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Goulburn

Coordinates:34°45′17″S149°37′7″E/ 34.75472°S 149.61861°E/-34.75472; 149.61861
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For other uses, seeGoulburn (disambiguation).

Goulburn
New South Wales
Goulburn city centre
Goulburn is located in New South Wales
Goulburn
Goulburn
Map
Coordinates34°45′17″S149°37′7″E/ 34.75472°S 149.61861°E/-34.75472; 149.61861
Population24,565 (SUA2021)[1]
Established1833
Postcode(s)2580
Elevation642 m (2,106 ft)
Location
LGA(s)Goulburn Mulwaree Council
CountyArgyle
ParishGoulburn
State electorate(s)Goulburn
Federal division(s)Hume
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
19.8 °C
68 °F		 6.1 °C
43 °F		 575.2 mm
22.6 in
Localities around Goulburn:
Kingsdale Middle Arm Tarlo
Baw Baw Goulburn Towrang
Run-O-Waters Brisbane Grove Boxers Creek

Goulburn(/ˈɡoʊlbərn/GOHL-bərn) is a regional city in theSouthern TablelandsofNew South Wales,Australia, approximately 195 kilometres (121 mi) south-west ofSydneyand 90 kilometres (56 mi) north-east ofCanberra.It was proclaimed as Australia's first inland city throughletters patentbyQueen Victoriain 1863. Goulburn had a population of 24,565 as of the2021 census.[2]Goulburn is the seat ofGoulburn Mulwaree Council.

Goulburn is arailheadon theMain Southern line,and regional health & government services centre, supporting the surroundingpastoralindustry as well as being a stopover for travellers on theHume Highway.It has a central historic park and many historic and listed buildings. It is also home to the monument theBig Merino,a sculpture that is the world's largest concrete-constructed sheep.

History[edit]

Goulburn was named by surveyorJames MeehanafterHenry Goulburn,Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, and the name was ratified by GovernorLachlan Macquarie.

The colonial government made land grants to free settlers such asHamilton Humein the Goulburn area from the opening of the area to settlement in about 1820. Land was later sold to settlers within theNineteen Counties,includingArgyle County(the Goulburn area). The process displaced the local indigenousMulwareepopulation and the introduction of exotic livestock drove out a large part of the Aboriginal peoples' food supply.[3]

Indigenous history[edit]

The Mulwaree People lived throughout the area covering Goulburn, Crookwell and Yass and belong to theNgunawallanguage group. To the north of Goulburn,Gundungurrawas spoken within the lands of theDharawalpeople. This was due to Gundungurra people of the Blue Mountains being driven south from their traditional land due to Governor Macquarie's punitive parties sent tomassacrethe Dharawal[4]and Gundungurra[5]People, at the behest of influential settlers.

Their neighbours were the Dharawal to their north andDharugsurrounding Sydney,Darkinung,Wiradjuri,Ngunawal and Thurrawal, eastwards peoples.[citation needed]

European settlement[edit]

The first recorded settler in Goulburn established 'Strathallan' in 1825 (on the site of the present Police Academy) and a town was originally surveyed in 1828, although moved to the present site of the city in 1833 when the surveyorRobert Hoddlelaid it out.[6]

George Johnson purchased the first land in the area between 1839 and 1842 and became a central figure in the town's development. He established a branch store with a liquor licence in 1848. The 1841 census records Goulburn had a population of 665 people, 444 males and 211 females.[7]This number had jumped to 1,171 inhabitants by 1847, 686 males and 485 females.[8]It had a courthouse, police barracks, churches, hospital and post office and was the centre of a great sheep and farming area.

A telegraph station opened in 1862, by which time there were about 1,500 residents, ablacksmith's shop, two hotels, two stores, the telegraph office and a few cottages. The town was a change station (where coach horses were changed) forCobb & Coby 1855. A police station opened the following year and a school in 1858. Goulburn was proclaimed a municipal government in 1859 and was made a city in 1863.[9]

The arrival of the railway in 1869, which was opened on 27 May by theGovernorLord Belmore(an event commemorated by Belmore Park in the centre of the city), along with the completion of the line from Sydney toAlburyin 1883, was a boon to the city.[10]Later branchlines were constructed toCooma(opened in 1889) and later extended further toNimmitabeland then toBombala,and toCrookwellandTaralga.Goulburn became a major railway centre with a roundhouse[11]and engine servicing facilities and a factory which made pre-fabricated concrete components for signal boxes and station buildings. The roundhouse is now theGoulburn Rail Heritage Centrewith steam, diesel and rolling stock exhibits.CFCL Australiaoperate theGoulburn Railway Workshops.

St Saviour's Cathedral,designed byEdmund Thomas Blacket,was completed in 1884 with the tower being added in 1988 to commemorate the Bicentenary of Australia. Though completed in 1884, some earlier burials are in the graveyard adjacent to the cathedral. St Saviour's is the seat of theBishop of Canberra and Goulburn.The Church of SS Peter and Paul is the former cathedral for theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Canberra and Goulburn.

The Goulburn Viaduct was built in 1915 replacing an earlier structure. This brick arch railwayviaductspanning theMulwaree Pondsis the longest on theMain Southern railway lineand consists of 13 arches each spanning 13.1 m (43 ft).[12]

Proclaimed a city[edit]

Goulburn Post Office
The formerAustralian Mutual Provident Societybuilding, one of many commercial and public buildings constructed during the 19th century

Goulburn holds the distinction of being proclaimed a City on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of RoyalLetters Patentissued byQueen Victoriaon 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn. It was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as it was required by the traditions of the Church of England. The Letters Patent also established St Saviour's Church as the Cathedral Church of the diocese. This was the last instance in which Letters Patent were used in this manner in the British Empire, as they had been significantly discredited for use in the colonies, and were soon to be declared formally invalid and unenforceable in this context.[13]Several legal cases[14]over the preceding decade in particular had already established that the monarch had no ecclesiastical jurisdiction in colonies possessing responsible government. This had been granted to NSW in 1856, seven years earlier. The Letters Patent held authority only over those who submitted to it voluntarily, and then only within the context of the Church—it had no legal civil authority or implications. An absolute and retrospective declaration to this effect was made in 1865 in the Colenso Case,[13]by the Judiciary Committee of the Privy Council.

However, under the authority of the Crown Lands Act 1884[15](48. Vict. No. 18), Goulburn was officially proclaimed a City on 20 March 1885[16]removing any lingering doubts as to its status. This often unrecognised controversy has in no way hindered the development of Goulburn as a regional centre, with an impressive court house (completed in 1887) and other public buildings, as a centre for wool selling, and as an industrial town.

St Brigid's School, Goulburn, now closed; the scene of an education strike in 1962

Goulburn School Strike[edit]

Main article:Goulburn School Strike

In 1962, Goulburn was the focus of the fight for state aid to non-government schools. An education strike was called in response to a demand for installation of three extra toilets at a localCatholicprimary school, St Brigid's. The local Catholic archdiocese closed down all local Catholic primary schools and sent the children to the government schools. The Catholic authorities declared that they had no money to install the extra toilets. Nearly 1,000 children turned up to be enrolled locally and the state schools were unable to accommodate them. The strike lasted only a week but generated national debate. In 1963 the prime minister,Robert Menzies,made state aid for science blocks part ofhis party's platform.[17]

Heritage listings[edit]

Historic buildings lining Montague Street, including the heritage listed Old Fire Station

Goulburn has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

St Peter and Paul's Old Cathedral

Demographics[edit]

St Saviour's Anglican Cathedral

According to the2021 census,there were 24,565 people in Goulburn. Of these:

Belmore Park
Historical population
YearPop.±%
192112,715—
193314,849+16.8%
194715,991+7.7%
195419,183+20.0%
196120,544+7.1%
196620,871+1.6%
197121,606+3.5%
197621,735+0.6%
198121,755+0.1%
198621,552−0.9%
199121,451−0.5%
199621,293−0.7%
200120,846−2.1%
200620,127−3.4%
201121,484+6.7%
201622,419+4.4%
202123,963+6.9%
Source:Australian Bureau of Statisticsdata.[37][2][38][39][40][41]

Geography[edit]

Goulburn is located a small distance east of the peak ridge of the Great Dividing Range and is 690 metres (2,264 ft) above sea level. It is intersected by theWollondilly Riverand theMulwaree River,and theconfluenceof these two rivers is also located here. The Wollondilly then flows north-east, intoLake Burragorang(Warragamba Dam) and eventually into theTasman Seavia theHawkesbury River.The city is located within theSouthern Tablelands Temperate Grassland.

Climate[edit]

Owing to its elevation, Goulburn has anoceanic climate(Cfb) with warm summers and cool winters; with a highdiurnal range.Its climate is variable much of the year, though generally dry with maximum temperatures ranging from 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) in July to 28.3 °C (82.9 °F) in January. Rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year, with an annual average of 542.8 mm (21.4 in).Snowoccasionally falls,[42]although rarely in significant quantities due to therainshadowbrought about by the hills to the west-northwest of Goulburn (aroundCrookwell). Temperature extremes have ranged from −10.9 to 42.8 °C (12.4 to 109.0 °F).


Climate data for Goulburn Airport AWS (1991–2022); 640 m AMSL; 34.81° S, 149.73° E
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 42.8
(109.0) 		40.7
(105.3) 		35.9
(96.6) 		30.7
(87.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		20.7
(69.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		30.5
(86.9) 		31.3
(88.3) 		39.9
(103.8) 		42.1
(107.8) 		42.8
(109.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.1
(82.6) 		26.4
(79.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		11.8
(53.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		19.9
(67.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.9
(78.6) 		19.8
(67.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.8
(42.4) 		2.5
(36.5) 		1.3
(34.3) 		0.3
(32.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.0
(37.4) 		5.3
(41.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		0.7
(33.3) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−10.2
(13.6) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−10.9
(12.4) 		−7.4
(18.7) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−10.9
(12.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 54.8
(2.16) 		54.9
(2.16) 		49.3
(1.94) 		26.8
(1.06) 		34.6
(1.36) 		56.4
(2.22) 		32.6
(1.28) 		44.3
(1.74) 		44.9
(1.77) 		52.4
(2.06) 		61.3
(2.41) 		56.4
(2.22) 		575.2
(22.65)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2mm) 8.3 9.1 10.5 9.1 11.9 14.7 13.9 12.0 11.3 10.0 10.0 8.4 129.2
Average afternoonrelative humidity(%) 41 45 46 46 54 63 61 52 50 46 45 39 49
Source:Australian Bureau of Meteorology; Goulburn Airport AWS

Governance[edit]

Goulburn Court House

As a major settlement of southern New South Wales, Goulburn was the administrative centre for the region and was the location for important buildings of the district. The first lock-up in the town was built in 1830.[43] In 1832 a postal service commenced in Goulburn, four years after the service was adopted in New South Wales.[citation needed]

The first town plan had been drawn up by Assistant Surveyor Dixon in 1828, but the site was moved, as it was subject to flooding. The new town plan was drawn up by Surveyor Hoddle and was gazetted in 1833.[9]

Goulburn Town Hall

Goulburn is the seat of theGoulburn Mulwaree Shirelocal government area(LGA) of New South Wales, Australia formed in 2004. The most recent elections for Council were held on 4 December 2021.[44]

New South Wales Police Academy[edit]

The New South Wales Police Academy is situated at McDermott Drive, Goulburn.
Main article:New South Wales Police Academy

The Police Academy relocated to Goulburn from Sydney in 1984. At this time it was known as the New South Wales Police Academy; however, the name has subsequently changed.

The Academy has relocated to the former campus of the Goulburn College of Advanced Education located on the banks of theWollondilly River.The New South Wales Police Academy is now the largest education institution for law enforcement officers in the southern hemisphere.

Since its relocation there has been significant expansion of the facilities including a new site on theTaralgaRoad which houses theNew South Wales PoliceSchool of Traffic and Mobile Policing.

Goulburn Correctional Centre

Goulburn Gaol[edit]

Goulburn is home toGoulburn Correctional Centre,more generically known as Goulburn Gaol. It is a maximum-security male prison, the highest-security prison in Australia and is home to some of the most dangerous, and infamous, prisoners.[45]One of these prisoners was Ivan Robert Marko Milat (27 December 1944 – 27 October 2019) an Australian serial killer who was convicted of the backpacker murders in 1996.

Goulburn Regional Conservatorium

Culture[edit]

Theatre[edit]

Goulburn is home to Australia's oldest existing theatre company Lieder Theatre Company, established in 1891. The Lieder Theatre Company presents up to five major performance projects each year, along with numerous community events, readings, workshops, and short seasons of experimental and new work. The company, along with the Lieder Youth Theatre Company, is based in the historic Lieder Theatre, built by the company in 1929.[46]

A formerquarryadjacent to theMain Southern railway linein North Goulburn was used to film cliff top scenes in the 2016 filmHacksaw Ridge.[47]


Sport[edit]

The most popular sport in Goulburn isrugby league.The town has a team, the Goulburn City Bulldogs, who play in theCanberra Rugby League.The club was founded in 2020, superseding the Goulburn Workers Bulldogs. Historically, there have been many clubs in Goulburn, including:

  • Goulburn United Roosters (1932–1986)
  • Goulburn Workers Bulldogs (1958–1984, 2008–2019)
  • Goulburn City (1987)
  • Goulburn Gladiators (1991–1995)
  • Goulburn Stockmen (1996–2007)

The Goulburn Stockmen played in both the Canberra Rugby League and also theGroup 6 Rugby Leaguebefore folding. The town's junior rugby league team is still called the Goulburn Junior Stockmen.

The Goulburn Dirty Redsrugby unionteam play in theJohn I Dent Cupthird grade and Goulburn City Swans Australian rules club play in a lower grade Canberra competition. Other sports played in the town include soccer, cricket and tennis among others.

Health[edit]

Goulburn Medical Clinic[edit]

The Goulburn Medical Clinic was established in 1946 making it the most longstanding medical practice in the city. Historically, it was the firstgroup practiceof any size established inNew South Walesand probably only the third in Australia.[48]The clinic has a mixture ofgeneral practitionersandspecialiststhat provide comprehensive healthcare.[48]

Water supply[edit]

With a history of water shortages,[49]an 84 km (52 mi) underground water supply pipeline was constructed to pump water from theWingecarribee Reservoirin theSouthern Highlandsto Goulburn, opening in 2011.[50]This pipeline has a capacity of 7.5 ML per day.[51]

The $54 million water supply pipeline was at the time the largest construction project in the history of Goulburn.[52]

Transport[edit]

Goulburn railway station

Goulburn is approximately two hours' drive fromSydneyvia theHume Highway,or a one-hour drive fromCanberravia theFederaland Hume Highways. Goulburn benefited from the 1992 Hume Highway bypass, prompting significant civic rejuvenation and removing 23,000 cars from the city each day.[53]Goulburn's city centre was populated by a notable number of eateries owned and operated by Greek migrants,[54]as part of a broader trend of Greek cafes and milk bars in regional Australia.[55][56]Years after the bypass, the main street featured numerous neon signs advertising businesses that had since gone out of business some of which are preserved today.[57]

Goulburn railway stationis the southern terminus of theSouthern Highlands Linewhich reaches from the Sydney suburbCampbelltownand is part of theNSW TrainLinkintercity passenger train system. Most services for Goulburn operate toMoss Vale,some 65 km (40 mi) north-east, while there are also daily direct expressSydney Centralservices covered by Sydney's suburbanOpal card.The station is also served by the long distance SouthernXPTandXplorertrains betweenSydneyandGriffith,CanberraandMelbourneSouthern Cross railway station.All services are operated by NSW TrainLink.[58]

Goulburn also has eight direct return NSW Trainlink buses to Canberra per week giving access toCanberra Airport,city and hospitals.

Goulburn Airportis approximately 7 km (4 mi) south of Goulburn and services light aircraft.

Public transport within Goulburn consists of the local taxi service that operates twenty-seven taxis, Goulburn Radio Cabs.[59]A bus service is operated byPBC Goulburn.

Goulburn Tourist Information Centre has aTesla MotorsSupercharger station.[60]

Media[edit]

The Goulburn Penny Post building

Newspapers[edit]

The Goulburn Post, established as theGoulburn Evening Postin 1870[61]is Goulburn's local newspaper. It runs three times per week and is owned byAustralian Community Media.

Radio stations[edit]

Radio stations with transmitters located in or nearby to Goulburn include:

AM:

FM:

Depending on location some Illawarra- and/or Canberra-based radio stations can also heard.

Television[edit]

Goulburn receives five free-to-air television networks relayed from Canberra, and broadcast from nearby Mt Gray:

A much smaller retransmission site also exists to cover residences in the suburb of Eastgrove.

Landmarks[edit]

Goulburn's importance as a wool market is celebrated by this giant sculpture known as Big Merino

Goulburn's second court house was built in 1847; designed byMortimer Lewis,thecolonial architect.[62]James Barnet,the colonial architect from 1862 to 1890, built a number of buildings in Goulburn. These included theGoulburn Gaolthat opened 1884; thecurrent court housethat opened in 1887; and a post office in 1881. Barnet's successor,Walter Liberty Vernon,was responsible for the first buildings of Kenmore Hospital, completed in 1894. St Saviour's Anglican Cathedral and Hall were designed byEdmund Blacket.Building started in 1874 and it was dedicated in 1884. It was finally consecrated in 1916. A tower was added in 1988 as part of a Bicentennial project but Blacket's plans included a spire which is yet to be added.E.C. Manfredwas a prominent local architect responsible for many of the buildings in the city, including the first public swimming baths opened in 1892; the old Town Hall constructed in 1888; the Goulburn Base Hospital designed in 1886; the old Fire Station built in 1890; the Masonic Temple built in 1928; he also designed the earlier building of 1890 it replaced. Goulburn's first permanent fire station built 1890 and designed by local architect E.C. Manfred. The city was home to Kenmore Hospital, a psychiatric hospital which was finally closed in 2003.[63]Goulburn remains a hub for mental health with facilities now located at theGoulburn Base Hospital.

Goulburn Rail Heritage Centre[edit]

Theroundhouseat Goulburn was a significant locomotive depot both in the steam and early diesel eras. After closure it became theGoulburn Rail Heritage Centre,a railway museum with preserved steam and diesel locomotives as well as many interesting examples of rolling stock. Some minor rail operators such as RailPower have used the site to restore diesel locomotives to working order for main line use. TheRailway Barracksbuilt in 1935 is situated opposite the roundhouse. It accommodated the steam engine drivers, and now converted into an accommodation wedding & events centre.

The Goulburn Boer War Memorial commemorates soldiers from the Goulburn district who fought in theBoer War

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Australian Bureau of Statistics(28 June 2022)."Goulburn (Significant Urban Area)".Australian Census 2021 QuickStats.Retrieved28 June2022.Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^abcAustralian Bureau of Statistics(28 June 2022)."Goulburn".2021 Census QuickStats.Retrieved16 June2024.Edit this at Wikidata
  3. ^Goulburn Heritage Study(1981) cited in"Goulburn:Aboriginal'".Archive associated with Australia Street project.University of Technology, Sydney.Archived fromthe originalon 19 August 2006.Retrieved11 July2006.
  4. ^"Campbelltown's Aboriginal History"(PDF).macarthur.com.au.Campbelltown Visitor Information Centre. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 10 August 2018.Retrieved12 April2018.
  5. ^Wrigley, John."History of Camden".Camden History.Camden Historical Society.Retrieved12 April2018.
  6. ^Colville, Berres Hoddle (July 2006), "Robert Hoddle: pioneer surveyor-artist in Australia",National Library of Australia News,16(10): 18–21,ISSN1035-753X
  7. ^Ransome T. Wyatt, (1972)The history of Goulburn, N.S.W.,Sydney, Landsdowne Press, p.46.ISBN0-9598940-0-4
  8. ^William Henry Wells (1848, facsimile edition 1972),A geographical dictionary or gazatteer of the Australian colonies 1848,Sydney, State Library of New South Wales, p.187.ISBN07240-9983-2
  9. ^ab"Goulburn".Goulburn was declared a municipality in 1859 and was made a city in 1863.Heritage Australia Publishing. Archived fromthe originalon 21 March 2014.Retrieved10 December2013.
  10. ^"Opening of the Great Southern Railway to Goulburn".The Sydney Morning Herald.National Library of Australia. 16 June 1869. p. 7.Retrieved7 December2013.
  11. ^McLeod, A. R. (February 1947).Goulburn Locomotive Depot.Australian Railway History,December 2005. pp. 483–489.
  12. ^"Goulburn Viaduct (Mulwaree Ponds)".New South Wales State Heritage Register.Department of Planning & Environment.H01035.Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) underCC-BY 4.0licence.
  13. ^abJudiciary Committee of the Privy Council (21 March 1865). "Case of the Bishop of Natal".The Times.p. 14.
  14. ^Queen v. the Provost of the College of Eton,1857;Ex parte, the Rev George King,1861;Long v. the Bishop of Cape Town,1863;re the Bishop of Natal,1865.
  15. ^NSW Government Gazette 1884.Vol. IV. 17 October 1884. pp. 7107ff.
    "ANNO QUADRAGESIMO OCTAVO VICTORIAE REGINAE".New South Wales Government Gazette.No. 541. New South Wales, Australia. 23 October 1884. p. 7107ff – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^NSW Government Gazette 1885.Vol. I. 20 March 1885.
    "CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES".New South Wales Government Gazette.No. 122. New South Wales, Australia. 20 March 1885. p. 1931 – via National Library of Australia.
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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toGoulburn, New South Wales.
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