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Guinness World Records
EditorCraig Glenday[1]
PublisherJim Pattison Group
Publication placeUnited Kingdom[2]
Published in English
27 August 1955 – present
Media type
  • Book
  • television
Websiteguinnessworldrecords.comEdit this at Wikidata

Guinness World Records,known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 asThe Guinness Book of Recordsand in previous United States editions asThe Guinness Book of World Records,is a Britishreference bookpublished annually, listingworld recordsboth of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world.Sir Hugh Beavercreated the concept, and twin brothersNorrisandRoss McWhirterco-founded the book inLondonin August 1955.

The first edition topped the bestseller list in the United Kingdom by Christmas 1955. The following year the book was launched internationally, and as of the 2024 edition, it is now in its 69th year of publication, published in 100 countries and 23 languages, and maintains over 53,000 records in its database.

The internationalfranchisehas extended beyond print to include television series and museums. The popularity of the franchise has resulted inGuinness World Recordsbecoming the primary international source for cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records. The organisation employs record adjudicators to verify the authenticity of the setting and breaking of records.

Following a series of owners, the franchise has been owned by theJim Pattison Groupsince 2008, with its headquarters moved toSouth Quay Plaza,Canary Wharf,London, in 2017. Since 2008,Guinness World Recordshas orientated its business model away from selling books, and towards creating new world records as publicity exercises for individuals and organisations, which has attracted criticism.

History[edit]

Norris McWhirterco-founded the book with his twin brotherRossin August 1955 at Ludgate House, 107Fleet Street,London

On 10 November 1951, SirHugh Beaver,then the managing director of theGuinness Breweries,[3]went on a shooting party in theNorth Slob,by theRiver SlaneyinCounty Wexford,Ireland. After missing a shot at agolden plover,he became involved in an argument over which was the fastestgame birdin Europe, the golden plover or thered grouse(the plover is faster, but neither is the fastest game bird in Europe).[4]That evening atCastlebridgeHouse, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe's fastest game bird.[5][6]Beaver knew that there must have been numerous other questions debated nightly among the public, but there was no book in the world with which to settle arguments about records.[7]He realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful.[8]Beaver's idea became reality when Guinness employeeChristopher Chatawayrecommended university friendsNorrisandRoss McWhirter,who had been running a fact-finding agency in London.[9]The twin brothers were commissioned to compile what becameThe Guinness Book of (Superlatives and now) Records,in August 1954. A thousand copies were distributed for free to pubs across Britain and Ireland as a promotional asset for the Guinness brand, and they became immensely popular with customers.[7][10]

After the founding ofThe Guinness Book of Recordsoffice at the top of Ludgate House, 107Fleet Street,London, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British bestseller list by Christmas.[11]The following year, it was introduced into the United States by New York publisherDavid Boehmand sold 70,000 copies.[12]Since then,Guinness World Recordshas sold more than 150 million copies in 100 countries and 40 languages.[13][14]

Japanesecompetitive eaterTakeru Kobayashiwith two Guinness World Record certificates

Because the book became a surprise hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October, in time for Christmas.[15]The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years. Both brothers had an encyclopedic memory; on the British children's television seriesRecord Breakers,based upon the book, which was broadcast on theBBCfrom 1972 to 2001, they would take questions posed by children in the audience on various world records and were able to give the correct answer.[16]Ross McWhirter was assassinatedby two members of theProvisional Irish Republican Armyin 1975, in response to offering a £50,000 reward for information that would lead to capture of members of the organisation.[17]Following Ross's assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was calledNorris on the Spot.Norris carried on as the book's sole editor.[9]

Attendees at the 2011Where's Wally?Guinness World Record event in Dublin, Ireland. Setting a new record for 3,872 people dressed as Wally, the total was surpassed in 2017 with 4,626 people in Japan.[18]

Guinness Superlatives, later Guinness World RecordsLimited,was incorporated in London in 1954 to publish the first book.[19]Sterling Publishingowned the rights to theGuinnessbook in the US for decades until it was repurchased by Guinness in 1989 after an 18-month long lawsuit.[12]The group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequentlyDiageountil 2001, when it was purchased byGullane Entertainmentfor £45.5 million ($65 million).[20]Gullane was itself purchased byHIT Entertainmentin 2002. In 2006,Apax Partnerspurchased HIT and subsequently sold Guinness World Records in early 2008 to theJim Pattison Group,the parent company ofRipley Entertainment,which is licensed to operate Guinness World Records' Attractions. With offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records' global headquarters remain in London, specificallySouth Quay Plaza,Canary Wharf,[21]while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters inOrlando, Florida.

Evolution[edit]

Lucky Diamond Richis "the world's most tattooed person", and has tattoos covering his entire body. He holds the Guinness World Records title as of 2006.

Recent editions have focused on record feats by individuals. Competitions range from obvious ones such asOlympic weightliftingto the longestegg tossingdistances, or for longest time spent playingGrand Theft Auto IVor the largest number ofhot dogsthat were be consumed in three minutes.[22]Besides records about competitions, it contains such facts such as the heaviest tumour,[23]the most poisonous fungus,[24]the longest-running soap opera[25]and the most valuable life-insurance policy,[26]among others. Many records also relate to the youngest people to have achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, currently held byMaurizio Giuliano.[27]

Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness World Records database, as well as select new records, with the criteria for inclusion changing from year to year.[28]The latest edition is the 70th, published on 15 September 2023. It is the fourth and last installment featuring Rod Hunt's illustrations on the cover with the topic of 'The ocean and the water'.[29]

The retirement of Norris McWhirter from his consulting role in 1995 and the subsequent decision by Diageo Plc to sellThe Guinness Book of Recordsbrand have shifted the focus of the books from text-oriented to illustrated reference. A selection of records are curated for the book from the full archive but all existing Guinness World Records titles can be accessed by creating a login on the company's website. Applications made by individuals for existing record categories are free of charge. There is an administration fee of £5 (or $5) to propose a new record title.[30]

The North Beach (Nazaré, Portugal), listed on the Guinness World Records for the biggest waves ever surfed

A number of spin-off books[31]and television series have also been produced.Guinness World Recordsbestowed the record of "Person with the most records" onAshrita Furmanof Queens, New York, in April 2009; at that time, he held 100 records.[32]

In 2005, Guinness designated 9 November asInternational Guinness World Records Dayto encourage breaking of world records.[33]In 2006, an estimated 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries. Guinness reported 2,244 new records in 12 months, which was a 173% increase over the previous year.[33]In February 2008,NBCairedThe Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Timeand Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website.[34]

The popularity of the franchise has resulted inGuinness World Recordsbecoming the primary international authority on the cataloguing and verification of a huge number of world records.[35][36][37][38]

Defining records[edit]

Chandra Bahadur Dangifrom Nepal (left), measuring 1 ft 9 1⁄2 in (54.6 cm), is recognised as the world's shortest man ever, andSultan Kösenfrom Turkey (right), at 8 feet 3 inches (2.51 m), is the tallest living person, both verified byGuinness World Records.

For many records,Guinness World Recordsis the effective authority on the exact requirements for them and with whom records reside, the company providing adjudicators to events to determine the veracity of record attempts. The list of records which theGuinness World Recordscovers is not fixed, records may be added and also removed for various reasons. The public is invited to submit applications for records, which can be either the bettering of existing records or substantial achievements which could constitute a new record.[39]The company also provides corporate services for companies to "harness the power of record-breaking to deliver tangible success for their businesses."[40]

Ethical and safety issues[edit]

See also:List of discontinued Guinness World Records
Steven Petrosino drinking 1 litre of beer in 1.3 seconds in June 1977.[41][42]Petrosino set record times for 250 ml, 500 ml and 1.5 litres as well, but Guinness accepted only the record for one litre. They later dropped all alcohol records from their compendium in 1991, then reinstated the records in 2008.

Guinness World Recordsstates several types of records it will not accept for ethical reasons, such as those related to the killing or harming of animals.[43]In the 2006Guinness Book of World Records,Colombian serial killerPedro Lópezwas listed as the "most prolific serial killer", having murdered at least 110 people (with Lopez himself claiming he murdered over 300 people) in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in the late 1960s to 1980s.[44]This was removed after complaints that the listing and category made a competition out of murder and was not just unethical but also immoral.[45]

Several world records that were once included in the book have been removed for ethical reasons, including concerns for the well-being of potential record breakers. For example, following publication of the "heaviest pet" record, many owners overfed their pets beyond the bounds of what was healthy, and therefore such entries were removed.[46]The Guinness Book also dropped records within their "eating and drinking records" section of Human Achievements in 1991 over concerns that potential competitors could harm themselves and expose the publisher to potentiallitigation.[47]These changes included the removal of allspirit,wine and beer drinking records, along with other unusual records for consuming such unlikely things as bicycles and trees.[47]Other records, such assword swallowingand rally driving (on public roads), were closed from further entry as the current holders had performed beyond what are considered safe human tolerance levels. There have been instances of closed categories being reopened. For example, the sword swallowing category was listed as closed in the 1990Guinness Book of World Records,but has since been reopened withJohnny Strangebreaking a sword swallowing record on Guinness World Records Live.[48][49]Similarly, the speed beer drinking records which were dropped from the book in 1991, reappeared 17 years later in the 2008 edition, but were moved from the "Human Achievements" section of the older book[50]to the "Modern Society" section of the newer edition.[51]

As of 2011,it is required in the guidelines of all "large food" type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage.[39]Chain lettersare also not allowed: "Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters, sent by post or e-mail."[52]AfterRoger Guy Englishset the record forsleeplessnessin 1974, the category was discontinued for being too dangerous.[53][54]At the request of theU.S. Mint,in 1984, the book stopped accepting claims of large hoardings of pennies or other currency.[55]Environmentally unfriendly records (such as the releasing ofsky lanternsandparty balloons) are no longer accepted or monitored, in addition to records relating totobaccoorcannabisconsumption or preparation.[56]

In 2024, Guinness World Records was alleged of laundering the reputation of the oppressive governments as it set world records for the UAE’s police forces and Egypt’s military. By 2024, the UAE achieved 526 records, of which 21 were credited to the Emirates’ police force. Matthew Hedges, a British academic who was forced to sign a false confession, asked the records body to take down the Abu Dhabi police department’s certificate for “most signatures on a scroll”, along with other such titles. Concerns were also raised around the activities around Egypt, which moved from 22 records to 110 within a decade until 2024. James Lynch, co-founder of FairSquare, said the records were legitimising Abdel Fattah el-Sisi’s regime. The Guinness World Records stated that its record titles “cannot be purchased”.[57]

Difficulty in defining records[edit]

For some potential categories,Guinness World Recordshas declined to list some records that are too difficult or impossible to determine. For example, its website states: "We do not accept any claims for beauty as it is notobjectivelymeasurable. "[43]

On 10 December 2010,Guinness World Recordsstopped accepting submissions for the "dreadlock"category after investigation of its first and only female title holder, Asha Mandela, determining it was impossible to judge this record accurately.[58]

Change in business model[edit]

Traditionally, the company made a large amount of its revenue via book sales to interested readers, especially children. The rise of the Internet began to cut into book sales starting in the 2000s, part of a general decline in the book industry. According to a 2017 story byPlanet MoneyofNPR,Guinness began to realise that a lucrative new revenue source to replace falling book sales was the would-be record-holders themselves.[59]While any person can theoretically send in a record to be verified for free, the approval process is slow. Would-be record breakers that paid fees ranging from US$12,000 to US$500,000 would be given advisors, adjudicators, help in finding good records to break as well as suggestions for how to do it, prompt service, and so on. In particular, corporations and celebrities seeking apublicity stuntto launch a new product or draw attention to themselves began to hireGuinness World Records,paying them for finding a record to break or to create a new category just for them.[59]As such, they have been described as anative advertisingcompany, with no clear distinction between content and advertisement.[60]

Guinness World Recordswas criticised by television talk show hostJohn Oliveron the programLast Week Tonight with John Oliverin August 2019.[61][62]Oliver criticised Guinness for taking money fromauthoritarian governmentsfor pointless vanity projects as it related to the main focus of his story,President of TurkmenistanGurbanguly Berdimuhamedow.[61]Oliver asked Guinness to work withLast Week Tonightto adjudicate a record for "Largest cake featuring a picture of someone falling off a horse", but according to Oliver, the offer did not work out after Guinness insisted on a non-disparagement clause.Guinness World Recordsdenied the accusations and stated that they declined Oliver's offer to participate because "it was merely an opportunity to mock one of our record-holders," and that Oliver did not specifically request the record for the largest marble cake.[63]As of 2021, the Guinness World Record for "Largest marble cake" remains withBetty Crocker Middle Eastin Saudi Arabia.[64]Following Oliver's episode,Guinness World Records' ethics were called into question by human rights groups.[65]

Museums[edit]

Guinness Museum in Hollywood

In 1976, aGuinness Book of World Recordsmuseum opened in theEmpire State Building.Speed shooterBob Mundenthen went on tour promotingThe Guinness Book of World Recordsby performing his record fast draws with a standard weight single-action revolver from a Western movie-type holster. His fastest time for a draw was 0.02 seconds.[66]Among exhibits were life-size statues of the world's tallest man,Robert Wadlow,and world's largestearthworm,an X-ray photo of a sword swallower, repeated lightning strike victimRoy Sullivan's hat complete with lightning holes and a pair of gem-studded golf shoes on sale for $6,500.[67]The museum closed in 1995.[68]

In more recent years, the Guinness company has permitted thefranchisingof small museums with displays based on the book, all currently (as of 2010) located in towns popular with tourists:Tokyo,Copenhagen,San Antonio. There were once Guinness World Records museums and exhibitions at theLondon Trocadero,Bangalore,San Francisco,Myrtle Beach,Orlando,[69]Atlantic City,New Jersey,[70]andLas Vegas,Nevada.[71]The Orlando museum, which closed in 2002, was brandedThe Guinness Records Experience;[69]the Hollywood,Niagara Falls,Copenhagen, andGatlinburg,Tennessee museums also previously featured this branding.[71]

Television series[edit]

Guinness World Recordshas commissioned various television series documenting world record breaking attempts, including:

Country Name Network Broadcast Host(s)
Arab World العرب في موسوعة جينيس
Arabs in the Guinness Book of Records 		Al Dar 1 2021 Turki Al Omari
George Kurdahi
Australia Australia's Guinness World Records Seven Network 2005 Grant Denyer
Shelley Craft
Australia Smashes Guinness World Records 2010 James Kerley
Bulgaria Световните рекорди Гинес bTV 2006–2007 Krasimir Vankov
China The day of Guinness in China CCTV 2006–2014 Wang Xuechun
Zhu Xun
Lin Hai
France L'émission des records(1999–2002)
L'été des records(2001) 		TF1 1999–2002 Vincent Perrot
L'été de tous les records(2003–2005)
50 ans, 50 records(2004) 		France 3 2003–2005 Pierre Sled
La nuit des records France 2 2006 Olivier Minne
Adriana Karembeu
Le monde des records W9 2008–2010 Alexandre Devoise
Karine Ferri
Les trésors du livre des records Gulli 2015 Fauve Hautot
Willy Rovelli
Germany Guinness World Records – Die größten Weltrekorde RTL Television 2004–2008 Oliver Welke(2004)
Oliver Geissen(2005–2008)
Greece Guinness World Records Mega Channel 2009–2011 Katerina Stikoudi(2009–2010)
Kostas Fragkolias (2009–2010)
Giorgos Lianos (2010–2011)
India Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega Colors TV 2011 Preity Zinta
Shabbir Ahluwalia
Italy Lo show dei record Canale 5 2006(pilot)
2008–2012
2015
2022– 		Barbara D'Urso(1–2)
Paola Perego(3)
Gerry Scotti(4, 6–8)
Teo Mammucari(5)
La notte dei record TV8 2018 Enrico Papi
New Zealand NZ Smashes Guinness World Records TV2 2009 Marc Ellis
Philippines Guinness Book of World Records Philippine Edition ABC 2004 Cookie Calabig
The Best Ka! GMA Network 2022 Mikael Daez
Poland Światowe Rekordy Guinnessa Polsat 2009–2011 Maciej Dowbor
Portugal Guinness World Records Portugal SIC 2014 Rita Andrade
João Ricardo
Spain El show de los récords Antena 3 2001–2002 Mar Saura
Manu Carreño
Mónica Martínez
Guinness World Records Telecinco 2009 Carmen Alcayde
Luis Alfonso Muñoz
Sweden Guinness rekord-TV TV3 1999–2000 Mårten Andersson(1999)
Linda Nyberg (1999)
Harald Treutiger(2000)
Suzanne Sjögren(2000)
United Kingdom Record Breakers BBC1 1972–2001 Roy Castle(1972–1993)
Norris McWhirter(1972–85)
Ross McWhirter(1972–75)
Guinness World Records(UK) ITV 1999–2001 Ian Wright
Kate Charman
Ultimate Guinness World Records Challenge 2004 Jamie Rickers
Guinness World Records Smashed Sky1 2008–2009 Steve Jones
Konnie Huq
Totally Bonkers Guinness Book of Records ITV2 2012–2015 Matt Edmondson
Officially Amazing CBBC 2013–2018 Ben Shires
United States The Guinness Game Syndicated 1979–1980 Bob Hilton
Don Galloway
Guinness World Records Primetime Fox 1998–2001 Cris Collinsworth
Mark Thompson
Guinness World Records Unleashed/ Gone Wild truTV 2013–2014 Dan Cortese

Specials:

  • Guinness World Records: 50 Years, 50 Records– on ITV (UK), 11 September 2004

Gamer's edition[edit]

Not to be confused withGuinness World Records: The Videogame.

In 2008,Guinness World Recordsreleased its gamer's edition, a branch that keeps records for popular video game high scores, codes and feats in association withTwin Galaxies.The Gamer's Edition contains 258 pages, over 1,236 video game related world records and four interviews including one with Twin Galaxies founderWalter Day.[72]Editions were published for the years 2008 through 2020, with the 2009 edition in hardcover.

The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles[edit]

Main article:British Hit Singles & Albums

The Guinness Book of British Hit Singleswas a music reference book first published in 1977. It was compiled by BBC Radio 1 DJsPaul GambacciniandMike Readwith brothersTim Riceand Jonathan Rice. It was the first in a number of music reference books that were to be published by Guinness Publishing with sister publicationThe Guinness Book of British Hit Albumscoming in 1983. After being sold to Hit Entertainment, the data concerning the Official Chart Company's singles and albums charts were combined under the titleBritish Hit Singles & Albums,with Hit Entertainment publishing the book from 2003 to 2006 (under the Guinness World Records brand). After Guinness World Records was sold to The Jim Pattison Group, it was effectively replaced by a series of books published by Ebury Publishing/Random House with theVirgin Book of British Hit Singlesfirst being published in 2007 and with aHit Albumsbook following two years later.[73][74][75]

Other media and products[edit]

Board game[edit]

In 1975,Parker Brothersmarketed a board game,The Guinness Game of World Records,based on the book.[76]Players compete by setting and breaking records for activities such as the longest streak of rolling dice before rolling doubles, stacking plastic pieces, and bouncing a ball off alternating sides of a card, as well as answering trivia questions based on the listings in theGuinness Book of World Records.

Video games[edit]

Avideo game,Guinness World Records: The Videogame,was developed byTT Fusionand released forNintendo DS,WiiandiOSin November 2008.

Film[edit]

In 2012,Warner Bros.announced the development of a live-action film version ofGuinness World RecordswithDaniel Chunas scriptwriter. The film version will apparently use the heroic achievements of record holders as the basis for a narrative that should have global appeal.[77]

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External links[edit]

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