Warekena language
You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding articlein Portuguese.(October 2020)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Warekena | |
---|---|
Baniwa of Maroa Baniwa of Guainía | |
Guarequena | |
Native to | Brazil,Venezuela |
Native speakers | 650 (2001–2006)[1] ca. 200 (1999)[2] |
Arawakan
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | gae |
Glottolog | guar1293 |
ELP | Guarequena |
Warekena(Guarequena), or more preciselyWarekena of Xié,is anArawakan languageofBraziland ofMaroa MunicipalityinVenezuela,spoken near theGuainia River.It is one of several languages which go by the generic nameBaréandBaniwa/Baniva– in this case, distinguished asBaniva de MaroaorBaniva de Guainía.
There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).
Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.
Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix-yato the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[3]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cen. | lat. | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ts | k | |||
voiced | b | d | dz | ɡ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | ʂ | ||||||
voiced | ʐ | |||||||
Rhotic | tap | ɾ | ɺ | |||||
trill | r | |||||||
Approximant | w | j |
Vowels
[edit]Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ||
Low | a |
Grammar
[edit]Unmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo,SaV, or SioV.[3]
wa-hã
then-PAUS
waʃi
jaguar
yutʃia-hã
kill-PAUS
ema
tapir
"Then the jaguar killed the tapir"Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
peya
one
nu-yaɺitua
1sg-brother
wiyua
die
"One of my brothers dies"
nu-yue
1sg-for
mawali
hungry
"I am hungry"
Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.
References
[edit]- ^WarekenaatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
- ^Aikhenvald (1999)The Arawak language family.
- ^abAikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1998). "Warekena". In Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.).Handbook of Amazonian Languages.Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439.doi:10.1515/9783110822120.Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004.Pronouns.Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
- ^Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005).Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva(PhD thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.