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Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Coordinates:46°13′19″N6°09′04″E/ 46.2219°N 6.1511°E/46.2219; 6.1511
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46°13′19″N6°09′04″E/ 46.2219°N 6.1511°E/46.2219; 6.1511

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement
Former names
The Graduate Institute of International Studies (1927–2007)
TypeSemi-private, semi-publicgraduate school
Established1927[1]
FounderWilliam RappardandPaul Mantoux
DirectorMarie-Laure Salles
Academic staff
84 professors, 10 lecturers, 58 visiting faculty[2]
Students951 (89% international)[3]
Location
Geneva
,
Switzerland
CampusUrban
Working languagesEnglish
French
NicknameThe Graduate Institute
Geneva Graduate Institute
IHEID
HEI
AffiliationsAPSIA
Europaeum
EUA
ECUR
EADI
AUF
Websitewww.graduateinstitute.ch

TheGraduate Institute of International and Development Studies(French:Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement,abbreviatedIHEID),also known astheGeneva Graduate Institute,is a public-private graduate-level university located inGeneva,Switzerland.[4][5][6]

The institution counts oneUN secretary-general(Kofi Annan), sevenNobel Prizerecipients, onePulitzer Prizewinner, and numerous ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of state amongits alumniand faculty.[7]Founded by two seniorLeague of Nationsofficials,[8]the Graduate Institute maintains strong links with that international organisation's successor, theUnited Nations,[9]and many alumni have gone on to work atUN agencies.

Overview[edit]

Founded in 1927, the Graduate Institute is the world's first graduate institute dedicated solely to the study of international affairs.[10][11]It offered one of the first doctoral programmes in international relations in the world.

Today the school enrolls close to a thousand postgraduate students from over 100 countries. Foreign students make up nearly 90% of the student body and the school is officially a bilingual English-French institution, although the majority of classes are in English.[12]

WithMaison de la Paixacting as its primary seat of learning, the Institute's campuses are located blocks from theUnited Nations Office at Geneva,International Labour Organization,World Trade Organization,World Health Organization,International Committee of the Red Cross,World Intellectual Property Organizationand many otherinternational organisations.[13][14]

The school runsjoint degreeprogrammes with universities such asSmith CollegeandYale University,and isHarvard Kennedy School's only partner institution to co-deliverdouble degrees.[15]

The school is a member of theAssociation of Professional Schools of International Affairs,a group of schools that specialize inpublic policy,public administration,andinternational affairs.[16]

History[edit]

Founding and early years[edit]

Old logo

The Graduate Institute of International Studies was co-founded in 1927 by two scholar-diplomats working for theLeague of NationsGeneva secretariat: the SwissWilliam Rappard,director of the Mandates Section, and the FrenchmanPaul Mantoux,director of the Political Section.[8][17][18]A bilingual institution like the League, it was to train personnel for the nascent international organisation.[8]

The Villa Moynier campus

Rappard served as director from 1928 to 1955.[8]The Institute's original mandate was based on a close working relationship with both theLeague of Nationsand theInternational Labour Organization.It was agreed that in exchange for training staff and delegates, the Institute would receive intellectual resources and diplomatic expertise (guest lecturers, etc.) from the aforementioned organisations. According to its statutes, the Graduate Institute was "an institution intended to provide students of all nations the means of undertaking and pursuing international studies, most notably of a historic, judicial, economic, political and social nature."[8]

One of the Institute's campus sites, theMaison de la paix

In its early years, the Graduate Institute had developed a system wherebycours temporaires(temporary courses) were given by guest lecturers on a week, semester, or yearlong basis,[19][20]attracting scholars likeRaymond Aron,René Cassin,Luigi Einaudi,John Kenneth Galbraith,G. P. Gooch,Gottfried Haberler,Friedrich von Hayek,Hersch Lauterpacht,Lord McNair,Gunnar Myrdal,[21]Harold Nicolson,Philip Noel Baker,Pierre Renouvin,Lionel Robbins,Jean-Rodolphe de Salis,Harold Laski,Eric Voegelin,Carlo Sforza,Jacob Viner,Quincy WrightandMartin Wight.[22][23]

The Villa Barton campus on the shores of Lake Geneva

Later, in the late 1920s and 1930s, summer schools of international relations held at the Graduate Institute, which were known as the Geneva School of International Studies,[24][25]and covered general introductions to international relations, international law, and economic relations, became a must-go for students of international relations worldwide, particularly American ones.[26][27][25]Organized byOxford Universityinternational relations professorAlfred Zimmern,they would be attended by hundreds of students each year.[25]The initiative that begun in 1923 operated in parallel with the early planning for the launch of the Graduate Institute and the experience acquired by the former helped to shape the latter. The 'Geneva Schools' or 'Zimmern Schools', as they became known, were taught by scholars likeLouis Eisenmann,Ernst Jäckh,Paul Mantoux,andArnold J. Toynbeealongside a variety of 'public men' such asEdvard Beneš,Lord David Cecil,Paul Hymans,Fridtjof Nansen,andArthur Salter, 1st Baron Salter.[28][25]The last Geneva School was held in 1939.[29]

World War II[edit]

The Graduate Institute, which had become known in the late 1920s and 1930s as a stronghold ofneoliberalscholarship,[24][30][31][32]managed to attract a number of faculty and lecturers, particularly from countries in Nazi regimes, e.g.,Hans Wehberg[de]andGeorges Scellefor law, Maurice Bourquin for diplomatic history, and Swiss juristPaul Guggenheim.Subsequently, more scholars would join the institute's faculty.Hans Kelsen,theorist and philosopher of law,Guglielmo Ferrero,Italian historian, andCarl Burckhardt,scholar and diplomat were employed at the Graduate Institute. Other arrivals includedLudwig von Mises,and another economist,Wilhelm Ropke.[33]

Expansion[edit]

IHEID's later logo at Villa Barton's main gate

For a period of almost thirty years (1927–1954) the school was funded predominantly through the support of theRockefeller Foundation.Since then theCanton of Genevaand theSwiss Federal Councilbear most of the costs associated with the institute. This transfer of financial responsibility coincided with the 1955 arrival of William Rappard's successor as director of the institute,LausannehistorianJacques Freymond.Freymond inaugurated a period of great expansion, increasing the range of subjects taught and the number of both students and faculty, a process that continued well after his retirement in 1978. Under Freymond's tenure, the Graduate Institute hosted many international colloquia that discussed preconditions for East–West negotiations, relations withChinaand its rising influence in world affairs,European integration,techniques and results of politico-socioeconomic forecasting (the famous earlyClub of Romereports, and the Futuribles project led byBertrand de Jouvenel), the causes and possible antidotes to terrorism,PugwashConference concerns and much more. Freymond's term also saw many landmark publications, including the Treatise on international law by ProfessorPaul Guggenheimand the six-volume compilation of historical documents relating to theCommunist International.[34]

Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Library

The Institute had a small size - before the 1980s the faculty never exceeded 25 members, the Institute had four faculty members who have receivedNobel Prizes for economics–Gunnar Myrdal,Friedrich von Hayek,Maurice Allais,andRobert Mundell.Three alumni have been Nobel laureates.

Merger and renaming[edit]

In 2008, the Graduate Institute of International Studies absorbed theGraduate Institute of Development Studies(abbreviated IUED), a smaller postgraduate institution also based in Geneva and founded in 1961. To reflect its new and broader mission, the school was renamed Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.[35]

The history of the Graduate Institute of Development Studies also involvesJacques Freymond,who founded the institution in 1961 as theInstitut Africain de Genève,or African Institute of Geneva. It was among the pioneer institutions in Europe to develop the scholarly field of sustainable development. The school was also known for the critical view of many of its professors on development aid, as well as for its journal, theCahiers de l'IUED.[36]

Academics[edit]

IHEID Library

Admission to the Graduate Institute's study programmes is highly competitive, with only 14% of applicants attending the Graduate Institute in 2014.[37]The Institute awards its own degrees.[38]The Geneva Graduate Institute is home to twelve research centers.[39]They include theAlbert HirschmanCentre on Democracy, theCentre for Finance and Development,theCentre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuildingand theSmall Arms Survey.

The Graduate Institute does not award undergraduate degrees. As a small institution offering exclusively master's and PhD programmes, the Institute does not participate inuniversity rankingsthat rank large universities.[40]However, It has been ranked by a handful of rankings for specialized universities. InForeign Policy's 2014[41]Inside the Ivory Towerranking of best international relations schools in the world, the Graduate Institute's master's program was ranked 24th among Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations. It ranked 29th in 2018.[42]Inside the Ivory Towerranked its PhD program in international relations 47th worldwide in its 2018 ranking of top PhD programnes for academic career in international relations.[43]In 2012, The Graduate Institute was listed among theForeign Policy Association's "Top 50 International Affairs Graduate Programs."[44]

The LL.M. in international dispute settlement, offered jointly with theUniversity of Genevaby the Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement, was ranked 2nd worldwide according to a 2012 survey of law firms conducted by theGlobal Arbitration Review.[45]This same LL.M. also consistently featured in the top 10 LL.M. for alternative dispute resolution by the specialised website LL.M.-guide.[46][47]The Graduate Institute'sLL.M.in international law also featured in the top 10 LL.M. for public international law compiled by LLM-guide.[48]TheGeneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights' LL.M. in international humanitarian law and human rights—a joint programme between the Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva—also featured in LLM-guide's top 10 LL.M. programmes for human rights law.[49]

Campus[edit]

The Campus de la paix is a network of buildings extending from Place des Nations (the United Nations Headquarters in Geneva) to the shores of Lake Geneva, spanning two public parks –Parc BartonandParc Moynier.[50]

Maison de la paix[edit]

Maison de la paix( "House of Peace" )
The Edgar and Danièle de Picciotto Student Residence (left) and the Maison de la Paix (right)

The Graduate Institute's main campus is theMaison de la paix(literally "House of Peace" ), which opened in 2013.[51]The Maison de la Paix is a 38,000 meter-square glass building distributed into six connected sections. It contains the Davis Library, which holds 350,000 books about social sciences, journals and annual publications, making it one of Europe's richest libraries in the fields of development and international relations. It is named after two Institute alumni—AmbassadorShelby Cullom Davisand his wifeKathryn Davis,following the Davis' $10 million donation to the institute.[52]

The neighboring The Edgar and Danièle de Picciotto Student Residence was completed in 2012 and provides 135 apartments for students and visiting professors. Another, larger student residence, the Grand Morillon Student Residence, opened in 2021. Japanese architectKengo Kumadesigned the 680-bed student housing building.[53]

In addition to serving as the institute's main campus, theMaison de la paixalso houses policy centres and advocacy groups with close ties to the Institute such as theGeneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces(DCAF), theGeneva Centre for Security Policy(GCSP) theGeneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining,Interpeace,theInternational Institute of Humanitarian Lawand theWorld Business Council for Sustainable Development.[51]

Historic villas[edit]

Another section of the campus are two historic villas situated byLake Geneva,Villa Barton and Villa Moynier. Villa Barton served as the institute's main campus for most of the school's history. It now mostly houses administrative staff. Villa Moynier, created in 2001 and which opened in October 2009, houses the Institute-basedGeneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rightsand Geneva Center for International Dispute Settlement. The building holds a symbolic significance as it was originally owned byGustave Moynier,co-founder of theInternational Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC), and subsequently used by theLeague of Nationsand as the headquarters of the ICRC between 1933 and 1946.[54]

Publications[edit]

  • Journal of International Dispute Settlement– Established by the Graduate Institute and the University of Geneva in 2010, theJIDSis dedicated to international law with commercial, economic and financial implications. It is published by Oxford University Press.[55]
  • International Development Policy– A peer-reviewed e-journal that promotes cutting-edge research and policy debates on global development.[56]
  • European Journal of Development Research– A co-publication of the Graduate Institute and theEuropean Association of Development Research and Training Instituteswith a multi-disciplinary focus.[57]
  • Medicine Anthropology Theory– An open-access journal that publishes scholarly articles, essays, reviews, and reports related to medical anthropology and science and technology studies.[58]
  • Relations internationales(fr) –Relations Internationalespublishes research on international relations history ranging from the end of the 19th century to recent history.[59]

Organisation[edit]

Leadership[edit]

The founding directors of the Graduate Institute of International Studies werePaul Mantoux(1927-1951) andWilliam Rappard(1928-1955). The school was then headed byJacques Freymond(1955-1978), Christian Dominicé (1978-1984),Lucius Caflisch(1984-1990), Alexandre Swoboda (1990-1998), Peter Tschopp (de) (1998-2002), Jean-Michel Jacquet (2002-2004) andPhilippe Burrin(2004-2020). Its current director isMarie-Laure Salles.[60]

Legal status[edit]

The Graduate Institute is constituted as a Swiss private law foundation,Fondation pour les hautes études internationales et du développement,sharing a convention with the University of Geneva.[61]This is a particular organisational form, because the Graduate Institute is constituted as a foundation of private law fulfilling a public purpose. In addition, the political responsibility for the Institute shared between theSwiss Confederationand thecanton of Geneva.Usually in Switzerland, it is the responsibility of thecantonsto run public universities, except for the Federal Institutes of Technology (ETHZandEPFL). The Graduate Institute is therefore something like a hybrid institution, in-between the two standard categories.[62]

Foundation Board[edit]

The Foundation Board is the administrative body of the Institute. It assembles academics, politicians, people of public life and practitioners. Its members have includedCarlos Lopes(ex-U.N. under secretary general),Julia Marton-Lefèvre(former director general of theInternational Union for Conservation of Nature) andJacques Marcovitch.[35][63]

International relations[edit]

Partnerships[edit]

The Graduate Institute has exchange partnerships with the following institutions internationally:[64]

Networks[edit]

The Graduate Institute is an active member of the following associations and academic networks:

Academic awards and prizes conferred[edit]

ThePaul GuggenheimPrize in International Law was created in 1981 and is awarded to young practitioners ofinternational lawon abiannualbasis.[72]TheEdgar de PicciottoInternational Prize is awarded every two years and worth 100,000Swiss Francs.It rewards an internationally renowned academic whose research has contributed to enhancing the understanding of global challenges and whose work has influenced policy-makers.[73]

People[edit]

Alumni[edit]

Main article:List of alumni of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

The Graduate Institute has more than 24,000 alumni working around the world. Notable alumni and faculty include oneUN secretary-general(Kofi Annan), sevenNobel Prizerecipients, onePulitzer Prizewinner, and numerous ambassadors, foreign ministers, and heads of state.[74]

Faculty[edit]

Main page:Category:Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Former faculty[edit]

Current faculty[95][edit]

References[edit]

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Bibliography[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toGraduate Institute of International and Development Studies.
  • The Graduate Institute of International Studies Geneva: 75 years of service towards peace through learning and research in the field of international relations,The Graduate Institute, 2002.

External links[edit]

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