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Guizhou

Coordinates:26°50′N106°50′E/ 26.833°N 106.833°E/26.833; 106.833
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For other uses, seeGuizhou (disambiguation).
Guizhou
Quý châu
Province
Province of Guizhou
Name transcription(s)
•ChineseQuý châu tỉnh(Guìzhōu Shěng)
•AbbreviationGZ /KiềmorQuý(pinyin:Qián or Guì)
(clockwise from top)
Map showing the location of Guizhou Province
Map showing the location of Guizhou Province
Coordinates:26°50′N106°50′E/ 26.833°N 106.833°E/26.833; 106.833
CountryChina
Named forGui - Gui Mountains
zhou(prefecture)
CapitalGuiyang
Largest cityZunyi
Divisions9prefectures,88counties,1539townships
Government
• TypeProvince
• BodyGuizhou Provincial People's Congress
•CPC SecretaryXu Lin
•CongresschairmanXu Lin
•GovernorLi Bingjun
•CPPCCchairmanZhao Yongqing
Area
[1]
• Total176,167 km2(68,018 sq mi)
• Rank16th
Highest elevation
(Jiucaiping)
2,900 m (9,500 ft)
Population
(2020)[2]
• Total38,562,148
• Rank17th
• Density220/km2(570/sq mi)
• Rank18th
Demographics
• Ethnic compositionHan- 62%
Miao- 12%
Buyei- 8%
Dong- 5%
Tujia- 4%
Yi- 2%
Undistinguished- 2%
Gelao- 2%
Sui- 1%
• Languages and dialectsSouthwestern Mandarin
GDP(2023)[3]
• TotalCN¥2,091 billion (22th)
US$297 billion
• Per capitaCN¥ 54,172 (28th)
US$ 7,688
ISO 3166 codeCN-GZ
HDI(2019)Increase0.685[4]
medium·30th
Websitehttp://www.gzgov.gov.cn
(Simplified Chinese)
Guizhou
"Guizhou" inSimplified(top) andTraditional(bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified ChineseQuý châu
Traditional ChineseQuý châu
Hanyu PinyinGuìzhōu
PostalKweichow
Zhuang name
ZhuangGveicouh
Quý châu
Yiname
Yiꇭꍏ

Guizhou[a]is an inlandprovinceinSouthwestern China.Its capital and largest city isGuiyang,in the center of the province. Guizhou borders the autonomous region ofGuangxito the south,Yunnanto the west,Sichuanto the northwest, the municipality ofChongqingto the north, andHunanto the east. The Guizhou Province has aHumid subtropical climate.It covers a total area of 176,200 square kilometers and consists of 6prefecture-level citiesand 3autonomous prefectures.The population of Guizhou stands at 38.5 million,ranking 18thamong the provinces in China.

TheDian Kingdom,which inhabited the present-day area of Guizhou,was annexedby theHan dynastyin 106 BC.[6]Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413 during theMing dynasty.After theoverthrow of the Qingin 1911 and following theChinese Civil War,theChinese Communist Partytook refuge in Guizhou during theLong Marchbetween 1934 and 1935.[7]After the establishment of thePeople's Republic of China,Mao Zedongpromoted the relocation ofheavy industryinto inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them from potential foreign attacks.[citation needed]

Located in the hinterland of the southwestern inland region, Guizhou is a transportation hub in the southwest area and an important part of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.[8]It is the country's first national-level comprehensive pilot zone for big data,[9]a world-renowned mountain tourism destination and a major mountain tourism province,[10]a national ecological civilization pilot zone,[11]and an inland open economic pilot zone.[12]

The representative historical culture is "Qian Gui culture" ( kiềm quý văn hóa ).[13]In addition, Guizhou is also one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese humans and ancientChinese culture,with humans living and multiplying on this land about half a million to six hundred thousand years ago.[14]

Guizhou is rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Its natural industry includes timber and forestry, and theenergyandminingindustries constitute an important part of its economy. Notwithstanding, Guizhou is considered a relatively undeveloped province, with thefourth-lowest GDP per capitain China as of 2020. However, it is also one of China's fastest-growing economies.[15]The Chinese government is looking to develop Guizhou as a data hub.[16][17]

Guizhou is a mountainous province, with its higher altitudes in the west and centre. It lies at the eastern end of theYungui Plateau.Demographically, it is one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups account for more than 37% of the population, including sizable populations of theMiao,Bouyei,Dong,TujiaandYipeoples, all of whom speak languages distinct from Chinese. The main language spoken in Guizhou isSouthwestern Mandarin,a variety ofMandarin.

Name[edit]

The area was first organized as anadministrative regionof aChinese empireunder theTang,when it was namedJuzhou(Củ châu), pronouncedKjú-jyuwin theMiddle Chineseof the period.[18]During theMongol-ledYuan dynasty,the characterCủ(ju,"carpenter's square" ) was changed to the more refinedQuý(gui,"precious or expensive" ).[18]The region formally became a province in 1413, with an eponymous capital then also called "Guizhou" but now known asGuiyang.[18]

History[edit]

Guizhou in 1655.

Evidence of settlement by humans during theMiddle Palaeolithicis indicated by stone artefacts, includingLevalloispieces, found during archaeological excavations at Guanyindong Cave. These artefacts have been dated to approximately 170,000–80,000 years ago usingoptically stimulated luminescencemethods.[19]

From around 1046 BC to the emergence of theState of Qin,northwest Guizhou was part of theState of Shu.[7]During theWarring States period,the Chinese state ofChuconquered the area, and control later passed to theDian Kingdom.During the ChineseHan dynasty(206 BC–220 AD), to which the Dian was tributary, Guizhou was home to theYelangcollection of tribes, which largely governed themselves before the Han consolidated control in the southwest and established theLingnanprovince.[7]During theThree Kingdomsperiod, parts of Guizhou were governed by theShu Hanstate based inSichuan,followed byCao Wei(220–266) and theJin dynasty(266–420).[7]

During the 8th and 9th centuries in theTang dynasty,Chinese soldiers moved into Guizhou (Kweichow) and married native women. Their descendants are known asLǎohànrén(Lão hán nhân), in contrast to new Chinese who populated Guizhou at later times. They still speak an archaic dialect.[20]Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married these pre-Chinese women.[21]

Kublai KhanandMöngke Khanconquered the Chinese southwest in the process of defeating the Song during theMongol invasion of China,and the newly establishedYuan dynasty(1279–1368) saw the importation ofChinese Muslimadministrators and settlers fromBukharain Central Asia.[7]

In 1600,Hailongtunfortress inZunyisaw the last battle of the 10-year-longBozhou Rebellion.

It was during the followingMing dynasty,which was once again led byHan Chinese,that Guizhou was formally made a province in 1413. The Ming established manygarrisonsin Guizhou from which to pacify theYaoandMiaominorities during theMiao Rebellions.[7]Chinese-style agriculture flourished with the expertise of farmers from Sichuan,Hunanand its surrounding provinces into Guizhou.Wu Sanguiwas responsible for the ousting the Ming in Guizhou andYunnanduring theManchu conquest of China.During the governorship-general of theQing dynasty's noblemanOrtai,thetusisystem of indirect governance of the southwest was abolished, prompting rebellions from disenfranchised chieftains and the further centralization of government. After theSecond Opium War,criminaltriadsset up shop in Guangxi and Guizhou to sell Britishopium.For a time,Taiping Rebelstook control of Guizhou, but they were ultimately suppressed by the Qing.[7]Concurrently, Han Chinese soldiers moved into theTaijiangregion of Guizhou, married Miao women, and their children were brought up as Miao.[22][23]

More unsuccessful Miao rebellions occurred during the Qing, in1735,from1795–1806[24]and from1854–1873.[25]After theoverthrow of the Qingin 1911 and followingChinese Civil War,theCommuniststook refuge in Guizhou during theLong March(1934–1935).[7]While the province was formally ruled by thewarlordWang Jialie,theZunyi Conferencein Guizhou establishedMao Zedongas the leader of the Communist Party. As theSecond Sino-Japanese Warpushed China'sNationalist Governmentto its southwest base ofChongqing,transportation infrastructure improved as Guizhou was linked with theBurma Road.[26]After the end of the War, a1949 Revolutionswept Mao into power, who promoted the relocation of heavy industry into inland provinces such as Guizhou, to better protect them fromSovietand American attacks. The1957 influenza pandemicstarted in Guizhou and killed a million people around the world. After theChinese economic reformbegan in 1978, geographical factors led Guizhou to become the poorest province in China, with a GDP growth average of 9 percent from 1978 to 1993.[26]

District Planning[edit]

Regional history

In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Guizhou established 6 administrative supervision areas, each in charge of several counties. In the 30th year (1941), Guiyang City was established. By the 37th year (1948), Guizhou had 1 direct jurisdiction area, 6 administrative supervision areas, and 78 counties (cities) under its administration.

On November 15, 1949, the Second Field Army of theChinese People's LiberationArmy liberatedGuiyang;on December 26, the People's Government of Guizhou[27]Province was established. In the early period after liberation, the province had 1 directly managed city, 8 special areas, and 1 special area city, totaling 79 counties.

In April 1956, theGuiyang,Zhenyuan,andDuyunspecial areas were abolished, and theQiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefectureand theQiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecturewere established, with their administrative centers inKaili(the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was established in Zhenyuan on July 23 of the same year and later moved to Kaili in 1958). In 1956, two villages fromQijiang County( kỳ giang huyện ),SichuanProvince, were transferred toXishui County( tập thủy huyện ), Guizhou Province.

In 1960, the Langdai County( lãng đại huyện ) inAnshunSpecial Area was abolished and Liuzhi City was established, which was later changed back toLiuzhiCounty.

In 1965, the city status of Duyun was restored, serving as the capital of the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.

In 1966, on the basis of Liuzhi County( lục chi huyện ) in the former Anshun Special Area,Shuicheng County( thủy thành huyện ) in theBijieSpecial Area,andPan Countyin theXingyiSpecial Area, Liuzhi Industrial and Mining Area, Shuicheng Industrial and Mining Area, and Pan County Industrial and Mining Area were established.

In 1970, theWanshan Special Districtwas established, under the jurisdiction ofTongrenSpecial Area. The Liuzhi, Pan County, and Shuicheng industrial and mining areas and their original counties were merged intoLiuzhi Special District,Pan CountySpecial District, andShuichengSpecial Distric

In December 1978, theLiupanshuiSpecial Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Liupanshui was established, governing three special districts, with the municipal government located in Shuicheng Special District, becoming the second prefecture-level city in Guizhou Province.

In September 1981, theXingyiSpecial Area was abolished and the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established, with its administrative center in Xingyi.

In 1983, Kaili County in the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was abolished and the county-levelKaili Citywas established, serving as the capital of the autonomous prefecture.

In 1987, the Shuicheng Special District in Liupanshui City was abolished and Shuicheng County andZhongshan Districtwere established, with the Liupanshui municipal government moving to Zhongshan District; on August 21, Tongren County was abolished andTongren Citywas established; on November 6, with the approval of the State Council, Xingyi County was abolished and Xingyi City was established.

In 1990, Chishui County in theZunyiSpecial Area was abolished and the county-levelChishui Citywas established. Anshun City and Anshun County were merged to serve as theadministrative centerof Anshun Special Area.

In 1992, the Pan County Special District in Liupanshui City was abolished and Pan County was established. Qingzhen County in the Anshun Special Area was abolished and the county-levelQingzhen Citywas established, still under the jurisdiction of Anshun Special Area.

In 1994,RenhuaiCounty in the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the county-level Renhuai City was established. Bijie County in the Bijie Special Area was abolished and the county-level Bijie City was established, serving as the administrative center of Bijie Special Area.

In 1996, Qingzhen City,Xiuwen County,Kaiyang County,andXifeng County,originally belonging to the Anshun Special Area, were transferred to the jurisdiction of Guiyang City.

In 1997, the Zunyi Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Zunyi was established, with the original county-level Zunyi City being changed toHonghuagang District. In 2000, the Anshun Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Anshun was established, with the original county-level Anshun City being changed toXixiu District.

In 2003, parts of the Honghuagang District in Zunyi City were divided to establish theHuichuan Districtof Zunyi City.

In 2011, theTongrenSpecial Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Tongren was established, with the original county-level Tongren City being changed toBijiang District,and the originalWanshanSpecial District being changed to Wanshan District. Tongren City governs 2 districts and 8 counties. In the same year, the Bijie Special Area was abolished and the prefecture-level city of Bijie was established. The original county-level Bijie City was changed toQixingguan District.

In 2013, a pilot model of provincial direct management of counties was implemented, with the county-levelRenhuaiCity, originally belonging to Zunyi City, andWeining County,originally belonging to Bijie City, being designated as pilot counties for provincial direct management.

On January 6, 2014, the State Council agreed to establish the Guizhou Gui'an New District.[28]In the same year, Pingba County in Anshun City was abolished andPingba Districtof Anshun City was established.

In 2016, Zunyi County in Zunyi City was abolished and the district-levelBozhou Districtwas established.

In April 2017, the Ministry of Civil Affairs agreed to abolish Pan County in Liupanshui City and establish the county-levelPanzhouCity, managed by Liupanshui City.

In August 2018, with the approval of the State Council, Xingren County in the Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was abolished and the county-levelXingrenCity was established.

In July 2020, Shuicheng County in Liupanshui City was abolished and the district-levelShuicheng Districtwas established.

In March 2021, with the approval of the State Council, theMinistry of Civil Affairsagreed to abolishQianxi Countyand establish the county-level Qianxi City.

Geography[edit]

Mount Fanjingin Guizhou

Topography and landforms[edit]

Guizhou Province is located on theYunnan-Guizhou Plateau,between longitudes 103°36′ to 109°35′ east and latitudes 24°37′ to 29°13′ north. The average altitude is around 1100 meters. It borders Hunan to the east,Guangxito the south,Yunnanto the west, andSichuanandChongqingto the north. It stretches approximately 595 kilometers from east to west and about 509 kilometers from north to south. The total area of Guizhou Province is 176,167 square kilometers, accounting for 1.8% of the total area of China. The easternmost point is in Di Lake Township,TianzhuCounty, Qiandongnan Prefecture. The westernmost point is in Yulong Township( ngọc long hương ),WeiningCounty, Bijie City. The southernmost point is in Luowan Township( lạc vạn hương ),XingyiCity, Qianxinan Prefecture. The northernmost point is in Yangxi Town( dương khê trấn ),DaozhenCounty, Zunyi City.

Guizhou is a mountainous province, although its higher altitudes are in the west and centre. It lies at the eastern end of theYungui Plateau.[29]At 2,900 m (9,514 ft) above sea level, Jiucaiping is Guizhou's highest point.[30]

Guizhou Plateau is predominantly mountainous, and its topography can be generally divided into three basic types:plateaumountains,hills,and basins( bồn địa ), with 92.5% of the area being mountains and hills. There are numerous mountain ranges within the province, with overlapping ridges and peaks stretching across the landscape. In the north, there is theDalou Mountain,which runs diagonally from the west to the northeast, with the important passLoushan Passat an altitude of 1444 meters; in the central and southern part, Miaoling Mountain( miêu lĩnh )[31]Range stretches across, with its main peak, Leigong Mountain( lôi công sơn ),[32]at 2178 meters; in the northeastern part, there is theWuling MountainRange, which winds into Guizhou from Hunan, with its main peak,Fanjing Mountain,at 2572 meters; in the west, there is the towering Wumeng Mountain( ô mông sơn ),[33]with the highest point in Guizhou being Jiucaiping( cửu thái bình ) in Zhushi Township( châu thị hương ),Hezhang County,at an altitude of 2900.6 meters.

Climate[edit]

Guizhou has ahumid subtropical climate.There are few seasonal changes. Its annual average temperature is roughly 10 to 20°C, with January temperatures ranging from 1 to 10°C and July temperatures ranging from 17 to 28°C. with annual rainfall ranging from 1000 to 1400 millimeters; the frost-free period lasts between 250 to 300 days. There is no severe cold in winter and no extreme heat in summer, with the coldest month of January averaging 4-6 degrees Celsius, and the hottest month of July averaging 15-23 degrees Celsius. The unique climatic characteristics make Guizhou an ideal place for leisure travel and summer retreats.[34] Precipitation is abundant, with a distinct rainy season, many cloudy days, and less sunshine, with the number of cloudy days generally exceeding 150 days throughout the year, and the annual relative humidity above 70%. Influenced by atmospheric circulation and terrain, Guizhou's climate is diverse, with the saying. Additionally, the climate is unstable, with a variety of disastrous weather conditions such asdroughts,autumn winds,freezing,andhail,which can have a significant impact on agricultural production.

Like in China's other southwest provinces, rural areas of Guizhou suffered severe drought during spring 2010. Beginning on 3 April 2010, China's premierWen Jiabaowent on a three-day inspection tour in the southwest drought-affected province of Guizhou, where he met villagers and called on agricultural scientists to develop drought-resistant technologies for the area.[35]

Because of its lesser development compared to many other provinces in China, Guizhou's environment is well-preserved.[36]: 61 As of at least 2023, its environment and favorable climate have been assets in attracting the new, increasingly digital, economy.[36]: 61 

Hydrology[edit]

Guizhou Province's rivers are located in the upper reaches of theYangtze RiverandPearl Riverbasins, with 69 counties falling within the scope of the Yangtze River protective forest conservation area,[37]making it an important ecological barrier for the upper reaches of both the Yangtze and Pearl Rivers. The water system of the province flows from the west and center towards the north, east, and south according to the terrain. Miao Ridge serves as the watershed between the Yangtze and Pearl River basins; to the north lies the Yangtze River basin, covering an area of 115,747 square kilometers, accounting for 65.7% of the province's total land area, with major rivers including:Wu River,Chishui River,Qingshuijiang,Hongzhou River( hồng châu hà ),Wuyang River,Jinjiang,Songtao River( tùng đào hà ), Songkan River( tùng khảm hà ), Niulan River( ngưu lan giang ), Hengjiang( hoành giang ), etc.; to the south of Miao Ridge lies the Pearl River basin, covering an area of 60,420 square kilometers, accounting for 34.3% of the province's total land area, with major rivers including:Nanpan River,Beipan River,Hongshui River,Duliu River,Dagou River( đả cẩu hà ), etc. Guizhou has a large number of rivers with continuous flow, and there are 984 rivers with a length of more than 10 kilometers.

Natural Resources[edit]

Water resources[edit]

Guizhou Province has a large number of rivers, with 984 rivers that are over 10 kilometers long. In 2002, the runoff volume of Guizhou's rivers reached 114.52 billion cubic meters.[38]The mountainous characteristics of Guizhou's rivers are evident, with most rivers having broad valleys and gentle water flow in the upper reaches, with small water volume; the middle reaches have alternating tight and open valleys with rapid water flow; the lower reaches have deep and narrow valleys, with large water volume and abundant hydropower resources. The potential of hydropower resources is 18.745 million kilowatts, ranking sixth in China,[39]of which 16.833 million kilowatts are exploitable, accounting for 4.4% of China's total, with many concentrated river sections with large water level drops, and favorable development conditions.

Land resources[edit]

Guizhou Province's land resources are predominantly mountainous and hilly, with relatively few plains. The mountainous area is 108,740 square kilometers, accounting for 61.7% of the total land area of Guizhou Province. The hilly area is 54,197 square kilometers, accounting for 31.1% of the total land area of Guizhou Province. The area of mountainous flatlands is 13,230 square kilometers, only accounting for 7.5% of the total land area of Guizhou Province.[40]There is a limited amount of land resources available for agricultural development. Due to the increasing population and the growth of non-agricultural land use, the area of arable land is continuously decreasing. By the end of 2002, the actual area of arable land in Guizhou Province was 1.7694 million hectares, a reduction of 62,900 hectares compared to 2001. The per capita area of arable land is less than 0.05 hectares, which is significantly lower than the national average of China. The proportion of arable land with thick soil layers, high fertility, and good water conditions is low.[41]

Biological resources[edit]

A bird photographed at Caohai.
Grey-backed shrikeat Caohai.

The border mountains of Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan have been identified as one of the eight plant diversity hotspots in China. Guizhou Province is home to 9,982 species of vascular plants (including subspecies and varieties, the same below),[42]The main ecosystem types include evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and montane elfin forest. more than 700 of which are edible, and over 2,000 that are used for greening, beautification, and for pollution resistance and environmental improvement. Plant speciesendemicto this region includeAbies ziyuanensis,Cathaya argyrophylla,andKeteleeria pubescens,Davidia involucrata,GuizhouCycas.[43]The province is also rich in wildlife resources, with 1,053 species of vertebrates, including 141 mammals, 509 birds, 104 reptiles, 74 amphibians, and 225 fish species.[44]In broad terms, theYunnan–Guizhou Plateauis one of the vertebrate diversity hotspots of China. At the level of counties,Xingyiis one of nine Chinese vertebrate (excluding birds) diversity hotspots.[45]Animals only known from Guizhou includeLeishan moustache toad,Kuankuoshui salamander,Shuicheng salamander,Guizhou salamander,andZhijin warty newt.[citation needed]

Caohai Lakewith its surroundings is a wetland that is an important overwintering site for many birds. It is aNational Nature Reserveand anImportant Bird Areaidentified byBirdLife International.[46] Guizhou is one of the four major medicinal material-producing areas in China. The province boasts 4,419 species of medicinal plants and 301 medicinal animals.[47]It is famous for its 50 "authentic medicinal materials" known both domestically and internationally. Over 350 types of Chinese medicinal resources have been developed and utilized, withGastrodia elata,Eucommia ulmoides,Coptis chinensis,Evodia rutaecarpa,andDendrobiumbeing the five famous medicinal materials of Guizhou.

Mineral resources[edit]

Guizhou Province is rich inmineral resourcesand is a major province for mineral resources. More than 110 types of minerals have been discovered, among which 76 types have identified reserves.[48]Several have proven reserves that rank at the forefront nationwide. Those ranking first includemercury,barite,fertilizersandstone,metallurgicalsandstone, decorativediabase,and brick and tile sandstone, etc. Those ranking second includephosphorus,bauxite,rare earths,etc.; those ranking third includemagnesium,manganese,gallium,etc. In addition,coal,antimony,gold,pyrite,and other minerals hold significant positions in China. Coal reserves are substantial, with a complete range of coal types and excellent coal quality, with proven reserves at the end of 2002 being 49.227 billion tons; bauxite proven reserves are 424 million tons; phosphate rock reserves are 2.695 billion tons, accounting for over 40% of the national total; barite reserves account for one-third of the country's total; gold reserves rank twelfth in the nation, making it an emerging base for gold production in China.

Scientific research[edit]

Majorscientific researchfacilities in Guizhou include:

Politics[edit]

Main articles:Politics of GuizhouandList of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

Administrative divisions[edit]

Main articles:List of administrative divisions of GuizhouandList of township-level divisions of Guizhou

Guizhou is divided into nineprefecture-level divisions:sixprefecture-level citiesand threeautonomous prefectures:

Administrative divisions of Guizhou
Division code[49] Division Area in km2[50] Population 2010[51] Seat Divisions[52]
Districts* Counties Aut. counties CL cities
520000 Guizhou Province 176,167.00 34,746,468 Guiyangcity 17 51 11 9
520100 Guiyangcity 8,046.67 4,324,561 Guanshanhu District 6 3 1
520200 Liupanshuicity 9,965.37 2,851,180 Zhongshan District 3 1
520300 Zunyicity 30,780.73 6,127,009 Huichuan District 3 7 2 2
520400 Anshuncity 9,253.06 2,297,339 Xixiu District 2 1 3
520500 Bijiecity 26,844.45 6,536,370 Qixingguan District 1 6 1
520600 Tongrencity 18,006.41 3,092,365 Bijiang District 2 4 4
522300 Qianxinan Aut. Prefecture 16,785.93 2,805,857 Xingyicity 6 2
522600 Qiandongnan Aut. Prefecture 30,278.06 3,480,626 Kailicity 15 1
522700 Qiannan Aut. Prefecture 26,191.78 3,231,161 Duyuncity 9 1 2
* - including Special district

These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 88county-level divisions(14districts,7county-level cities,55counties,and 11autonomous countiesand onespecial district).

Urban areas[edit]

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[53] 2010 Urban area[54] 2020 City proper
1 Guiyang 4,021,275 2,520,061 5,987,018
2 Zunyi 1,675,245 715,148[b] 6,606,675
3 Liupanshui 818,753[c] 491,438 3,031,602
4 Bijie 695,174 421,342[d] 6,899,636
5 Anshun 685,654 358,920[e] 2,470,630
6 Xingyi 649,497 335,243 part ofQianxinan Prefecture
7 Kaili 519,243 274,922 part ofQiandongnan Prefecture
8 Tongren 423,078 206,147[f] 3,298,468
9 Panzhou 420,894 [g] see Liupanshui
10 Renhuai 361,723 171,005 see Zunyi
11 Qingzhen 350,665 166,916 see Guiyang
12 Duyun 348,954 217,091 part ofQiannan Prefecture
13 Xingren 169,210 [h] part ofQianxinan Prefecture
14 Fuquan 153,763 125,389 part ofQiannan Prefecture
15 Chishui 138,699 80,884 see Zunyi
  1. ^/ɡweɪˈdʒoʊ/;[5]Chinese:Quý châu;formerlyKweichow
  2. ^New district established after 2010 census:Bozhou (Zunyi County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^New district established after 2020 census:Shuicheng (Shuicheng County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^Bijie Prefecture is currently known as Bijie PLC after 2010 census; Bijie CLC is currently known asQixingguanafter 2010 census.
  5. ^New district established after 2010 census:Pingba (Pingba County).The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^Tongren Prefecture is currently known as Tongren PLC after 2010 census; Tongren CLC & Wanshan SD is currently known asBijiang&Wanshanafter 2010 census.
  7. ^Panxian County is currently known as Panzhou CLC after 2010 census.
  8. ^Xingren County is currently known as Xingren CLC after 2010 census.

Economy[edit]

Xijiang, aMiaosettlement in Eastern Guizhou
Bapa Dong, aDongvillage in Eastern Guizhou
Zhenyuan,a county in Eastern Guizhou

As of the mid-19th century, Guizhou exportedmercury,gold, iron, lead, tobacco, incense and drugs.[55]

Its natural industry includes timber and forestry.[56]Guizhou is also the third largest producer of tobacco in China, and home to the well-known brand Guizhou Tobacco.[57]Other important industries in the province include energy (electricity generation) - a large portion of which is exported to Guangdong and other provinces[57]- and mining, especially in coal,limestone,arsenic,gypsum,andoil shale.[56]Guizhou's total output of coal was 118 million tons in 2008, a 7% growth from the previous year.[58]Guizhou's export of power toGuangdongequaled 12% of Guangdong's total power consumption. Over the next 5 years Guizhou hopes to increase this by as much as 50%.[59]

Historically, Guizhou was a poorer province with lagging development.[36]: 61 The digital economy has grown significantly since 2015 and as of at least 2023 continues to develop Guizhou's growing reputation as a center for big data in China.[36]: 61 

Transportation[edit]

TheBeipan River Bridgeon theLiupanshui–Baiguo Railwayin western Guizhou is thehighest railway bridge in the world.

In 2017,Sun Zhigang,the governor of Guizhou, announced plans to build 10,000 kilometres (6,210 mi) of highways, 600 kilometres (370 mi) of inland waterways, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) of high-speed rail lines, and 17 airports in three years, in an effort to boost tourism in the province.[60]Guizhou has continued to develop transportation infrastructure (as well as other infrastructure such as electric, water, and broadband infrastructure) to support the growing big data-related sections of the economy.[36]: 61 

Rail[edit]

Guizhou's rail network consists primarily of a cross formed by theSichuan–Guizhou,Guangxi–GuizhouandShanghai–Kunmingrailways, which intersect at the provincial capital,Guiyang,near the center of the province. TheLiupanshui–Baiguo,Pan County WestandWeishe–Hongguorailways form a rail corridor along Guizhou's western border withYunnan.This corridor connects theNeijiang–Kunming railway,which dips into northwestern Guizhou atWeining,with theNanning–Kunming railway,which skirts the southwestern corner of Guizhou atXingyi.[citation needed]

As of 2018,Shanghai–KunmingandGuiyang–Guangzhouhigh-speed railways are operational.Chengdu–Guiyang high-speed railwayis under construction.

Demographics[edit]

See also:List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1912[61] 9,665,000—
1928[62] 14,746,000+2.68%
1936-37[63] 9,919,000−4.84%
1947[64] 10,174,000+0.23%
1954[65] 15,037,310+5.74%
1964[66] 17,140,521+1.32%
1982[67] 28,552,997+2.88%
1990[68] 32,391,066+1.59%
2000[69] 35,247,695+0.85%
2010[70] 34,746,468−0.14%
2020[71] 38,562,148+1.05%

In 1832, the population was estimated at five million.[55]

Guizhou is demographically one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups account for more than 37% of the population and they includeMiao(includingGha-MuandA-Hmao),Yao,Yi,Qiang,Dong,Zhuang,Bouyei,Bai,Tujia,GelaoandSui.55.5% of the province area is designated as autonomous regions for ethnic minorities. Guizhou is the province with the highestfertility ratein China, standing at 2.19 (urban: 1.31; rural: 2.42).[72]

Major autonomous areas within Guizhou, excludingHui.
The long-horn tribe, one of the small branches ofMiaoliving in the twelve villages nearZhijin County,Guizhou. The wooden horns remain daily attire for most women.
TheDongvillage ofZhaoxing

Religion[edit]

Religion in Guizhou[73][note 1]

Chinese ancestral religion(31.18%)
Christianity(0.99%)
Other religions or not religious people[note 2](67.83%)

The predominant religions in Guizhou areChinese folk religions,Taoist traditionsandChinese Buddhism.According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 31.18% of the population believes and is involved inancestor veneration,while 0.99% of the population identifies asChristian,decreasing from 1.13% in 2004.[73]

Wumiao(Temple of the God of War) dedicated toGuandiinAnshun.

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 67.83% of the population may be either irreligious or involved inworship of nature deities,Buddhism,Confucianism,Taoism,folk religious sects,and small minorities ofMuslims.There are significant ethnic minority populations (theMiaoand theBuyei) who traditionally follow their autochthonous religions.

Cuisine[edit]

Main article:Guizhou cuisine
Moutai

Guizhou is the home of the well-knownChinese liquorMoutai,[74]as well asLao Gan Ma.

Tourism[edit]

The province has manycovered bridges,calledWind and Rain Bridges.These were built by theDong people.[citation needed]

The southeastern corner of the province is known for its unique Dong minority culture. Towns such asRongjiang,Liping,Diping and Zhaoxing are scattered amongst the hills along the border with Guangxi.[citation needed]

Three recommended forms[edit]

The World Bank's "Strategic Environmental Assessment Study: Tourism Development in the Province of Guizhou, China" (May 25, 2007)[75]points to three different forms of tourism that should be fostered and developed in Guizhou: Nature-based, heritage-based and rural. Heritage-based tourism provides ethnic minority groups with an opportunity to preserve their unique heritage while still making a living.[clarification needed]

Colleges and universities[edit]

Main article:List of universities and colleges in Guizhou

Media[edit]

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[73]in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised intolineage "churches"andancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (Buddhism, Confucianism, deity worships, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, religions practiced by ethnic minorities, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ^This may include:

References[edit]

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Works cited[edit]

  • Wilkinson, Endymion (2012).Chinese History: A New Manual.Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series84.Cambridge, MA: Harvard-Yenching Institute; Harvard University Asia Center.ISBN978-0-674-06715-8.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toQuý châu.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forGuizhou.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizhou&oldid=1230781457"