

[edit]

By July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving cars had been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads.[120]Google maintained that, in all but one case, the vehicle was not at fault because the cars were either driven manually or the driver of another vehicle was at fault.[121][122][123]

By July 2021, the NHTSA had found 150 crashes by Waymo. Under NHTSA rules, crashes were reported if the system was in use in the prior 30 seconds, though most crashes did not have injuries.[124]

Waymo regularly publishes safety reports.[125]Waymo is required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents where the safety driver took control for safety reasons. Some incidents were not reported when simulations indicated that the car would have stopped safely on its own.[126]In 2023, Waymo claimed only 3 crashes with injuries over 7.1 million miles driven, nearly twice as safe as a human driver.[127]

A Waymo robotaxi killed a dog in San Francisco while in "autonomous mode" in May 2023.[128]

In February 2024, a driverless Waymo robotaxi struck a cyclist in San Francisco.[129]Later that same month, Waymo issued recalls for 444 of its vehicles after two hit the same truck being towed on a highway.[130][131][132]

Limitations

[edit]

Waymo operates in some of its testing markets, such as Chandler, Arizona, atL4 autonomywith no one sitting behind the steering wheel, sharing roadways with other drivers and pedestrians.[21][133]Waymo's earlier testing focused on areas without harsh weather, extreme density, or complicated road systems, but it has moved on to test under new conditions.[134][102]As a result, beginning in 2017, Waymo began testing in areas with harsher conditions, such as its winter testing in Michigan.[90]

In 2014, a critic wrote in theMIT Technology Reviewthat unmapped stoplights would cause problems with Waymo's technology and the self-driving technology could not detect potholes. Additionally, the lidar technology cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police officer, signal the car to stop, the critic wrote.[135]Waymo has worked to improve how its technology responds in construction zones.[136][137]

California regulators do not require Waymo to disclose every incident involving erratic behavior in its fleet. In the first five months of 2023, San Francisco officials said they had logged more than 240 incidents in which a Cruise or Waymo vehicle might have created a safety hazard.[138]

In 2021, it was noted that Waymo cars kept routing through theRichmond Districtof San Francisco, with up to 50 cars each day driving to adead end streetbefore turning around.[139]In 2023,ABC7 News Bay Areaposted a video of a journalist taking a ride in a Waymo vehicle, which stopped at a green light and dropped the journalist at the wrong stop twice, despite support intervention.[140]

Backlash

[edit]

In 2023, the San Francisco groupSafe Street Rebelused a practice called "coning" to trap Waymo and Cruise cars with traffic cones as a form of protest after claiming that the cars had been involved in hundreds of incidents.[141]During the 2024 Lunar New Year in San Francisco Chinatown, protestors attacked, graffitied, and set fire to a Waymo car. No one was injured.[142][143]In 2024, passengers during a Waymo ride described an attack by an onlooker who attempted to cover the car's sensors.[144]

In 2024, a San Francisco city attorney had attempted to sue to prevent expansion of driverless vehicles including Waymo into San Francisco.[145]San Mateo Countygovernment soon after also sent a letter to regulators opposing expansion to its county.[146]

In May 2024, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched an investigation into potential flaws in Waymo vehicles, focusing on 31 incidents that included Waymo vehicles ramming into a closing gate, driving on the wrong side of the road, and at least 17 crashes or fires.[147]

In August of 2024, residents of San Francisco'sSoMadistrict began to complain about noise pollution from Waymo vehicles honking at each other in a local parking lot. Residents reported that the car horns could be heard daily, with varying levels of activity, usually peaking at around 4 AM and during evening rush hour. The honking appears to have been triggered by the self-driving cars backing in and out of the lot.[148]The story caught attention after a resident began live streaming the cars withlofi hip hopmusic. Since then, Waymo Director of Product & Ops, Vishay Nihalani has appeared on the live stream to apologize and offer an explanation. Nihalani has assured locals that the honking will be fixed as further software updates are implemented.[149]

Services

[edit]

Waymo highlighted four specific business uses for its autonomous tech in 2017: Robotaxis, trucking and logistics, urban public transportation, and passenger cars.[90]

Robotaxis

[edit]
This section is an excerpt fromRobotaxi.[edit]
Part ofa serieson
Self-driving cars& self-driving vehicles
Enablers
Topics
Related topics
Arobotaxi,also known as robot taxi, robo-taxi, self-driving taxi or driverless taxi, is anautonomous car(SAE automation level4 or 5) operated for aridesharing company.

Waymo offers robotaxi services in Phoenix, Arizona and in San Francisco,[117]and Los Angeles, California.[150]Waymo's autonomous robotaxi was developed byZeekrandCEVT.[151][152]

Trucking and delivery

[edit]

Waymo Via, launched in 2020 to work with OEMs to get its technology into vehicles.[153][70][154]The company is testingClass 8tractor-trailers[155]in Atlanta,[155]and southwest shipping routes across Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California.[153]The company operates a trucking hub inDallas,Texas.[156]It is partnering with Daimler to integrate autonomous technology into a fleet ofFreightliner Cascadiatrucks.[157]

Waymo operates 48 Class 8 autonomous trucks with safety drivers.[158]In 2023 Waymo issued a joint application along withAurora Innovationto theFederal Motor Carrier Safety Administrationfor a five-year exemption from rules that require drivers to place reflective triangles or a flare around a stopped tractor-trailer truck, to avoid needing human drivers, in favor of warning beacons mounted on the truck cab.[159]

Waymo tested its technology in commercial delivery vehicles withUnited Parcel Service.[160][161]In July 2020 Waymo andStellantisexpanded their partnership, including the development ofRam ProMasterdelivery vehicles.[162]

[edit]

Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al.

[edit]

In February 2017, Waymo sued Uber and its subsidiary self-driving trucking company,Otto,allegingtrade secrettheft and patent infringement. The company claimed that three ex-Google employees, includingAnthony Levandowski,had stolen trade secrets, including thousands of files, from Google before joining Uber.[163]The alleged infringement was related to Waymo's proprietary lidar technology,[164][165]Google accused Uber of colluding with Levandowski.[166]Levandowski allegedly downloaded 9 gigabytes of data that included over a hundred trade secrets; eight of which were at stake during the trial.[167][168]

An ensuing settlement gave Waymo 0.34% of Uber stock,[163]the equivalent of $245 million. Uber agreed not to infringe Waymo's intellectual property.[169]Part of the agreement included a guarantee that "Waymo confidential information is not being incorporated in Uber Advanced Technologies Group hardware and software."[170]In statements released after the settlement, Uber maintained that it received no trade secrets.[171]In May, according to an Uber spokesman, Uber had fired Levandowski, which resulted in the loss of roughly $250 million of his equity in Uber, which almost exactly equaled the settlement.[163]Uber announced that it was halting production of self-driving trucks through Otto in July 2018, and the subsidiary company was shuttered.[172]

California disclosure dispute

[edit]

In January 2022, Waymo sued theCalifornia Department of Motor Vehicles(DMV) to prevent data on driverless crashes from being released to the public. Waymo maintained that such information constituted atrade secret.[173]According toThe Los Angeles Times,the "topics Waymo wants to keep hidden include how it plans to handle driverless car emergencies, what it would do if a robot taxi started driving itself where it wasn't supposed to go, and what constraints there are on the car's ability to traverse San Francisco's tunnels, tight curves and steep hills."[174]

In February 2022, Waymo was successful in preventing the release of robotaxi safety records. A Waymo spokesperson affirmed that the company would be transparent about its safety record.[175]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdef"How a robot lover pioneered the driverless car, and why he's selling his latest to Uber".The Guardian.August 19, 2016.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  2. ^ab"Google's self-driving-car project becomes a separate company: Waymo".Associated Press.December 13, 2016.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  3. ^abKrafcik, John (January 17, 2019)."Our #tenyearchallenge has been building the world's most experienced driver. Thanks to two visionary @Google characters for getting us started & to the @Waymo One riders in #Phoenix we're serving. HBD #Waymo pic.twitter.com/Ew4fdXjM7c".John Krafcik's official Twitter account.Archivedfrom the original on January 23, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 17,2019.
  4. ^abcd"The Unknown Start-up That Built Google's First Self-Driving Car".IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News.November 19, 2014.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.Though Google has portrayed Thrun as its "godfather" of self-driving, a review of the available evidence suggests that the motivating force behind the company's program was actually Levandowski
  5. ^abcd"God Is a Bot, and Anthony Levandowski Is His Messenger | Backchannel".Wired.ISSN1059-1028.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  6. ^abcJohn Markoff(October 9, 2010)."Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic".The New York Times.RetrievedOctober 11,2010.
  7. ^abcSebastian Thrun (October 9, 2010)."What we're driving at".The Official Google Blog.RetrievedOctober 11,2010.
  8. ^ab"Anthony Levandowski pleads guilty to one count of trade secrets theft under plea deal".TechCrunch.March 20, 2020. Archived fromthe originalon March 20, 2020.RetrievedJune 30,2020.
  9. ^abTeam, Waymo (December 13, 2016)."On the road with self-driving car user number one".Medium.
  10. ^ab"Journey".Waymo.
  11. ^"Waymo launches its first commercial self-driving car service".Engadget.RetrievedDecember 5,2018.
  12. ^White, Joseph (October 8, 2020)."Waymo opens driverless robo-taxi service to the public in Phoenix".Reuters.RetrievedOctober 20,2020.
  13. ^"Waymo Relaunches Driverless Ride Sharing".All About Arizona News.October 12, 2020.RetrievedOctober 18,2020.
  14. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (December 9, 2019)."Waymo's driverless car: ghost-riding in the back seat of a robot taxi".The Verge.
  15. ^Knoll, Corina (March 20, 2024)."When Nobody Is Behind the Wheel in Car-Obsessed Los Angeles".The New York Times.RetrievedJuly 23,2024.
  16. ^"Autonomous Ride-Hailing in Austin, Texas".Waymo.RetrievedOctober 27,2023.
  17. ^Ohnsman, Alan."Alphabet's Waymo Logging 150,000 Robotaxi Rides And 1 Million Miles A Week".Forbes.RetrievedOctober 30,2024.
  18. ^"Waymo CEO John Krafcik steps aside as co-CEO's take over".CNBC. April 2, 2021.RetrievedApril 2,2021.
  19. ^abFannin, Rebecca (May 21, 2022)."Where the billions spent on autonomous vehicles by U.S. and Chinese giants is heading".CNBC.RetrievedMay 22,2022.
  20. ^Kolodny, Lora (October 25, 2024)."Alphabet's self-driving unit Waymo closes $5.6 billion funding round as robotaxi race heats up in the U.S."CNBC.RetrievedOctober 30,2024.
  21. ^abcdefghiAndrew J. Hawkins (November 7, 2017)."Waymo is first to put fully self-driving cars on US roads without a safety driver".The Verge.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  22. ^Daimler Trucks partners with Waymo to build self-driving semi trucks,TechCrunch, October 27, 2020
  23. ^Bergen, Mark; Naughton, Keith (April 2, 2018)."Waymo isn't going to slow down now".Bloomberg L.P.RetrievedJune 12,2018.
  24. ^abSilver, David."Waymo And Volvo Form Exclusive Self-Driving Partnership".Forbes.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  25. ^abcdHiggins, Jack Nicas and Tim (May 23, 2017)."Google vs. Uber: How One Engineer Sparked a War".The Wall Street Journal.ISSN0099-9660.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  26. ^abcdef"Fury Road: Did Uber Steal the Driverless Future From Google?".Bloomberg.com.March 16, 2017.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  27. ^abHull, Dana (October 30, 2017)."The PayPal Mafia of Self-Driving Cars Has Been at It a Decade".Bloomberg L.P.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  28. ^abcDuhigg, Charles (October 15, 2018)."Did Uber Steal Google's Intellectual Property?".The New Yorker.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  29. ^Miller, Greg (December 8, 2014)."The Huge, Unseen Operation Behind the Accuracy of Google Maps".Wired.ISSN1059-1028.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  30. ^Goddard, Megan."Project Ground Truth: Accurate Maps via Algorithms and Elbow Grease"(PDF).RetrievedNovember 6,2023.
  31. ^Bilger, Burkhard (November 18, 2013)."Has the Self-Driving Car Arrived at Last?".The New Yorker.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  32. ^""Ghostrider" Robot Motorcycle ".National Museum of American History.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  33. ^abMcCullagh, Declan."Robotic Prius takes itself for a spin around SF".CNET.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  34. ^ab"How Anthony Levandowski Put Himself at the Center of an Industry".Wired.ISSN1059-1028.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  35. ^"Automated Pizza Delivery".Discovery.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  36. ^Ohnsman, Alan."Anthony Levandowski, The Fallen Self-Driving Tech Star Who Triggered Waymo-Uber Legal Battle, Ordered To Pay Google $179 Million".Forbes.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  37. ^abMary Slosson (May 8, 2012)."Google gets first self-driven car license in Nevada".Reuters.RetrievedMay 9,2012.
  38. ^"Nevada enacts law authorizing autonomous (driverless) vehicles".Green Car Congress. June 25, 2011.RetrievedJune 25,2011.
  39. ^Alex Knapp (June 22, 2011)."Nevada Passes Law Authorizing Driverless Cars".Forbes.RetrievedJune 25,2011.
  40. ^John Markoff (May 10, 2011)."Google Lobbies Nevada To Allow Self-Driving Cars".The New York Times.RetrievedMay 11,2011.
  41. ^abHarris, Mark (September 10, 2014)."How Google's Autonomous Car Passed the First U.S. State Self-Driving Test".IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  42. ^Billy Davies (January 24, 2014)."The future of urban transport: The self-driving car club".zodiacmedia.co.uk.RetrievedJanuary 24,2014.
  43. ^B1 US patent 8630897 B1,Luis Ricardo Prada Gomez; Andrew Timothy Szybalski Sebastian Thrun & Philip Nemec et al., "Transportation-aware physical advertising conversions", published 2014-01-14, assigned to Google Inc
  44. ^A First Drive.May 27, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.
  45. ^Liz Gannes (May 27, 2014)."Google Introduces New Self Driving Car at the Code Conference – Re/code".Re/code.
  46. ^"Google's 'goofy' new self-driving car a sign of things to come".Mercury News.December 22, 2014.RetrievedDecember 22,2014.
  47. ^Lynch, Jim (June 13, 2017)."Waymo retires Firefly test cars, focuses on Pacificas".The Detroit News.RetrievedJune 27,2018.
  48. ^Wakabayashi, Daisuke (December 13, 2016)."Google Parent Company Spins Off Self-Driving Car Business".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJune 30,2020.
  49. ^III, Ashley Halsey; Laris, Michael (December 13, 2016)."Blind man sets out alone in Google's driverless car".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedJuly 2,2020.
  50. ^Encalada, Debbie (December 14, 2016)."Google Confirms First Ever Driverless Self-Driving Car Ride".Complex Media.
  51. ^Mark Harris (September 15, 2017)."Google Has Spent Over $1.1 Billion on Self-Driving Tech".IEEE spectrum.
  52. ^Tommaso Ebhardt (May 3, 2016)."Fiat, Google Plan Partnership on Self-Driving Minivans".Bloomberg.com.
  53. ^Etherington, Darrell; Kolodny, Lora (December 13, 2016)."Google's self-driving car unit becomes Waymo".
  54. ^Krafcik, John (October 27, 2017)."Michigan is Waymo's winter wonderland".Medium.com.RetrievedSeptember 15,2018.
  55. ^Randazzo, Ryan (January 30, 2018)."Waymo to start driverless ride sharing in Phoenix area this year".Arizona Republic.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  56. ^Bergen, Mark (May 16, 2017)."Waymo Tests Hardware to Ease Passenger Fears of Driverless Cars".Bloomberg L.P.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  57. ^Dallon Adams (April 26, 2017)."Everything you need to know about Waymo's self-driving car project".Digital Trends.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  58. ^Ron Amadeo (January 9, 2017)."Google's Waymo invests in LIDAR technology, cuts costs by 90 percent".Ars Technica.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  59. ^Damon Lavrinc (April 16, 2012)."Exclusive: Google Expands Its Autonomous Fleet With Hybrid Lexus RX450h".Wired.RetrievedApril 24,2012.
  60. ^Gibbs, Samuel (November 7, 2017)."Google sibling Waymo launches fully autonomous ride-hailing service".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.RetrievedDecember 3,2017.
  61. ^Isaac, Mike (May 14, 2017)."Lyft and Waymo Reach Deal to Collaborate on Self-Driving Cars".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  62. ^Higgins, Tim; Dawson, Chester (March 27, 2018)."Waymo Orders Up to 20,000 Jaguar SUVs for Driverless Fleet".The Wall Street Journal.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  63. ^Topham, Gwyn (March 27, 2018)."Jaguar to supply 20,000 cars to Google's self-driving spin-off Waymo".The Guardian.RetrievedMarch 28,2018.
  64. ^Andrew J. Hawkins (January 30, 2018)."Waymo strikes a deal to buy 'thousands' more self-driving minivans from Fiat Chrysler".The Verge.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  65. ^della Cava, Marco."Waymo will add up to 62,000 FCA minivans to self-driving fleet".USA Today.RetrievedJune 1,2018.
  66. ^Bergen, Mark; Spears, Lee (August 24, 2018)."Waymo's Shanghai Subsidiary Gives Alphabet Another Route Back to China".Bloomberg L.P.RetrievedAugust 24,2018.
  67. ^Sage, Alexandria (April 23, 2019)."Waymo picks Detroit factory for self-driving fleet, to be operational by mid-2019".Reuters.RetrievedApril 23,2019.
  68. ^Korosec, Kirsten (April 23, 2019)."Waymo picks Detroit factory to build self-driving cars".TechCrunch.RetrievedApril 23,2019.
  69. ^Rudgard, Olivia (August 19, 2019)."Google spin-out Waymo rules out building its own self-driving cars".The Telegraph.ISSN0307-1235.Archivedfrom the original on January 12, 2022.RetrievedAugust 20,2019.
  70. ^abLeBeau, Phil (March 2, 2020)."Waymo launches delivery service after raising $2.25 billion".CNBC.RetrievedMarch 3,2020.
  71. ^Miller, Daniel (May 13, 2020)."Waymo Drives an Additional $750 million in Funding".The Motley Fool.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  72. ^"Volvo Cars, Waymo partner to build self-driving vehicles".Reuters.June 25, 2020.RetrievedJuly 1,2020.
  73. ^Nieva, Richard (April 2, 2021)."Waymo CEO John Krafcik to step down from self-driving car company".CNET.RetrievedApril 4,2021.
  74. ^Sebastian, Dave (June 16, 2021)."Waymo Raises $2.5 Billion in Funding Round".The Wall Street Journal.RetrievedJuly 13,2021.
  75. ^Alamalhodaei, Aria (June 16, 2021)."Waymo, Alphabet's self-driving arm, raises $2.5B in second external investment round".TechCrunch.RetrievedJuly 13,2021.
  76. ^abRandazzo, Ryan (May 10, 2022)."Waymo to start offering autonomous rides to public in central, downtown Phoenix".The Arizona Republic.RetrievedMay 11,2022.
  77. ^abBlye, Andy (May 10, 2022)."Waymo opens autonomous service to select Phoenix passengers".Phoenix Business Journal.RetrievedMay 11,2022.
  78. ^"Waymo and China's Zeekr partner to develop driverless taxis".The Star.RetrievedDecember 29,2021.
  79. ^Valencia, Peter (May 18, 2022)."Waymo to launch self-driving cars program at Phoenix Sky Harbor in next few weeks".Arizona's Family.RetrievedMay 22,2022.
  80. ^Vanek, Corina (July 11, 2023)."Waymo expands coverage area in Phoenix. Here's what to know to hail a robotaxi".The Arizona Republic.
  81. ^Rice, Wills (July 9, 2023)."Waymo adding 45 square miles of metro Phoenix car service".KTAR-FM.
  82. ^Mixer, Kelly (July 15, 2023)."Waymo One expands another 45 square miles in metro Phoenix".City Sun Times.
  83. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (June 7, 2022)."Waymo is teaming up with Uber on autonomous trucking because time really heals all wounds".The Verge.RetrievedJune 7,2022.
  84. ^Elias, Jennifer (October 19, 2022)."Waymo says it plans to launch its self-driving service in Los Angeles".CNBC.RetrievedDecember 15,2022.
  85. ^Dave, Paresh (December 13, 2022)."Waymo seeks permit to sell self-driving car rides in San Francisco".Reuters.RetrievedDecember 15,2022.
  86. ^Bellan, Rebecca (January 24, 2023)."Waymo lays off staff as Alphabet announces 12,000 job cuts".TechCrunch.RetrievedJanuary 25,2023.
  87. ^"Intel is collaborating with Waymo on self-driving car technology".Business Insider.RetrievedDecember 12,2017.
  88. ^"Waymo shows off its next truly driverless prototype car".November 17, 2022.RetrievedNovember 6,2023.
  89. ^abGibbs, Samuel (November 7, 2017)."Google sibling Waymo launches fully autonomous ride-hailing service".The Guardian.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  90. ^abcddella Cava, Marco (October 31, 2017)."Waymo shows off the secret facility where it trains self-driving cars".USA Today.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  91. ^Walz, Eric (June 20, 2020)."Waymo Develops a Machine Learning Model to Predict the Behavior of Other Road Users for its Self-Driving Vehicles".Archived fromthe originalon March 31, 2023.RetrievedMarch 31,2023.
  92. ^abcMadrigal, Alexis C. (August 23, 2017)."Inside Waymo's Secret World for Training Self-Driving Cars".The Atlantic.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  93. ^abTimothy J. Seppala (August 23, 2017)."'Carcraft' is Waymo's virtual world for autonomous vehicle testing ".Engadget.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  94. ^"The Test Driven Google Car".April 30, 2011.RetrievedApril 30,2011– via YouTube.[dead YouTube link]
  95. ^Darrell Etherington (January 12, 2018)."Waymo's self-driving Chrysler Pacifica begins testing in San Francisco".TechCrunch.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  96. ^Muller, Joann."With Driverless Cars, Once Again It Is California Leading The Way",Forbes,September 26, 2012
  97. ^"Legislative Session: 83(R) Bill: HB 2932",Texas Legislature Online, May 30, 2013
  98. ^Whittington, Mark."Law Proposed in Texas to Require Licensed Driver in Self-Driving Vehicles",Yahoo! News, Fri, March 8, 2013
  99. ^"Sign in – Google Accounts".
  100. ^Murphy, Mike."Google's self-driving cars are now on the streets of California",Quartz,June 25, 2015
  101. ^Smith, Alexander; Hansen, Shelby (November 13, 2015)."Google Self-Driving Car Gets Pulled Over — For Going Too Slowly".NBC News.RetrievedNovember 13,2015.A Google self-driving car was pulled over by police because the vehicle was traveling too slowly, officials said. The officer in Mountain View, California, noticed traffic backing up behind the prototype vehicle, which was traveling 24 mph in a 35 mph zone, the force said.
  102. ^abDavies, Lex (November 7, 2017)."Wymo has taken the human out of its self-driving cars".Wired.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  103. ^"California's Red Tape Slows Google's Self-Driving Roll".Yahoo!. November 16, 2015.RetrievedNovember 16,2015.
  104. ^David Shepardson (April 7, 2016)."Google expanding self-driving vehicle testing to Phoenix, Arizona".TechCrunch.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  105. ^"Google Self-Driving Car Project Monthly Report – June 2016"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 13, 2016.RetrievedJuly 15,2016.
  106. ^"Google Self-Driving Car Project Monthly Report August 2016"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 3, 2016.RetrievedSeptember 19,2016.
  107. ^"Autonomous Vehicles".California DMV.
  108. ^"Waymo's self-driving trucks will start delivering freight in Atlanta".The Verge.RetrievedMarch 9,2018.
  109. ^"Waymo gets the green light to test fully driverless cars in California".The Verge.RetrievedNovember 1,2018.
  110. ^Team, Waymo (October 30, 2018)."A Green Light for Waymo's Driverless Testing in California".Medium.RetrievedNovember 1,2018.
  111. ^"Waymo is now allowed to transport passengers in its self-driving vehicles on California roads".TechCrunch.July 2, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 25,2019.
  112. ^Lee, Timothy (November 2, 2019)."Waymo let a reporter ride in a fully driverless car – Waymo has been touting fully driverless operation for almost two years".Ars Technica.RetrievedAugust 5,2020.
  113. ^Hawkins, Andrew (December 9, 2019)."Waymo's driverless car: ghost-riding in the back seat of a robot taxi".The Verge.RetrievedAugust 5,2020.
  114. ^Piper, Kelsey (February 28, 2020)."It's 2020. Where are our self-driving cars? – In the age of AI advances, self-driving cars turned out to be harder than people expected".Vox.RetrievedSeptember 14,2020.
  115. ^Team, Waymo (October 10, 2018)."Where the next 10 million miles will take us".Waymo.RetrievedNovember 1,2018.
  116. ^Lee, Timothy (January 7, 2020)."Waymo is way, way ahead on testing miles – that might not be a good thing".Ars Technica.RetrievedJuly 22,2020.
  117. ^abAmadeo, Ron (August 25, 2021)."Waymo expands to San Francisco with public self-driving test – Confidential testing starts in SF, featuring Waymo's 5th-gen Jaguar I-Pace cars".Ars Technica.RetrievedAugust 26,2021.
  118. ^Nico Grant; Edward Ludlow (March 30, 2022)."Waymo, Chasing Cruise, Plans Fully Driverless Rides in San Francisco".Bloomberg News.RetrievedMarch 31,2022.
  119. ^Bobrowsky, Meghan; Kruppa, Miles (October 18, 2024)."How San Francisco Learned to Love Self-Driving Cars. Just last year, residents wanted to get rid of robotaxis. Now locals and tourists can't get enough".The Wall Street Journal.RetrievedOctober 22,2024.
  120. ^Charlie Osborne."Google's autonomous car injuries: Blame the human".ZDNet.
  121. ^Urmson, Chris (January 20, 2017)."The View from the Front Seat of the Google Self-Driving Car".Medium.
  122. ^JOHN MARKOFF (October 9, 2010)."Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic".The New York Times.RetrievedAugust 12,2012.
  123. ^"Human Driver Crashes Google's Self Driving Car".Business Insider.August 5, 2011.RetrievedMay 4,2013.
  124. ^Parker, Jordan (August 21, 2023)."Here's how many Waymo and Cruise vehicles have been in crashes in past 2 years".San Francisco Chronicle.
  125. ^Laris, Michael (October 23, 2017)."Waymo gives federal officials a detailed safety report on self-driving vehicles".The Washington Post.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  126. ^Harris, Mark (January 12, 2016)."Google reports self-driving car mistakes: 272 failures and 13 near misses".The Guardian.
  127. ^Lee, Timothy B. (December 20, 2023)."7.1 million miles, 3 minor injuries: Waymo's safety data looks good".Ars Technica.RetrievedFebruary 18,2024.
  128. ^"Self-driving Waymo car kills dog amid increasing concern over robotaxis".The Guardian.June 7, 2023.
  129. ^Mishra, Disha; Rajan, Gnaneshwar (February 7, 2024)."Waymo robotaxi accident with San Francisco cyclist draws regulatory review".Reuters.RetrievedFebruary 8,2024.
  130. ^"Waymo issues recall after 2 of its vehicles strike the same pickup truck".AP News.February 15, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 17,2024.
  131. ^Cano, Ricardo (February 14, 2024)."Waymo recalls robotaxi software after collisions in Phoenix".San Francisco Chronicle.
  132. ^Shepardson, David (February 15, 2024)."Waymo recalls 444 self-driving vehicles over software error".Reuters.
  133. ^Darrell Etherington (November 7, 2017)."Waymo now testing its self-driving cars on public roads with no one at the wheel".TechCrunch.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  134. ^Alan Ohnsman (March 2, 2018)."Waymo Is Millions Of Miles Ahead In Robot Car Tests; Does It Need A Billion More?".Forbes.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  135. ^Lee Gomes (August 28, 2014)."Hidden Obstacles for Google's Self-driving Car".Archived fromthe originalon March 16, 2015.RetrievedOctober 6,2014.
  136. ^Alex Castro (May 9, 2018)."Inside Waymo's strategy to grow the best brains for self-driving cars".The Verge.RetrievedJuly 3,2018.
  137. ^Eric Jaffe (April 28, 2014)."The first look at how Google's self-driving car handles city streets".Bloomberg.com.CityLab.RetrievedJuly 3,2018.
  138. ^Liedtke, Michael (August 5, 2023)."Recalling a wild ride with a robotaxi named Peaches as regulators mull San Francisco expansion plan".ABC News.RetrievedAugust 5,2023.
  139. ^Pruitt-Young, Sharon (October 16, 2021)."Self-driving Waymo cars gather in a San Francisco neighborhood, confusing residents".NPR.
  140. ^"Journalist documents wild ride inside Waymo self-driving car in SF".ABC7 San Francisco.June 29, 2023.RetrievedFebruary 17,2024.
  141. ^Kerr, Dana (August 26, 2023)."Armed with traffic cones, protesters are immobilizing driverless cars".NPR.
  142. ^Javaid, Maham (February 12, 2024)."San Francisco crowd sets self-driving car on fire".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedFebruary 13,2024.
  143. ^Quintana, Sergio (February 13, 2024)."Authorities work to identify people who set Waymo car on fire in San Francisco".NBC Bay Area.RetrievedFebruary 17,2024.
  144. ^Pena, Luz (February 8, 2024)."SF couple describes feeling 'trapped' riding in Waymo driverless car that was being attacked".ABC7 San Francisco.RetrievedFebruary 17,2024.
  145. ^"SF sues state regulators for robotaxi expansion".San Francisco Examiner.January 24, 2024.RetrievedOctober 30,2024.
  146. ^"San Mateo County opposes Waymo's driverless-car expansion".The Mercury News.February 15, 2024.RetrievedFebruary 17,2024.
  147. ^Thadani, Trisha; Duncan, Ian (May 24, 2024)."Major robotaxi firms face federal safety investigations after crashes".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedMay 26,2024.
  148. ^Edwards, Benj (August 13, 2024)."Self-driving Waymo cars keep SF residents awake all night by honking at each other".Ars Technica.RetrievedSeptember 6,2024.
  149. ^Larson, Gooden, Amy, Lezla (August 19, 2024)."Driverless Waymo cars still honking despite software fix".KRON 4 News.RetrievedSeptember 6,2024.{{cite news}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  150. ^Kerr, Dana (March 14, 2024)."Waymo's robotaxi service set to expand into Los Angeles".NPR.
  151. ^Bassett, Abigail(November 21, 2022)."Waymo's new robotaxi is an all-electric people mover with no steering wheel".The Verge.RetrievedJanuary 15,2024.
  152. ^Liao, Rita (October 9, 2023)."Waymo-Zeekr robotaxi poised for US testing by end of 2023".TechCrunch.RetrievedJanuary 15,2024.
  153. ^ab"Waymo Targets Southwest Freight Corridor for Autonomous Truck Tests".Transport Topics.June 30, 2020.RetrievedJuly 2,2020.
  154. ^"Waymo Via – Same Driver. Different Vehicle".RetrievedJuly 22,2020.
  155. ^abAndrew J. Hawkins (March 9, 2018)."Waymo's self-driving trucks will start delivering freight in Atlanta".The Verge.RetrievedJune 27,2018.
  156. ^Ohnsman, Alan (August 25, 2020)."Waymo Taps Texas As Its Robot Truck Hub With Dallas Depot".Forbes.RetrievedSeptember 14,2020.
  157. ^Hawkins, Andrew (October 27, 2020)."Waymo and Daimler are teaming up to build fully driverless semi trucks – 'A broad, global, strategic partnership'".The Verge.RetrievedOctober 27,2020.
  158. ^Shepardson, David (April 12, 2023)."US union opposes driverless trucks waiver for Waymo, Aurora".Reuters.RetrievedApril 12,2023.
  159. ^"Federal Register:: Parts and Accessories Necessary for Safe Operation; Exemption Application From Waymo LLC, and Aurora Operations, Inc".Federal Register.March 9, 2023.RetrievedApril 12,2023.
  160. ^McFarland, Matt (January 29, 2020)."UPS teams up with Waymo to test self-driving delivery vans".CNN.RetrievedJuly 22,2020.
  161. ^"How the Waymo Driver is revolutionizing shipping – It's not only more efficient. Delivery networks, energy conservation, warehouse design, and more will all be affected—for the better".Fast Company.July 28, 2020.RetrievedJuly 29,2020.
  162. ^Gitlin, Jonathan (July 22, 2020)."Waymo is working on autonomous Ram ProMaster Vans for goods deliveries – FCA was Waymo's first OEM partner in 2016, deal will continue post-merger with PSA".Ars Technica.RetrievedJuly 22,2020.
  163. ^abcWakabayashi, Daisuke (February 9, 2018)."Uber and Waymo Settle Trade Secrets Suit Over Driverless Cars".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedFebruary 23,2019.
  164. ^"Waymo LLC v. Uber Technologies, Inc; Ottomotto LLC; Otto Trucking LLC".Trade Secrets Institute.Brook law.RetrievedMarch 18,2017.
  165. ^"Waymo's Complaint Against Uber".The New York Times.February 23, 2017.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedMarch 18,2017.
  166. ^"Secrets or Knowledge? Uber-Waymo Trial Tests Silicon Valley Culture".The New York Times.January 30, 2018.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedJune 4,2018.
  167. ^"I'm not so sure Waymo's going to win against Uber".The Verge.RetrievedJune 4,2018.
  168. ^Larson, Selena (February 7, 2018)."The tech at the center of the Waymo vs. Uber trade secrets case".CNN.RetrievedJune 13,2018.
  169. ^Farivar, Cyrus (February 9, 2018)."Silicon Valley's most-watched trial ends as Waymo and Uber settle".Ars Technica.RetrievedFebruary 9,2018.
  170. ^Larson 2018.
  171. ^Lien, Russ; Mitchell, Tracey (February 10, 2018)."Uber reaches settlement with Waymo in dispute over trade secrets".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJune 4,2018.
  172. ^Korosec, Kirsten (July 30, 2018)."Uber's self-driving trucks division is dead, long live Uber self-driving cars".TechCrunch.RetrievedDecember 31,2022.
  173. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (January 28, 2022)."Waymo sues California DMV to keep driverless crash data under wraps".The Verge.RetrievedJanuary 25,2023.
  174. ^Mitchell, Russ (January 28, 2022)."Waymo sues state DMV to keep robotaxi safety details secret".Los Angeles Times.RetrievedJanuary 25,2023.
  175. ^Hawkins, Andrew J. (February 23, 2022)."Waymo wins bid to keep some of its robotaxi safety details secret".The Verge.RetrievedJanuary 25,2023.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toWaymo.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waymo&oldid=1257014424"