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Granny Smith

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeGranny Smith (disambiguation).

Malus'Granny Smith'
Hybrid parentageThought to be
M. domestica×M. sylvestris
Cultivar'Granny Smith'
OriginAustralia,Maria Ann Smith,1868

TheGranny Smith,also known as agreen appleorsour apple,is anapplecultivarthat originated inAustraliain 1868.[1]It is named after Maria Ann Smith, whopropagatedthe cultivar from achance seedling.The tree is thought to be ahybridofMalus sylvestris,the European wild apple, with the domesticated appleMalus domesticaas thepolleniser.[citation needed]

The fruit is hard, firm and with a light green skin and crisp, juicy flesh. The flavour is tart and acidic. It remains firm when baked, making it a popularcooking apple[2]used in pies, where it can be sweetened. The apple goes from being completely green to turning yellow when overripe.[3]TheUS Apple Associationreported in 2019 that the Granny Smith was the third most popular apple in the United States of America.[4]

History[edit]

Maria Ann "Granny" Smith (1799–1870)

The Granny Smith cultivar originated inEastwood, New South Wales,Australia (now a suburb ofSydney) in 1868. Its discoverer, Maria Ann Smith (néeSherwood[1]), had emigrated to the district fromBeckley, East Sussexin 1839 with her husband Thomas.[5]They purchased a small orchard in the area in 1855–1856 and began cultivating fruit, for which the area was a well known centre incolonial Australia.Smith had eight children and was a prominent figure in the district, earning the nickname "Granny" Smith in her advanced years.[6]

Granny Smith has a round shape with light green colour

The first description of the origin of the Granny Smith apple was not published until 1924.[7]In that year,Farmer and Settlerpublished the account of a local historian who had interviewed two men who had known Smith. One of those interviewed recalled that, in 1868, he (then twelve years old) and his father had been invited to Smith's farm to inspect achance seedlingthat had sprung near a creek. Smith had dumped there, among the ferns, the remains of Frenchcrab-applesthat had been grown inTasmania.[1]Another story recounted that Smith had been testing French crab-apples for cooking, and, throwing the apple cores out her window as she worked, had found that the new cultivar had sprung up underneath her kitchen windowsill. Whatever the case, Smith took it upon herself topropagatethe new cultivar on her property, finding the apples good for cooking and for general consumption.[8]Having "all the appearances of a cooking apple," they were not tart but instead were "sweet and crisp to eat."[5]She took a stall at Sydney's George Street market, where the apples stored "exceptionally well and became popular" and "once a week sold her produce there."[5]

Smith died only a couple of years after her discovery (in 1870), but her work had been noticed by other local planters. Edward Gallard was one such planter, who extensively planted Granny Smith trees on his property and bought the Smith farm when Thomas died in 1876. Gallard was successful in marketing the apple locally, but it did not receive widespread attention until 1890. In that year, it was exhibited as "Smith's Seedling" at theCastle HillAgricultural and Horticultural Show, and the following year it won the prize for cooking apples under the name"GrannySmith's Seedling. "The apple was so highly successful that the following year, many were exhibiting Granny Smith apples at horticultural shows.[6]

In 1895, the New South Wales Department of Agriculture recognised the cultivar and had begun growing the trees at the Government Experimental Station inBathurst, New South Wales,recommending the gazette of its properties as a late-picking cooking apple for potential export. Over the following years the government actively promoted the apple, leading to its widespread adoption.[1]Its worldwide fame grew from the fact that it could be picked from March and stored till November. Enterprising fruit merchants in the 1890s and the 1900s experimented with methods to transport the apples overseas in cold storage. Because of its excellentshelf life,the Granny Smith could be exported long distances and most times of the year, at a time when Australian food exports were growing dramatically on the back of international demand. Granny Smiths were exported in enormous quantities after theFirst World War,and by 1975, 40 percent of Australia's apple crop was Granny Smith.[8] By this time, it was being grown intensely elsewhere in theSouthern Hemisphere,as well as inFranceand theUnited States.The advent of the Granny Smith apple is now celebrated annually in Eastwood with theGranny Smith Festival.[9]

Uses[edit]

Culinary[edit]

Granny Smith are distinctive in being bright green when ripe

Granny Smith apples are light green in colour. The tart flavor of these apples makes them one of the most versatile varieties of apple to cook with. They are popularly used in manyapple dishes,such asapple pie,applecobbler,apple crumble,andapple cake.They are also commonly eaten raw astable apples,and at least one company (Woodchuck Hard Cider) makes Granny Smithvarietalcider.

Properties[edit]

It is moderately susceptible tofire blightand is very prone toscab,[10]powdery mildew,andcedar apple rust.

Granny Smith is much more easily preserved in storage than other apples, a factor which has greatly contributed to its success in export markets. Its long storage life has been attributed to its fairly low levels ofethyleneproduction, and in the right conditions Granny Smiths can be stored without loss of quality for as long as a year.[citation needed]This cultivar needs fewer winterchill hoursand a longer season to mature the fruit, so it is favoured for the milder areas of the apple growing regions. However, they are susceptible to superficial scald and bitter pit. Superficial scald may be controlled by treatment withdiphenylaminebefore storage.[11]It can also be controlled with low-oxygen storage.[12]Pit can be controlled with calcium sprays during the growing season and with postharvest calcium dips.[13]

According to theUS Apple Associationwebsite, it is one of the fifteen most popular apple cultivars in the United States.[14]

Cultural references[edit]

In 1968, the rock bandThe Beatlesused an image of a Granny Smith apple as the logo for their corporation,Apple CorpsLimited. For their record label,Apple Records,one side of vinyl albums featured the exterior of the fruit, while the other side of the recording featured a cross-section of the apple.[15]

Yoko Ono's 1966 artworkAppleused a Granny Smith apple in its 2015 recreation at New York City'sMuseum of Modern Art.John Lennonhad taken a bite from the apple on display in its 1966 incarnation at theIndica Galleryin London.[16]

The Granny Smith was one of four apples honored by theUnited States Postal Servicein a 2013 set of four 33¢ stamps commemorating historic strains, joined byNorthern Spy,Baldwin,andGolden Delicious.[17]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcdMartin, Megan (2005)."Maria Ann Smith (1799–1870)".Australian Dictionary of Biography.Vol. Supplement. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,Australian National University.ISBN978-0-522-84459-7.ISSN1833-7538.OCLC70677943.Retrieved23 January2012.
  2. ^"Your Guide to the Best Apples for Baking and Cooking".
  3. ^J. Dixon; E. W. Hewett (1998)."Temperature affects postharvest colour changes of apple"(PDF).Palmerston, New Zealand: Massey University.
  4. ^Grondine, Tracy (2018).""After 50+ years, Red Delicious falls to #2 as most grown U.S. apple, Gala takes #1 spot"".U.S. Apple Association. Archived fromthe originalon 30 August 2018.Retrieved25 November2021.
  5. ^abcChristie, Michael (1988).The Sydney Markets 1788–1988.Sydney, NSW: Sydney Markets Authority. pp. 64–65.ISBN0-7305-5714-6.
  6. ^ab"Granny Smith".City of Ryde. Archived fromthe originalon 2 November 2012.Retrieved28 September2012.
  7. ^"The Granny Smith Apple".Sunday Times (Perth, Wa: 1902–1954).2 November 1924. p. 25.
  8. ^abSymons, Michael (2007).One Continuous Picnic: A Gastronomic History of Australia(2nd ed.). Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. pp. 110–112.ISBN978-0522853230.
  9. ^"Granny Smith Festival".ryde.nsw.gov.au.Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2011.Retrieved25 November2021.
  10. ^Dr. Stephen Miller of the USDA Fruit Research Lab in Kearneysville, West Virginia.
  11. ^Hall.E.G. Scott, K.J.and Coote, G.G. (1961) Control of superficial scald with Diphenylamine. Aust.J. Agric.Res. 12:834–857
  12. ^Little., C.R. And Holmes, R.J. (2000) Storage technology of apples and pears. Institute for Horticultural Development, Knoxfield Vic Australia
  13. ^Scott, K.J. O'Loughlin, J. England, B.and Roberts, E.A. (1985) Effects of water rinses after Calcium Chloride dips, with and without additives in the control of bitter pit of apples. Aust.J. Agric. Res.36: 305–313
  14. ^"Apple varieties".US Apple Association.Retrieved25 November2021.
  15. ^Camm-Jones, Ben (2011)."Apple applies for Beatles' Granny Smith logo trademark".CIO.Archivedfrom the original on 11 June 2020.Retrieved25 November2021.
  16. ^Bruce Handy (May 2015)."The Two Must-See, Must-Do, Must Step-On Works at Yoko Ono's MoMA Show".Vanity Fair.Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2015.Retrieved25 November2021.
  17. ^art by Derry Noyes & John Burgoyne (17 January 2013),Postal Service Issues Apples Postcard Stamps; Release No. 13-004,archived fromthe originalon 16 July 2021,retrieved25 November2021

External links[edit]

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