Bar (river morphology)

For broader coverage of this topic, seeBar (landform).

Point bar at a river meander: the Cirque de la Madeleine in theGorges de l'Ardèche,France.

Gravel bar in theAmerican River,Washington,United States.

Abarin ariveris an elevated region ofsediment(such assandorgravel) that has beendepositedby the flow. Types of bars includemid-channel bars(also calledbraid barsand common inbraided rivers),point bars(common inmeandering rivers), andmouth bars(common inriver deltas). The locations of bars are determined by the geometry of the river and the flow through it. Bars reflect sediment supply conditions, and can show where sediment supply rate is greater than the transport capacity.

Mid-channel bars

Main article:Braid bar

A mid-channel bar, is also often referred to as a braid bar because they are often found in braided river channels. Braided river channels are broad and shallow and found in areas where sediment is easilyerodedlike at aglacial outwash,or at a mountain front with high sediment loads.These types of river systems are associated with highslope,sediment supply,stream power,shear stress,and bed load transport rates.Braided rivers have complex and unpredictable channel patterns, and sediment size tends to vary among streams.It is these features that are responsible for the formations of braid bars. Braided streams are often overfed with massive amounts of sediment which creates multiple stream channels within one dominant pair of flood bank plains.These channels are separated by mid-channel or braid bars.Anastomosingriver channels also create mid-channel bars, however they are typically vegetated bars, making them more permanent than the bars found in a braided river channel which have high rates of change because of the large amounts of non-cohesive sediment, lack of vegetation, and high stream powers found in braided river channels.

Bars can also form mid-channel due to snags orlogjams.For example, if a stable log is deposited mid-channel in a stream, this obstructs the flow and creates local flowconvergenceanddivergence.This causes erosion on the upstream side of the obstruction and deposition on the downstream side. The deposition that occurs on the downstream side can create a central bar, and an arcuate bar can be formed as flow diverges upstream of the obstruction.Continuous deposition downstream can build up the central bar to form anisland.Eventually the logjam can become partially buried, which protects the island from erosion, allowing for vegetation to begin to grow, and stabilize the area even further. Over time, the bar can eventually attach to one side of the channelbankand merge into theflood plain.

Point bars

Main article:Point bar

A point bar is an area of deposition typically found in meandering rivers. Point bars form on the inside of meander bends in meandering rivers. As the flow moves around the inside of the bend in the river, the water slows down because of the shallow flow and low shear stresses there reduce the amount of material that can be carried there. Point bars are usually crescent shaped and located on the inside curve of the river bend.The excess material falls out of transport and, over time, forms a point bar. Point bars are typically found in the slowest moving, shallowest parts of rivers andstreams,and are often parallel to the shore and occupy the area farthest from thethalweg,on the outside curve of the river bend in a meandering river. Here, at the deepest and fastest part of the stream is thecut bank,the area of a meandering river channel that continuously undergoes erosion.The faster the water in a river channel, the better it is able to pick up greater amounts of sediment, and larger pieces of sediment, which increases the river'sbed load.Over a long enough period of time, the combination of deposition along point bars, and erosion along cut banks can lead to the formation of anoxbow lake.

Mouth bars

Main article:Mouth bar

A mouth bar is an elevated region of sediment typically found at ariver deltawhich is located at themouth of a riverwhere the river flows out to the ocean. Sediment is transported by the river and deposited, mid channel, at the mouth of the river. This occurs because, as the river widens at the mouth, the flow slows, and sediment settles out and is deposited.After initial formation of a river mouth bar, they have the tendency toprograde.This is caused by the pressure from the flow on the upstream face of the bar. This pressure creates erosion on that face of the bar, allowing the flow to transport this sediment over or around, and re-deposit it farther downstream, closer to the ocean.River mouth bars stagnate, or cease to prograde when the water depth above the flow is shallow enough to create a pressure on the upstream side of the bar strong enough to force the flow around the deposit rather than over the top of the bar.This divergent channel flow around either side of the sediment deposit continuously transports sediment, which over time is deposited on either side of this original mid channel deposit. As more and more sediment accumulates across the mouth of the river, it builds up to eventually create a sand bar that has the potential to extend the entire length of the river mouth and block the flow.

See also

• Pendant bar– fluvial landform formed on the downstream side of a weathering-resistant protrusionPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
• River island– Exposed landmass within a river

Further reading

• John Bridge and Robert Demicco (2008).Earth Surface Processes, Landforms and Sediment Deposits.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-85780-2.