Gottfried von Cramm

Gottfried von Cramm

Gottfried von Cramm (left) andGeorge Lyttleton Rogersof Ireland in 1932
Full name	Gottfried Alexander Maximilian Walter Kurt Freiherr von Cramm
Country (sports)	Weimar Republic(until 1933) Nazi Germany(1933-1945) West Germany(from 1949)
Born	(1909-07-07)7 July 1909 Nettlingen,German Empire
Died	8 November 1976(1976-11-08)(aged 67) Cairo,Egypt
Height	1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
Turned pro	1931 (amateur tour)
Retired	1952
Plays	Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Int. Tennis HoF	1977(member page)
Singles
Career record	390–82 (82.6%)
Career titles	45
Highest ranking	No.1(1937,ITHF)
Grand Slam singles results
Australian Open	SF (1938)
French Open	W(1934,1936)
Wimbledon	F (1935,1936,1937)
US Open	F (1937)
Doubles
Grand Slam doubles results
Australian Open	F (1938)
French Open	W(1937)
US Open	W(1937)
Grand Slam mixed doubles results
Wimbledon	W(1933)

Gottfried Alexander Maximilian Walter Kurt Freiherr^[A]von Cramm(German:[ˈɡɔtfʁiːtfɔnˈkʁam];7 July 1909 – 8 November 1976) was a Germantennisplayer who won theFrench Championshipstwice and reached the final of aGrand Slamsingles tournament on five other occasions. He was ranked number 2 in the world in 1934 and 1936, and number 1 in the world in 1937.He was inducted into theInternational Tennis Hall of Famein 1977, which states that he is "most remembered for a gallant effort in defeat againstDon Budgein the 1937 Interzone Final atWimbledon".

Von Cramm had difficulties with theNazi regime,which attempted to exploit his appearance and skill as a symbol ofAryan supremacy,but he refused to identify withNazism.Subsequently he was persecuted as a homosexual by the German government and was jailed briefly in 1938.

Von Cramm figured briefly in the gossip columns as the sixth husband ofBarbara Hutton,the Woolworth heiress.

Birth and childhood

Castle Oelber, the family's summer estate and Castle Brüggen, where Cramm grew up.

Third of the seven sons ofBaronBurchardvon Cramm(1874-1936), by his marriage toCountessJuttavon Steinberg(1888–1972), Cramm was born at the family estate,Castle Nettlingen,Lower Saxony, Germany and grew up inCastle Brüggenwhich also belonged to his family. A younger brother,Wilhelm-Ernst Freiherr von Cramm(1917–1996), was a German officer who was highly decorated during theSecond World War,and who after the war was leader of theGerman Party,a conservative German political party. Through the mutual ancestry from theCramm family,he was third cousin ofBernhard, Prince of the Netherlands.

Von Cramm began playing tennis around the age of ten after his right hand had recovered from an accident. That accident, which resulted in him losing the top joint of his index finger on his right hand, was the result of a horse who took more than just the sugar cube offered to him by the young von Cramm.

Tennis career

In 1932, Cramm earned a place in the GermanDavis Cupteam and won the first of four straight German national tennis championships.During this time he also teamed up withHilde Krahwinkelto win the 1933mixed doublestitle atWimbledon.Noted for his gentlemanly conduct and fair play, he gained the admiration and respect of his fellow tennis players. He earned his first individualGrand Slamtitle in 1934, winning the French Open. His victory made him a national hero in his native Germany; however, it was by chance that he won just afterAdolf Hitlerhad come to power. The handsome, blond Gottfried von Cramm fitted perfectly theAryan raceimage of aNaziideology that put pressure on all German athletes to be superior. However, Cramm steadfastly refused to be a tool for Nazi propaganda. Germany effectively lost its 1935 Davis Cup Interzone Final against the US when Cramm refused to take a match point in the deciding game, by notifying the umpire that the ball had tipped his racket, and thus calling a point against himself, although no one had witnessed the error.

von Cramm at the 1937 Australian Championships

For three straight years Cramm was the men's singles runner-up at the Wimbledon Championships, losing in the final to England'sFred Perryin 1935 and again in 1936. The following year he was runner-up to AmericanDon Budge,both at Wimbledon and at theU.S. Open.In 1935, he was beaten in the French Open final by Perry, but turned the tables the following year and defeated his rival, gaining his second French championship.

In addition to his Grand Slam play, Gottfried von Cramm is recalled for his deciding match against Don Budge during the 1937 Davis Cup. He was ahead 4–1 in the final set when Budge launched a comeback, eventually winning 8–6 in a match considered by many as the greatest battle in the annals of Davis Cup play and one of the pre-eminent matches in all of tennis history.In a later interview, Budge said that Cramm had received a phone call from Hitler minutes before the match started and had come out pale and serious and had played each point as though his life depended on winning.Ted Tinling,who served as the Player Liaison for theAll England Club,recalled in his memoir that as he was in the process of ushering Budge and von Cramm out toCentre Court,they were interrupted by a long-distance call for von Cramm, and that following the call, von Cramm turned to him and Budge and said, 'Excuse me, gentlemen, it was Hitler. He wanted to wish me good luck.'Others say that Budge believed a tale invented by Teddy Tinling that Hitler had telephoned Cramm before the match.

For his successful tennis career, he was decorated by the President of the Federal Republic of Germany with the Silver Laurel Leaf, Germany's highest sports award.

Imprisonment for same-sex affair

Despite his enormous popularity with the public, on 5 March 1938, von Cramm was arrested by the German government and tried on the charge of a homosexual relationship withManasse Herbst,a youngGalicianJewishactor and singer, who had appeared in the 1926 silent filmDer Sohn des Hannibal.After being hospitalized for a nervous collapse after his arrest, on 14 March von Cramm was sentenced to one year's imprisonmentCramm admitted the relationship, which had lasted from 1931 until 1934 and had begun shortly before he married his first wife. He was additionally charged with sending money to Herbst, who had moved toPalestinein 1936. According to a report on the trial inThe New York Timesof 15 May 1938, the judge stated that "Baron von Cramm had alleged that his wife, during their honeymoon, had become intimate with a French athlete. The court held that this experience had unsettled the young tennis star and had resulted in his seeking a perverse compensation for an unhappy married life."Although Cramm had confessed to an affair with Herbst once he was arrested, he later changed his confession to one of "mutual masturbation", and his lawyer was able to convince the judge that Cramm had been forced into sending money to Herbst because Herbst was a "sneaky Jew".

Cramm's international tennis friends were outraged at his treatment. Don Budge collected the signatures of high-profile athletes and sent a protest letter toHitler.His friend KingGustaf V of Swedenalso pressured the German government to have him released. Cramm was released on parole after six months,and in May 1939 returned to competitive tennis. Cramm competed at theQueen's Club Championshipsin London, where he won the event by beating AmericanBobby Riggs6–0, 6–1. Officials at Wimbledon reportedly refused to let him play in their tournament, using the excuse that he was a convicted criminal and therefore unfit;The New York Times,however, quoted Wimbledon sources as saying that Cramm would have been welcome to participate, had he submitted an entry.

A further humiliation was Germany's decision in 1940 to recall Cramm from an international tennis tournament in Rome before he had a chance to play.

Connections to the German resistance

Cramm refused to become a party member of the NSDAP during the entire period of the National Socialist regime, althoughHermann Göring,who was a member of the same tennis club, tried to persuade him several times. Because Cramm never mentioned Hitler during speeches on international trips, watched films critical of the regime, and privately spoke disparagingly of the National Socialists, he increasingly aroused the displeasure of the Nazis.

Von Cramm showed solidarity with the active resistance to Hitler in the last years of the war, using his travels as a tennis coach to Sweden to pass on confidential messages from the20 July conspirators.After the failed assassination attempt, he expressed his desire to join another attempt.Since the resistance never reorganised after the 20 July plot, he never got the chance to turn his words into deeds.

Wartime service and postwar career

In May 1940, some months after the outbreak of theSecond World War,Cramm was conscripted into military serviceas a member of theHermann Goering Division.He saw action on theEastern Frontand was awarded theIron Cross.Despite his noble background, Cramm was enlisted as a private soldier until being given a company to command. His company faced harsh conditions on the Eastern Front, and Cramm was flown out suffering from frostbite, with much of his company dead. Because of his previous conviction, he was dismissed from military service in 1942.

While the war robbed Cramm of some of his best years as a tennis player, he won the German national championship in 1948 and again in 1949, when he was 40 years old. He went on playing Davis Cup tennis until retiring after the 1953 season and still holds the record for the most wins by any German team member.

Following his retirement from active competition, Cramm served as an administrator in theGerman Tennis Federation.He was instrumental in reviving the Lawn Tennis Club Rot-Weiss in Berlin following World War II, and later served as its Chairman and President (1958-death).Von Cramm became successful in business as a cotton importer. In addition, he managed the landed estate he had inherited from his father inWispenstein,in Lower Saxony.

Marriages

Gottfried von Cramm married:

• Baroness ElisabethLisavonDobeneck(1912–1975), a daughter of Robert, Baron von Dobeneck (died in 1926) and his wife, the former Maria Hagen (1889–1943), a granddaughter of the Jewish bankerLouis Hagen.They married on 1 September 1930 and divorced in 1937.Lisa von Cramm later married the German ice-hockey starGustav Jaenecke.
• Barbara Hutton,an American socialite and an heiress to theWoolworthfive-and-dime fortune. The couple married in 1955 and divorced in 1959. He had married her in order to "help her through substance abuse and depression but was unable to help her in the end."

Death

While on a business trip, Cramm and his driver were killed in an automobile accident nearCairo, Egypt,in 1976, when the baron's car collided with a truck. Two roads were named in his honor, the Gottfried-von-Cramm-Weg inBerlin-Wilmersdorf,where theRot-Weiss Tennis Clubis located, and a similarly named road in the small town ofMerzig.

Gottfried von Cramm was inducted into theInternational Tennis Hall of FameinNewport, Rhode Island,in 1977.

In his 1979 autobiography,Jack Kramer,the long-time tennis promoter and a great player, included Gottfried von Cramm in his list of the 21 greatest players of all time.^[B]Cramm was the subject of a radio play, titledPlaying for His Life,first broadcast onBBC Radio 4in June 2011. The play focused on the 1937 Interzone Davis Cup final and on Cramm's personal life.Cramm's story is featured at some length in the 2023 Netflix documentaryEldorado – everything the Nazis hate.

Grand Slam finals

Singles (2 titles, 5 runners-up)

Result	Year	Championship	Surface	Opponent	Score
Win	1934	French Championships	Clay	Jack Crawford	6–4, 7–9, 3–6, 7–5, 6–3
Loss	1935	French Championships	Clay	Fred Perry	3–6, 6–3, 1–6, 3–6
Loss	1935	Wimbledon	Grass	Fred Perry	2–6, 4–6, 4–6
Win	1936	French Championship	Clay	Fred Perry	6–0, 2–6, 6–2, 2–6, 6–0
Loss	1936	Wimbledon	Grass	Fred Perry	1–6, 1–6, 0–6
Loss	1937	Wimbledon	Grass	Don Budge	3–6, 4–6, 2–6
Loss	1937	U.S. Championships	Grass	Don Budge	1–6, 9–7, 1–6, 6–3, 1–6

Doubles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

Result	Year	Championship	Surface	Partner	Opponents	Score
Win	1937	French Championships	Clay	Henner Henkel	Vernon Kirby Norman Farquharson	6–4, 7–5, 3–6, 6–1
Win	1937	U.S. Championships	Grass	Henner Henkel	Don Budge Gene Mako	6–4, 7–5, 6–4
Loss	1938	Australian Open	Grass	Henner Henkel	John Bromwich Adrian Quist	5–7, 4–6, 0–6

Mixed doubles (1 title)

Result	Year	Championship	Surface	Partner	Opponents	Score
Win	1933	Wimbledon Championships	Grass	Hilde Krahwinkel	Mary Heeley Norman Farquharson	7–5, 8–6

Notes

^ARegarding personal names:Freiherrwas a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated asBaron.Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von,zu,etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms areFreifrauandFreiin.

^BWriting in 1979, Kramer considered the best ever to have been eitherDon Budge(for consistent play) orEllsworth Vines(at the height of his game). The next four best were, chronologically,Bill Tilden,Fred Perry,Bobby RiggsandPancho Gonzales.After these six came the "second echelon" ofRod Laver,Lew Hoad,Ken Rosewall,Gottfried von Cramm,Ted Schroeder,Jack Crawford,Pancho Segura,Frank Sedgman,Tony Trabert,John Newcombe,Arthur Ashe,Stan Smith,Björn BorgandJimmy Connors.He felt unable to rankHenri CochetandRené Lacosteaccurately but felt they were among the very best.

Further reading

• Fisher, Marshall Jon (2009).A Terrible Splendor: Three Extraordinary Men, a World Poised for War and the Greatest Tennis Match Ever Played.ISBN978-0-307-39394-4
• Simkin, John (6 July 2018)."Why was the anti-Nazi German, Gottfried von Cramm, banned from taking part at Wimbledon in 1939?".Spartacus Educational.Retrieved 23 July 2018
• Nordalm, Jens (2021).Der schöne Deutsche: Das Leben des Gottfried von Cramm(in German). Rowohlt E-Book.ISBN978-3-644-00819-9.

External links

• Gottfried von Crammat theInternational Tennis Hall of Fame
• Gottfried von Crammat theAssociation of Tennis Professionals
• Gottfried von Crammat theInternational Tennis Federation
• Gottfried von Crammat theDavis Cup
• Official pageArchived19 September 2017 at theWayback Machine
• Newspaper clippings about Gottfried von Crammin the20th Century Press Archivesof theZBW