Gran Sasso d'Italia

"Gran Sasso" redirects here. For nearby places named after the mountain, seeGran Sasso (disambiguation).

Gran Sasso d'Italia
Gran Sasso mountain, the highest peak in the Apennines
Highest point
Elevation	2,912 m (9,554 ft)
Coordinates	42°28′10″N13°33′55″E
Geography
Gran Sasso d'Italia Abruzzo,Italy
Parent range	Apennines

Panorama of Gran Sasso d'Italia. Monti della Laga is seen in the background.

Monte Prena in the chain of Gran Sasso.

Corno Grande in the chain of Gran Sasso.

Gran Sasso d'Italia(Italian:[ɡranˈsassodiˈtaːlja];lit. 'Great Rock of Italy') is amassifin theApennine MountainsofItaly.Its highest peak,Corno Grande2,912 metres (9,554 ft), is the highest mountain in the Apennines, and the second-highest mountain in Italy outside theAlps.The mountain lies withinGran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park.

Geography

The three main summits of the Gran Sasso areCorno Grande,which at 2,912 metres (9,554 feet) is the highest peak in the Apennines, nearbyCorno Piccolo,andPizzo d'Intermesoli,which is separated from the other two peaks by Val Maone, a deep valley. Corno Grande and Corno Piccolo's ash coloration come from their limestone and dolomite composition. The peaks are snow-covered for much of the year though the snow cover appears to be less each decade. Corno Piccolo is referred to as, "The Sleeping Giant". This is due to the appearance of a profile of a reclined face. This view of Corno Piccolo is evident when viewing the mountain from Pietracamela, a small town nearPrati di Tivo,on the north side of the mountain. Corno Grande and Corno Piccolo with their rough vertical walls provide serious rock climbers with challenges.

Situated below the peak of the Corno Grande is theCalderone glacier,although deglaciation has significantly reduced the glacier's size. Glaciologists now question whether the glacier will survive past 2020.

The mid- to lower slopes of the Gran Sasso are grazed in spring, summer and autumn by large flocks of sheep guarded byMaremmano-Abruzzese sheepdogsas well as herds of cattle and semi-wild horses. The pastures are covered with field grasses and meadowland wildflowers. The park is also the habitat for diverse wildlife from rare species such as theApennine wolf,theMarsican bear,European wildcatand the Abruzzochamois(Rupicapra pyrenaicaornata), a variety of chamois at the very edge of extinction but now making a comeback in the park through a joint effort by WWF Italia and the park administration. Other species of wildlife include wildboar,foxes,grass snakes such asOrsini's viper,and a wide variety of bird life includinggolden eagles,peregrine falcons,goshawks,ortolan buntings,rock sparrows,crested larks,red-backed shrikesand downy pipits.

At the northern base of Corno Piccolo is Prati di Tivo, a ski village. To the east of Corno Grande and Corno Piccolo liesCampo Imperatore,a 27-kilometre-long (17-mile) and 8-kilometre-wide (5.0-mile) high plain orplateauat about 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) height. Campo Imperatore is home to Italy's oldest continuously operating commercial ski area (connected to Fonte Cerreto via cable car).

History

Hotel Campo Imperatorein Gran Sasso wasBenito Mussolini's prison until his freeing on September 1943 by Nazi commandos in theGran Sasso raid.The plateau is also the site of the Campo Imperatore station of theRome Observatory,from which theCampo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Surveyand other astronomical studies are carried out. At the southern edge of Campo Imperatore and within the bounds of the national park are three medieval hill towns once ruled by theMedicis;Calascio, which sits before the ancient fortress ruin of Rocca di Calascio, Santo Stefano di Sessanio, and Castel Del Monte.

In 2005, a 2,424-metre-high (7,953 ft) peak previously named "The Gendarme" was renamed "John Paul II Peak" on what would have beenPope John Paul II's 85th birthday.He had visited the Gran Sasso many times, saying it reminded him of the mountains of his native Poland.

In January 2017, anavalanche hit Rigopiano hotel,killing 29.

Science

In 1984, a 10-kilometre (6.2-mile) two-lane highway tunnel carrying theA24 motorway,theTraforo del Gran Sasso,was bored through the Gran Sasso Massif. In 1995, a second parallel tunnel was completed. Construction of the tunnel included an undergroundparticle physicslaboratory at Assergi, theLaboratori Nazionali del Gran SassoorGran Sasso National Laboratory.The first large experiments there started in 1989.

The laboratory is composed of three large underground chambers, sometimes referred to collectively as the third tunnel, and lies beneath 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) of rock. Construction of the laboratory and second tunnel faced opposition from Italian and international environmental groups includingPro-Natura International,LIPUandClub Alpino Italiano,as well as theWorld Wide Fund for Nature,Greenpeace,andFriends of the Earth.Environmentalists noted that the nuclear physics laboratory would lie on or near two major and highly active seismic faults, that construction of the tunnels would interfere with a majoraquifer,and thatconstruction wastewould degrade an environmentally sensitive and significant area. Manycredit the opposition created by the tunnel and laboratory construction with galvanizing the Italianenvironmental movementand leading to the creation of theGran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Parkin 1991. In recent years, the laboratory has itself begun promoting preservation of the Gran Sasso environment.

Because of its low background radiation, the underground laboratory is used for experiments in particle and nuclear physics, including the study ofneutrinos,high-energycosmic rays,dark matter,nuclear decay,as well as the study ofgeology,andbiology.The laboratory employs over 700 scientists from twenty different countries. The LNGS was the destination of the neutrinos involved in thefaster-than-light neutrino anomalypublicly announced in September 2011 and retracted in July 2012. In the summer of 2014 the facility was instrumental in confirming previous theories about the Sun's main source of energy, when proton-to-proton fusion-produced neutrinoswere detected and measured, virtually at the Sun's core.

Tourism

The Gran Sasso is located in theGran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park.Running through this nature preserve is a portion of the Italian State Highway 80 (SS80), known as the Grand Highway of the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park ( "Strada maestra del Parco" ).

While frequented by skiers in winter, and mountain climbers and hikers in other seasons, the Gran Sasso is remarkably free of tourists despite its proximity toRomeand the events of theGran Sasso raidthat took place there in 1943. This is especially true in summer with most Italians preferring beach vacations and foreign visitors more likely to visit the mountains of northern Italy.

Pope John Paul IIloved to secretly ski at Gran Sasso where he would retire often and pray at the church of San Pietro della Ienca. When he died CardinalStanislaw Dziwisz,gave the localAbruzzocommunity some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.

The Shrine ofGabriel of Our Lady of SorrowsatIsola del Gran Sasso d'Italiawith average of two million visitors per year is one of the 15 most visited sanctuaries in the world.

Acclaimed international movies shot at Gran Sasso includeJean-Jacques Annaud'sThe Name of the Rose,Arnold Schwarzenegger'sRed Sonja,Ladyhawke,King David,KeomaandThe Barbarians.

A panoramic view of Campo Imperatore.

Points of interest

• Alpine Botanical Garden of Campo Imperatore

External links

• Inside Abruzzo: Insider Tips Uncovered
• The National Park of the Gran Sasso
• "Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga".
• "Images from Gran Sasso d'Italia, news and webcam".
• "'The Big Stone', climbing in the Gran Sasso (translated from French) ".
• "Sciaplinismo negli Appenni (article in Italian on 'scialpinismo', combined mountain climbing and skiing) on the Gran Sasso".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-03.Retrieved2007-04-13.
• "Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso website".