Gurmukhi

Gurmukhī ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
Modern Gurmukhi letter set
Script type	Abugida
Time period	16th century CE-present
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Punjabi Punjabi dialects Sant Bhasha Sindhi
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Brahmi Gupta Sharada Landa Gurmukhī
Child systems	Anandpur Lipi
Sister systems	Khudabadi,Khojki,Mahajani,Multani
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Guru(310),​Gurmukhi
Unicode
Unicode alias	Gurmukhi
Unicode range	U+0A00–U+0A7F

Gurmukhī(Punjabi:ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ,Punjabi pronunciation:[ˈɡʊɾᵊmʊkʰiː],Shahmukhi:گُرمُکھی) is anabugidadeveloped from theLaṇḍā scripts,standardized and used by the secondSikh guru,Guru Angad(1504–1552).Commonly regarded as aSikhscript,Gurmukhi is used inPunjab, Indiaas the official script of thePunjabi language.

The primary scripture ofSikhism,theGuru Granth Sahib,is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects and languages often subsumed under the generic titleSant Bhashaor "saint language", in addition to other languages like Persian and various phases of Indo-Aryan languages.

Modern Gurmukhī has thirty-five original letters, hence its common alternative termpaintīor "the thirty-five",plus six additionalconsonants,ninevoweldiacritics,two diacritics for nasal sounds, one diacritic thatgeminatesconsonants and three subscript characters.

History and development

The Gurmukhī script is generally believed to have roots in theProto-Sinaitic alphabetby way of theBrahmi script,whichdevelopedfurther into the Northwestern group (Sharada,or Śāradā, and its descendants, includingLandaandTakri), the Central group (Nagariand its descendants, includingDevanagari,GujaratiandModi) and the Eastern group (evolved fromSiddhaṃ,includingBangla,Tibetan,and some Nepali scripts),as well as several prominentwriting systems of Southeast Asiaand Sinhala in Sri Lanka, in addition to scripts used historically in Central Asia for extinct languages likeSakaandTocharian.Gurmukhi is derived from Sharada in the Northwestern group, of which it is the only major surviving member,with full modern currency. Notable features:

• It is anabugidain which all consonants have an inherent vowel,[ə].Diacritics, which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they are applied to, are used to change the inherent vowel.
• When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent letters.
• To formconsonant clusters,Gurmukhi uniquely affixes subscript letters at the bottom of standard characters, rather than using the true conjunct symbols used by other scripts,which merge parts of each letter into a distinct character of its own.
• Punjabi is a tonal language with three tones. These are indicated in writing using the formerly voiced aspirated consonants (gh,dh,bh,etc.) and the intervocalich.

Phoenician	𐤀	𐤁		𐤂	𐤃		𐤄	𐤅	𐤆				𐤇		𐤈		𐤉	𐤊		𐤋	𐤌	𐤍				𐤎	𐤏	𐤐		𐤑	𐤒		𐤓	𐤔	𐤕
Aramaic	𐡀	𐡁		𐡂	𐡃		𐡄	𐡅	𐡆				𐡇		𐡈		𐡉	𐡊		𐡋	𐡌	𐡍				𐡎	𐡏	𐡐		𐡑	𐡒		𐡓	𐡔	𐡕
Brahmi	𑀅	𑀩	𑀪	𑀕	𑀥	𑀠	𑀏	𑀯	𑀤	𑀟	𑀚	𑀛	𑀳	𑀖	𑀣	𑀞	𑀬	𑀓	𑀘	𑀮	𑀫	𑀦	𑀗	𑀜	𑀡	𑀰	𑀑	𑀧	𑀨	𑀲	𑀔	𑀙	𑀭	𑀱	𑀢	𑀝
Gurmukhi	ਅ	ਬ	ਭ	ਗ	ਧ	ਢ	ੲ	ਵ	ਦ	ਡ	ਜ	ਝ	ਹ	ਘ	ਥ	ਠ	ਯ	ਕ	ਚ	ਲ	ਮ	ਨ	ਙ	ਞ	ਣ	(ਸ਼)	ੳ	ਪ	ਫ	ਸ	ਖ	ਛ	ਰ	ਖ	ਤ	ਟ
IAST	a	ba	bha	ga	dha	ḍha	ē	va	da	ḍa	ja	jha	ha	gha	tha	ṭha	ya	ka	ca	la	ma	na	ṅa	ña	ṇa	śa*	ō	pa	pha	sa	kha	cha	ra	ṣa*	ta	ṭa
Greek	Α	Β		Γ	Δ		Ε	Ϝ	Ζ				Η		Θ		Ι	Κ		Λ	Μ	Ν				Ξ	Ο	Π		Ϻ	Ϙ		Ρ	Σ	Τ
Possible derivation of Gurmukhi from earlier writing systems.The Greek alphabet, also descended from Phoenician, is included for comparison.

Gurmukhi evolved in cultural and historical circumstances notably different from other regional scripts,for the purpose of recording scriptures ofSikhism,a far less Sanskritized cultural tradition than others of the subcontinent.This independence from the Sanskritic model allowed it the freedom to evolve unique orthographical features.These include:

• Three basic bearer vowels, integrated into the traditional Gurmukhi character set, using the vowel diacritics to write independent vowels, instead of distinctly separate characters for each of these vowels as in other scripts;
• a drastic reduction in the number and importance of conjunct characters(similar to Brahmi, the letters of which Gurmukhi letters have remained more similar to than those ofNagarihave,and characteristic of Northwestern abugidas);
• a unique standard ordering of characters that somewhat diverges from the traditionalvargiya,or Sanskritic, ordering of characters,includingvowelsandfricativesbeing placed in front;
• the recognition of Indo-Aryan phonological history through the omission of characters representing the sibilants[ʃ]and[ʂ],retaining only the letters representing sounds of the spoken language of the time;these sibilants were naturally lost in most modernIndo-Aryan languages,though such characters were often retained in their respective consonant inventories as placeholders and archaismswhile being mispronounced.These sibilants were often variously reintroduced through later circumstances, as[ʃ]was to Gurmukhi,necessitating a new glyph;
• the development of distinct new letters for sounds better reflecting the vernacular language spoken during the time of its development (e.g. for[ɽ],and the sound shift that merged Sanskrit[ʂ]and /kʰ/ to Punjabi /kʰ/);
• ageminationdiacritic, a unique feature among native subcontinental scripts,which serve to indicate the preservedMiddle Indo-Aryangeminates distinctive of Punjabi;

and other features.

Historical geographical distribution ofSharada script

From the 10th century onwards, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partlyHimachal Pradesh) andKashmir.Sharada proper was eventually restricted to very limited ceremonial use in Kashmir, as it grew increasingly unsuitable for writing theKashmiri language.With the last known inscription dating to 1204 C.E., the early 13th century marks a milestone in the development of Sharada.The regional variety in Punjab continued to evolve from this stage through the 14th century; during this period it starts to appear in forms closely resembling Gurmukhī and otherLanda scripts.By the 15th century, Sharada had evolved so considerably thatepigraphistsdenote the script at this point by a special name,Dēvāśēṣa.Tarlochan Singh Bedi (1999) prefers the nameprithamă gurmukhī,or Proto-Gurmukhī. It was through its recording in Gurmukhi that knowledge of the pronunciation and grammar of the Old Punjabi language (c. 10th–16th century) was preserved for modern philologists.

A sample of a mediaeval, handwritten Gurmukhi document

TheSikh gurusadopted Proto-Gurmukhī to write theGuru Granth Sahib,the religious scriptures of the Sikhs. TheTakrialphabet developed through theDēvāśēṣastage of the Sharada script from the 14th-18th centuriesand is found mainly in theHill Statessuch asChamba, Himachal Pradeshand surrounding areas, where it is calledChambeali.InJammu Division,it developed into Dogri,which was a "highly imperfect" script later consciously influenced in part by Gurmukhi during the late 19th century,possibly to provide it an air of authority by having it resemble scripts already established in official and literary capacities,though not displacing Takri.The local Takri variants got the status of official scripts in some of the Punjab Hill States, and were used for both administrative and literary purposes until the 19th century.After 1948, whenHimachal Pradeshwas established as an administrative unit, the local Takri variants were replaced byDevanagari.

Example of theMultanivariant ofLanda script,a mercantile shorthand script of Punjab, from 1880

Meanwhile, the mercantile scripts of Punjab known as the Laṇḍā scripts were normally not used for literary purposes.Laṇḍāmeans alphabet "without tail",implying that the script did not have vowel symbols. In Punjab, there were at least ten different scripts classified as Laṇḍā,Mahajanibeing the most popular. The Laṇḍā scripts were used for household and trade purposes.In contrast to Laṇḍā, the use of vowel diacritics was made obligatory in Gurmukhī for increased accuracy and precision, due to the difficulties involved in deciphering words without vowel signs.

In the following epochs, Gurmukhī became the primary script for the literary writings of the Sikhs. Playing a significant role in Sikh faith and tradition, it expanded from its original use for Sikh scriptures and developed its own orthographical rules, spreading widely under theSikh Empireand used by Sikh kings and chiefs of Punjab for administrative purposes.Also playing a major role in consolidating and standardizing the Punjabi language, it served as the main medium of literacy in Punjab and adjoining areas for centuries when the earliest schools were attached togurdwaras.The first natively produced grammars of the Punjabi language were written in the 1860s in Gurmukhi.TheSingh Sabha Movementof the late 19th century, a movement to revitalize Sikh institutions which had declined duringcolonial ruleafter the fall of the Sikh Empire, also advocated for the usage of the Gurmukhi script formass media,with print media publications andPunjabi-language newspapersestablished in the 1880s.Later in the 20th century, after the struggle of thePunjabi Suba movement,from the founding of modern India in the 1940s to the 1960s, the script was given the authority as the official state script of thePunjab, India,where it is used in all spheres of culture, arts, education, and administration, with a firmly established common and secular character.It is one of theofficial scripts of the Indian Republic,and is currently the 14th most used script in the world.

Etymology

18th century fresco of a woman writing in Gurmukhi from Pothimala,Guru Harsahai,Punjab.

The prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by the Guru's followers,gurmukhs(literally, those who face, or follow, the Guru, as opposed to amanmukh); the script thus came to be known asgurmukhī,"the script of those guided by the Guru."Guru Angadis credited in the Sikh tradition with the creation and standardization of Gurmukhi script from earlierŚāradā-descended scripts native to the region. It is now the standard writing script for the Punjabi language in India.The original Sikh scriptures and most of the historic Sikh literature have been written in the Gurmukhi script.

Although the word Gurmukhī has been commonly translated as "from the Mouth of the Guru", the term used for the Punjabi script has somewhat different connotations. This usage of the term may have gained currency from the use of the script to record the utterances of the Sikh Gurus as scripture, which were often referred to as Gurmukhī, or from themukhă(face, or mouth) of the Gurus. Consequently, the script that was used to write the resulting scripture may have also been designated with the same name.

The name for the Perso–Arabic alphabet for the Punjabi language,Shahmukhi,was modeled on the termGurmukhi.

Characters

Letters

The Gurmukhī alphabet contains thirty-five base letters (akkhară), traditionally arranged in seven rows of five letters each. The first three letters, ormātarā vāhakă( "vowel bearer" ), are distinct because they form the basis for independent vowels and are not consonants, orvianjană,like the remaining letters are, and except for the second letteraiṛāare never used on their own;see§ Vowel diacriticsfor further details. The pair of fricatives, ormūlă vargă( "base class" ), share the row, which is followed by the next five sets of consonants, with the consonants in each row beinghomorganic,the rows arranged from the back (velars) to the front (labials) of the mouth, and the letters in the grid arranged byplaceandmanner of articulation.The arrangement, orvarṇămāllā,is completed with theantimă ṭollī,literally "ending group." The names of most of the consonants are based on their reduplicative phonetic values,and thevarṇămāllāis as follows:

Group Name (Articulation) ↓		Name		Sound [IPA]	Name		Sound [IPA]	Name		Sound [IPA]	Name		Sound [IPA]	Name		Sound [IPA]
mātarā vāhakă (Vowels)	mūlă vargă (Fricatives)	ੳ	ūṛā [uːɽaː]	–	ਅ	aiṛā [ɛːɽaː]	a [ə]	ੲ	īṛī [iːɽiː]	–	ਸ	sassā [səsːaː]	sa [s]	ਹ	hāhā [ɦaːɦaː]	ha [ɦ]
Occlusives→		Tenuis			Aspirates			VoicedStops			Tonal			Nasals
kavargă ṭollī (Velars)		ਕ	kakkā [kəkːaː]	ka [k]	ਖ	khakkhā [kʰəkʰːaː]	kha [kʰ]	ਗ	gaggā [gəgːaː]	ga [ɡ]	ਘ	kàggā [kə̀gːaː]	kà [kə̀]	ਙ	ṅaṅṅā [ŋəŋːaː]	ṅa [ŋ]
cavargă ṭollī (Affricates/Palatals)		ਚ	caccā [t͡ʃət͡ʃːaː]	ca [t͡ʃ]	ਛ	chacchā [t͡ʃʰət͡ʃʰːaː]	cha [t͡ʃʰ]	ਜ	jajjā [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːaː]	ja [d͡ʒ]	ਝ	càjjā [t͡ʃə̀d͡ʒːaː]	cà [t͡ʃə̀]	ਞ	ñaññā [ɲəɲːaː]	ña [ɲ]
ṭavargă ṭollī (Retroflexes)		ਟ	ṭaiṅkā [ʈɛŋkaː]	ṭa [ʈ]	ਠ	ṭhaṭṭhā [ʈʰəʈʰːaː]	ṭha [ʈʰ]	ਡ	ḍaḍḍā [ɖəɖːaː]	ḍa [ɖ]	ਢ	ṭàḍḍā [ʈə̀ɖːaː]	ṭà [ʈə̀]	ਣ	nāṇā [naːɳaː]	ṇa [ɳ]
tavargă ṭollī (Dentals)		ਤ	tattā [t̪ət̪ːaː]	ta [t̪]	ਥ	thatthā [t̪ʰət̪ʰːaː]	tha [t̪ʰ]	ਦ	daddā [d̪əd̪ːaː]	da [d̪]	ਧ	tàddā [t̪ə̀d̪ːaː]	tà [t̪ə̀]	ਨ	nannā [nənːaː]	na [n]
pavargă ṭollī (Labials)		ਪ	pappā [pəpːaː]	pa [p]	ਫ	phapphā [pʰəpʰːaː]	pha [pʰ]	ਬ	babbā [bəbːaː]	ba [b]	ਭ	pàbbā [pə̀bːaː]	pà [pə̀]	ਮ	mammā [məmːaː]	ma [m]
Approximantsandliquids
antimă ṭollī (Sonorants)		ਯ	yayyā [jəjːaː]	ya [j]	ਰ	rārā [ɾaːɾaː]	ra [ɾ]~[r]	ਲ	lallā [ləlːaː]	la [l]	ਵ	vāvā [ʋaːʋaː]	va [ʋ]~[w]	ੜ	ṛāṛā [ɽaːɽaː]	ṛa [ɽ]

The nasal letters ਙṅaṅṅāand ਞñaññāhave become marginal as independent consonants in modern Gurmukhi.The sounds they represent occur most often asallophonesof [n] in clusters with velars and palatals respectively.

The pronunciation of ਵ can vary allophonically between[[ʋ]~[β]]precedingfront vowels,and[[w]]elsewhere.

The most characteristic feature of the Punjabi language is its tone system.The script has no separate symbol for tones, but they correspond to the tonal consonants that once represented voiced aspirates as well as older *h.To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonants of the fourth column, ਘkà,ਝcà,ਢṭà,ਧtà,and ਭpà,are often transliterated in the way of the voiced aspirate consonantsgha,jha,ḍha,dha,andbharespectively, although Punjabi lacks these sounds.Tones in Punjabi can be either rising, neutral, or falling:

• When the tonal letter is inonsetpositions, as in the pronunciation of the names of the Gurmukhī letters, it produces the falling tone on the syllablenucleus,indicated by agrave accent(◌̀).
• When the tonal letter is insyllabic codapositions, the tone on the syllable nucleus is rising, indicated by anacute accent(◌́).
• When the tonal letter is inintervocalicpositions, after a short vowel and before a long vowel, the following vowel has a falling tone.Between two short vowels, the tonal letter produces a rising tone on the preceding vowel.

The letters now always represent unaspirated consonants, and are unvoiced in onset positions and voiced elsewhere.

Supplementary letters

In addition to the 35 original letters, there are six supplementary consonants in official usage,referred to as thenavīnă ṭollīornavīnă vargă,meaning "new group", created by placing adot(bindī) at the foot (pairă) of the consonant to createpairĭ bindīconsonants. These are not present in theGuru Granth Sahibor old texts. These are used most often for loanwords,though not exclusively,and their usage is not always obligatory:

Name		Sound [IPA]	Name		Sound [IPA]	Name		Sound [IPA]
ਸ਼	sassē pairĭ bindī [səsːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]	śa [ʃ]	ਖ਼	khakkhē pairĭ bindī [kʰəkʰːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]	xa [x]	ਗ਼	gaggē pairĭ bindī [gəgːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]	ġa [ɣ]
ਜ਼	jajjē pairĭ bindī [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]	za [z]	ਫ਼	phapphē pairĭ bindī [pʰəpʰːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]	fa [f]	ਲ਼	lallē pairĭ bindī [ləlːeː pɛ:ɾɨ bɪn̪d̪iː]	ḷa [ɭ]

The letter ਸ਼, already in use by the time of the earliest Punjabi grammars produced, along with ਜ਼ and ਲ਼,enabled the previously unmarked distinction of /s/ and the well-established phoneme /ʃ/, which is used even in nativeecho doubletse.g.rō̆ṭṭī-śō̆ṭṭī"stuff to eat"; the loansoundsf,z,x,andġas distinct phonemes are less well-established,decreasing in that order and often dependent on exposure toHindi-Urdunorms.

The character ਲ਼ (ḷa), the only character not representing africativeconsonant, was only recently officially added to the Gurmukhī alphabet.It was not a part of the traditional orthography, as the distinctive phonological difference between /lə/ and /ɭə/, while both native sounds,was not reflected in the script,and its inclusion is still not currently universal.Previous usage of another glyph to represent this sound, [ਲ੍ਰ], has also been attested.The letters ਲ਼ḷa,like ਙṅ,ਙṅ,ਣṇ,and ੜṛ,do not occur word-initially, except in some cases their names.

Other characters, like the more recent [ਕ਼] /qə/,are also on rare occasion used unofficially, chiefly for transliterating old writings inPersianandUrdu,the knowledge of which is less relevant in modern times.

Subscript letters

Three "subscript" letters, calledduttă akkhară( "joint letters" ) orpairī̃ akkhară( "letters at the feet" ) are utilised in modern Gurmukhī: forms of ਹha,ਰra,and ਵva.

The subscript ਰraand ਵvaare used to make consonant clusters and behave similarly; subjoined ਹhaintroduces tone.

Subscript letter	Name, original form	Usage
੍ਰ	pairī̃ rārā ਰ→ ੍ਰ	For example, the letter ਪ (pa) with a regular ਰ (ra) following it would yield the wordਪਰ/pəɾə̆/ ( "but" ), but with a subjoined ਰ would appear asਪ੍ਰ-(/prə-/),resulting in a consonant cluster, as in the word ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧਕ (/pɾəbə́n̪d̪əkə̆/, "managerial, administrative" ), as opposed to ਪਰਬੰਧਕ /pəɾᵊbə́n̪d̪əkə̆/, the Punjabi form of the word used in natural speech in less formal settings (the Punjabi reflex for Sanskrit /pɾə-/ is /pəɾ-/). This subscript letter is commonly used in Punjabifor personal names, some native dialectal words,loanwords from other languages like English and Sanskrit, etc.
੍ਵ	pairī̃ vāvā ਵ→ ੍ਵ	Used occasionally inGurbani(Sikh religious scriptures) but rare in modern usage, it is largely confined to creating the cluster /sʋə-/in words borrowed from Sanskrit, the reflex of which in Punjabi is /sʊ-/, e.g. Sanskrit ਸ੍ਵਪ੍ਨ /s̪ʋɐ́p.n̪ɐ/→Punjabi ਸੁਪਨਾ /sʊpə̆na:/, "dream", cf. Hindi-Urdu /səpna:/. For example, ਸ with a subscript ਵ would produceਸ੍ਵ(sʋə-) as in the Sanskrit word ਸ੍ਵਰਗ (/sʋəɾᵊgə/, "heaven" ), but followed by a regular ਵ would yieldਸਵ- (səʋ-) as in the common word ਸਵਰਗ (/səʋəɾᵊgə̆/, "heaven" ), borrowed earlier from Sanskrit but subsequently changed. The natural Punjabi reflex, ਸੁਰਗ /sʊɾᵊgə̆/, is also used in everyday speech.
੍ਹ	pairī̃ hāhā ਹ→ ੍ਹ	The most common subscript,this character does not create consonant clusters, but serves as part of Punjabi's characteristic tone system, indicating a tone. It behaves the same way in its use as the regular ਹ (ha) does in non-word-initial positions. The regular ਹ is pronounced in stressed positions (as in ਆਹੋāhō"yes" and a few other common words),word-initially in monosyllabic words, and usually in other word-initial positions,but not in other positions, where it instead changes the tone of the applicable adjacent vowel.The difference in usage is that the regular ਹ is used after vowels, and the subscript version is used when there is no vowel, and is attached to consonants. For example, the regular ਹ is used after vowels as in ਮੀਂਹ (transcribed asmĩh(IPA:[míː]), "rain" ).The subjoined ਹ (ha) acts the same way but instead is used under consonants: ਚ (ca) followed by ੜ (ṛa) yields ਚੜ (caṛă), but not until the rising tone is introduced via a subscript ਹ (ha) does it properly spell the word ਚੜ੍ਹ (cáṛĭ,"climb" ). This character's function is similar to that of theudātăcharacter (ੑ U+0A51), which occurs in older texts and indicates a rising tone.

In addition to the three standard subscript letters, another subscript character representing the subjoined /j/, theyakaśăorpairī̃ yayyā( ੵ U+0A75), is utilized specifically in archaizedsahaskritī-style writings in Sikh scripture, where it is found 268 timesfor word forms and inflections from older phases of Indo-Aryan,as in the examples ਰਖੵਾ /ɾəkʰːjaː/ "(to be) protected", ਮਿਥੵੰਤ /mɪt̪ʰjən̪t̪ə/ "deceiving", ਸੰਸਾਰਸੵ /sənsaːɾəsjə/ "of the world", ਭਿਖੵਾ /pɪ̀kʰːjaː/ "(act of) begging", etc. There is also a conjunct form of the letteryayyā,ਯ→੍ਯ,a later form,which functions similarly to theyakaśă,and is used exclusively for Sanskrit borrowings, and even then rarely. In addition, miniaturized versions of the letters ਚ, ਟ, ਤ, and ਨ are also found in limited use as subscript letters in Sikh scripture.

Only the subjoined /ɾə/ and /hə/ are commonly used;usage of the subjoined /ʋə/ and conjoined forms of /jə/, already rare, is increasingly scarce in modern contexts.

Vowel diacritics

Vowel diacritics, with dotted circles representing the bearer consonant

Vowel			Transcription		IPA	Closest English equivalent
Ind.	Dep.	with /k/	Name	Usage
ਅ	(none)	ਕ	mukḁ̆tā ਮੁਕਤਾ	a	[ə]	likeainabout
ਆ	ਾ	ਕਾ	kannā ਕੰਨਾ	ā	[aː]~[äː]	likeaincar
ਇ	ਿ	ਕਿ	siā̀rī ਸਿਹਾਰੀ	i	[ɪ]	likeiinit
ਈ	ੀ	ਕੀ	biā̀rī ਬਿਹਾਰੀ	ī	[iː]	likeiinlitre
ਉ	ੁ	ਕੁ	auṅkaṛă ਔਂਕੜ	u	[ʊ]	likeuinput
ਊ	ੂ	ਕੂ	dulaiṅkaṛă ਦੁਲੈਂਕੜ	ū	[uː]	likeuinspruce
ਏ	ੇ	ਕੇ	lā̃/lāvā̃ ਲਾਂ/ਲਾਵਾਂ	ē	[eː]	likeeinChile
ਐ	ੈ	ਕੈ	dulāvā̃ ਦੁਲਾਵਾਂ	ai	[ɛː]~[əi]	likeeinsell
ਓ	ੋ	ਕੋ	hōṛā ਹੋੜਾ	ō	[oː]	likeoinmore
ਔ	ੌ	ਕੌ	kanauṛā ਕਨੌੜਾ	au	[ɔː]~[əu]	likeoinoff

To expressvowels(singular,sură), Gurmukhī, as anabugida,makes use of obligatorydiacriticscalledlagā̃.Gurmukhī is similar toBrahmiscripts in that all consonants are followed by an inherentschwasound. This inherent vowel sound can be changed by using dependent vowel signs which attach to a bearing consonant.In some cases, dependent vowel signs cannot be used – at the beginning of a word or syllablefor instance – and so an independent vowel character is used instead.

Independent vowels are constructed using the three vowel-bearing characters:ੳūṛā,ਅaiṛā,and ੲīṛī.With the exception ofaiṛā(which in isolation represents the vowel[ə]), the bearer vowels are never used without additional vowel diacritics.

Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus,siā̀rīis always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.When constructing the independent vowel for[oː],ūṛātakes an irregular form instead of using the usualhōṛā.

Orthography

Gurmukhi orthography prefers vowel sequences over the use ofsemivowels( "y" or "w" ) intervocally and insyllable nuclei,as in the words ਦਿਸਾਇਆdisāiā"caused to be visible" rather thandisāyā,ਦਿਆਰdiāră"cedar" rather thandyāră,and ਸੁਆਦsuādă"taste" rather thanswādă,permitting vowels inhiatus.

In terms of tone orthography, the short vowels [ɪ] and [ʊ], when paired with [h] to yield /ɪh/ and /ʊh/, represent [é] and [ó] with high tones respectively, e.g. ਕਿਹੜਾkihṛā(IPA:[kéːɽaː]) 'which?' ਦੁਹਰਾduhrā(IPA:[d̪óːɾaː]) "repeat, reiterate, double."The compounding of [əɦ] with [ɪ] or [ʊ] yield [ɛ́ː] and [ɔ́ː] respectively, e.g. ਮਹਿੰਗਾmahingā(IPA:[mɛ́ːŋgaː]) "expensive", ਵਹੁਟੀvahuṭṭī(IPA:[wɔ́ʈːiː]) "bride."

Other signs

The diacritics for gemination and nasalization are together referred to as ਲਗਾਖਰlagākkhară( "applied letters" ).

Gemination

The diacritic ਅੱਧਕáddakă( ੱ ) indicates that the following consonant isgeminated,and is placed above the consonant preceding the geminated one.Consonant length is distinctive in the Punjabi language and the use of this diacritic can change the meaning of a word, as below:

Withoutáddakă	Transliteration	Meaning	Witháddakă	Transliteration	Meaning
ਦਸ	dasă	ten	ਦੱਸ	dassĭ	tell (verb)
ਪਤਾ	patā	aware of/address	ਪੱਤਾ	pattā	leaf
ਬੁਝਣਾ	bújăṇā	to burn out, be extinguished	ਬੁੱਝਣਾ	bújjăṇā	to think through, figure out, solve
ਕਲਾ	kalā	art	ਕੱਲਾ	kallā	alone (colloquialism)

It has not been standardized to be written in all instances of gemination;there is a strong tendency, especially in rural dialects, to also geminate consonants following a long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/, which triggers shortening in these vowels) in thepenultof a word, e.g. ਔਖਾaukkhā"difficult", ਕੀਤੀkī̆ttī"did", ਪੋਤਾpō̆ttā"grandson", ਪੰਜਾਬੀpanjā̆bbī"Punjabi", ਹਾਕhākă"call, shout", but plural ਹਾਕਾਂhā̆kkā̃. Except in this case, where this unmarked gemination is oftenetymologicallyrooted in archaic forms,and has becomephonotacticallyregular,the usage of theáddakăis obligatory.

It is also sometimes used to indicate second-syllable stress, e.g. ਬਚਾੱba'cā,"save".

Nasalisation

The diacritics ਟਿੱਪੀṭippī( ੰ ) and ਬਿੰਦੀbindī( ਂ ) are used for producing a nasal phoneme depending on the following obstruent or a nasal vowel at the end of a word.All short vowels are nasalized usingṭippīand all long vowels are nasalized usingbindīexcept fordulaiṅkaṛă( ੂ ), which usesṭippīinstead.

Diacritic usage	Result	Examples (IPA)
Ṭippīon short vowel (/ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/), or dependent long vowel /u:/, before a non-nasal consonant	Addsnasal consonantatsame place of articulation as following consonant (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.)	ਹੰਸ/ɦənsə̆/ "goose" ਅੰਤ/ən̪t̪ə̆/ "end" ਗੰਢ/gə́ɳɖə̆/ "knot" ਅੰਬ/əmbə̆/ "mango" ਸਿੰਗ/sɪŋgə̆/ "horn, antler" ਕੁੰਜੀ/ kʊɲd͡ʒiː/ "key" ਗੂੰਜ/guːɲd͡ʒə̆/ "rumble, echo" ਲੂੰਬੜੀ/luːmbᵊɽiː/ "fox"
Bindīover long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, independent /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/) before a non-nasal consonant not including /h/	Adds nasal consonant at same place of articulation as following consonant (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.). May also secondarily nasalize the vowel	ਕਾਂਸੀ/kaːnsiː/ "bronze" ਕੇਂਦਰ/keːn̯d̯əɾə̆/ "center, core, headquarters" ਗੁਆਂਢੀ/gʊáːɳɖiː/ "neighbor" ਭੌਂਕ/pɔ̀ːŋkə̆/ "bark, rave" ਸਾਂਝ/sáːɲd͡ʒə̆/ "commonality"
Ṭippīover consonants with dependent long vowel /u:/ at open syllable at end of wordor ending in /ɦ/	Vowel nasalization	ਤੂੰ/t̪ũː/ "you" ਸਾਨੂੰ/sanːũː/ "to us" ਮੂੰਹ/mũːɦ/ "mouth"
Ṭippīon short vowel before nasal consonant (/n̪/ or /m/)	Geminationof nasal consonant Ṭippīis used to geminate nasal consonants instead ofáddakă	ਇੰਨਾ/ɪn̪:a:/ "this much" ਕੰਮ/kəm:ə̆/ "work"
Bindīover long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/), at open syllable at end of word, or ending in /ɦ/	Vowel nasalization	ਬਾਂਹ/bã́h/ "arm" ਮੈਂ/mɛ̃ː/ "I, me" ਅਸੀਂ/əsĩː/ "we" ਤੋਂ/t̪õː/ "from" ਸਿਊਂ/sɪ.ũː/ "sew"

Older texts may follow other conventions.

Vowel suppression

Adi Granthfolio scribed byGuru Arjanwith the original 35 letters (paintī) plus vowel, nasalization, and punctuation diacritics of the Gurmukhi script at the top and right side of the page

The ਹਲੰਤhalantă,or ਹਲੰਦhalandă,( ੍ U+0A4D) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhī. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel.

The effect of this is shown below:

ਕ –kə

ਕ੍ –k

Punctuation

Theḍaṇḍī(।) is used in Gurmukhi to mark the end of a sentence.A doubledḍaṇḍī,ordoḍaṇḍī(॥) marks the end of a verse.

Thevisargasymbol (ਃ U+0A03) is used very occasionally in Gurmukhī. It can represent an abbreviation, as theperiodis used in English, though the period for abbreviation, like commas, exclamation points, and other Western punctuation, is freely used in modern Gurmukhī.

Numerals

Gurmukhī has its own set of digits, which function exactly as in other versions of theHindu–Arabic numeral system.These are used extensively in older texts. In modern contexts, they are sometimes replaced by standardWestern Arabic numerals.

Numeral	੦	੧	੨	੩	੪	੫	੬	੭	੮	੯
Number	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Name	ਸੁੰਨ	ਇੱਕ	ਦੋ	ਤਿੰਨ	ਚਾਰ	ਪੰਜ	ਛੇ	ਸੱਤ	ਅੱਠ	ਨੌਂ
Transliteration	sunnă	ikkă	dо̄	tinnă*	cāră	panjă	chē	sattă	aṭṭhă	na͠u
IPA	[sʊnːə̆]	[ɪkːə̆]	[d̪oː]	[t̪ɪnːə̆]	[t͡ʃaːɾə̆]	[pənd͡ʒə̆]	[t͡ʃʰeː]	[sət̪ːə̆]	[əʈːʰə̆]	[nɔ̃:]

*In some Punjabi dialects, the word for three is ਤ੍ਰੈtrai(IPA:[t̪ɾɛː]).

Glyphs

Ik Onkār,a Sikh symbol (encoded as a single character inUnicodeat U+0A74,ੴ)

The scriptural symbol for the Sikh termਇੱਕੁ ਓਅੰਕਾਰੁikku о̄aṅkāru(ੴU+0A74) is formed from੧( "1" ) andਓ( "о̄" ).

Palaeography

Spacing

Photograph of folios written inlaṛīvāră(scriptio continua) Gurmukhī script

See also:Scriptio continua

Before the 1970s,Gurbaniand otherSikh scriptureswere written in the traditionalscriptio continuamethod of writing the Gurmukhi script known as ਲੜੀਵਾਰlaṛīvāră,where there were no spacing between words in the texts (interpunctsin the form of a dot were used by some to differentiate between words, such as byGuru Arjan). This is opposed to the comparatively more recent method of writing in Gurmukhi known aspadă chēdă,which breaks the words by inserting spacing between them.

First line of theGuru Granth Sahib,theMul Mantar,inlaṛīvāră(continuous form) andpadă chēdă(spaced form):

laṛīvāră:ੴਸਤਿਨਾਮੁਕਰਤਾਪੁਰਖੁਨਿਰਭਉਨਿਰਵੈਰੁਅਕਾਲਮੂਰਤਿਅਜੂਨੀਸੈਭੰਗੁਰਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥

padă chēdă:ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥

Transliteration:ikku ōaṅkāru sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirapàu niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saipàṅ gura prasādi

Styles

Proto-Gurmukhi writing dated toc. 1470–1490 from the tomb of Rae Feroze in Hathur, Ludhiana, Punjab.

A transcription of a Goindwalpothī,or produced text excerpt of Sikh scripture or auxiliary writings, carried out by Sahansar Ram, Guru Amar Das' grandson, c. late 16th century. It showcases an early form of the Gurmukhi script with affinities to otherLaṇḍā scripts.

Various historical styles and fonts, or ਸ਼ੈਲੀśailī,of Gurmukhi script have evolved and been identified. A list of some of them is as follows:

1. purātana( "old" ) style
2. ardha śikastā( "half-broken" ) style
3. śikastā( "broken" ) style (includingAnandpur Lipi)
4. Kaśmīrīstyle
5. Damdamīstyle

Unicode

Main article:Gurmukhi (Unicode block)

Gurmukhī script was added to theUnicodeStandard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhīglyphs.

The Unicode block for Gurmukhī is U+0A00–U+0A7F:

Gurmukhi[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart(PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+0A0x

ਁ

ਂ

ਃ

ਅ

ਆ

ਇ

ਈ

ਉ

ਊ

ਏ

U+0A1x

ਐ

ਓ

ਔ

ਕ

ਖ

ਗ

ਘ

ਙ

ਚ

ਛ

ਜ

ਝ

ਞ

ਟ

U+0A2x

ਠ

ਡ

ਢ

ਣ

ਤ

ਥ

ਦ

ਧ

ਨ

ਪ

ਫ

ਬ

ਭ

ਮ

ਯ

U+0A3x

ਰ

ਲ

ਲ਼

ਵ

ਸ਼

ਸ

ਹ

਼

ਾ

ਿ

U+0A4x

ੀ

ੁ

ੂ

ੇ

ੈ

ੋ

ੌ

੍

U+0A5x

ੑ

ਖ਼

ਗ਼

ਜ਼

ੜ

ਫ਼

U+0A6x

੦

੧

੨

੩

੪

੫

੬

੭

੮

੯

U+0A7x

ੰ

ੱ

ੲ

ੳ

ੴ

ੵ

੶

Notes 1.^As of Unicode version 15.1 2.^Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Digitization

Manuscripts

Gurmukhi can be digitally rendered in a variety of fonts. TheDukandarfont, left, is meant to resemble informal Punjabi handwriting.

Panjab Digital Libraryhas taken up digitization of all available manuscripts of Gurmukhī Script. The script has been in formal use since the 1500s, and a lot of literature written within this time period is still traceable. Panjab Digital Library has digitized over 45 million pages from different manuscripts and most of them are available online.

Internet domain names

Punjabi University Patialahas developed label generation rules for validating international domain names for internet in Gurmukhi.

See also

• Punjabi Braille
• Shahmukhi alphabet

Bibliography

• Jain, Danesh;Cardona, George(2007).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Routledge.ISBN978-1-135-79711-9.

• Salomon, Richard(2007). "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Routledge. pp. 68–114.ISBN978-1-135-79711-9.
• Shackle, Christopher(2007). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Routledge. pp. 582–622.ISBN978-1-135-79711-9..

• Masica, Colin(1993).The Indo-Aryan Languages.Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-0-521-29944-2.
• Bāhrī, Hardev(2011)."Gurmukhī".In Siṅgh, Harbans (ed.).Encyclopedia of Sikhism.Vol. I (A–D) (3th ed.). Patiala: Punjab University. pp. 181–184.ISBN9788173801006.
• Grierson, George A.(1916)."Pañjābī".Linguistic Survey of India.Vol. IX: Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of Western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. pp. 624–629.
• Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016).Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar.Routledge.doi:10.4324/9781315760803.ISBN9781138793859.

The following Punjabi-language publications have been written on the origins of the Gurmukhī script:

• Singh, Gurbaksh (G.B.) (1950).Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas(in Punjabi) (5th ed.). Chandigarh, Punjab, India: Punjab University Press, 2010.ISBN81-85322-44-9.Alternative link
• Ishar Singh TãghGurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan.Patiala: Jodh Singh Karamjit Singh.
• Kala Singh BediLipi da Vikas.Patiala: Punjabi University, 1995.
• Dakha, Kartar Singh (1948).Gurmukhi te Hindi da Takra(in Punjabi).
• Padam, Piara Singh (1953).Gurmukhi Lipi da Itihas(PDF)(in Punjabi). Patiala, Punjab, India: Kalgidhar Kalam Foundation Kalam Mandir.Alternative link
• Prem Parkash Singh "Gurmukhi di Utpati."Khoj Patrika,Patiala: Punjabi University.
• Pritam Singh "Gurmukhi Lipi."Khoj Patrika.p. 110, vol.36, 1992. Patiala: Punjabi University.
• Sohan Singh Galautra.Punjab dian Lipiã.
• Tarlochan Singh BediGurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas.Patiala: Punjabi University, 1999.

External links

• Unicode script chart for Gurmukhi (PDF file)
• Gurmukhi Typewriter Online