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HMSHermes(95)

Coordinates:7°35′28.392″N82°05′55.089″E/ 7.59122000°N 82.09863583°E/7.59122000; 82.09863583
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For other ships with the same name, seeHMS Hermes.

HermesoffYantai,China, circa 1931
History
United Kingdom
NameHMSHermes
NamesakeHermes
OrderedApril 1917
BuilderArmstrong Whitworth
Laid down15 January 1918
Launched11 September 1919
Commissioned18 February 1924
Reclassified
IdentificationPennant number95
MottoLatin:Altiora Peto(I Seek Higher Things)[1]
FateSunk by Japanese aircraft, 9 April 1942
General characteristics (as built)
TypeAircraft carrier
Displacement
Length600 ft (182.9 m)
Beam70 ft 3 in (21.4 m)
Draught23 ft 3 in (7.1 m) (deep load)
Installed power
Propulsion2 shafts; 2 gearedsteam turbinesets
Speed25knots(46 km/h; 29 mph)
Range5,600nmi(10,400 km; 6,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement566 (excluding aircrew)
Armament
Armour
Aircraft carried20

HMSHermeswas a Britishaircraft carrierbuilt for theRoyal Navyand was the world's first ship to be designed as an aircraft carrier, although theImperial Japanese Navy'sHōshōwas the first to be commissioned.[2]The ship's construction began during theFirst World War,but she was not completed until after the end of the war, having been delayed by multiple changes in her design after she waslaid down.After she waslaunched,theArmstrong Whitworthshipyard which built her closed, and her fitting out was suspended. Most of the changes made were to optimise her design, in light of the results of experiments with operational carriers.

Finally commissioned in 1924,Hermesserved briefly with theAtlantic Fleetbefore spending the bulk of her career assigned to theMediterranean Fleetand theChina Station.In the Mediterranean, she worked with other carriers developing multi-carrier tactics. Whileshowing the flagat the China Station, she helped to suppress piracy in Chinese waters.Hermesreturned home in 1937 and was placed inreservebefore becoming atraining shipin 1938.

When theSecond World Warbegan in September 1939, the ship was briefly assigned to theHome Fleetand conducted anti-submarine patrols in theWestern Approaches.She was transferred toDakarin October to cooperate with theFrench Navyin hunting down Germancommerce raidersandblockade runners.Aside from a brief refit,Hermesremained there until the fall of France and the establishment ofVichy Franceat the end of June 1940. Supported by several cruisers, the ship then blockaded Dakar and attempted to sink theRichelieuby explodingdepth chargesunderneath herstern,as well as sendingFairey Swordfishtorpedo bombersto attack her at night. While returning from this mission,Hermesrammed a Britisharmed merchant cruiserin a storm and required several months of repairs inSouth Africa,then resumed patrolling for Axis shipping in the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.

In February 1941, the ship supportedCommonwealthforces inItalian Somalilandduring theEast African Campaignand did much the same two months later in thePersian Gulfduring theAnglo-Iraqi War.After that campaign,Hermesspent most of the rest of the year patrolling the Indian Ocean. She was refitted in South Africa between November 1941 and February 1942 and then joined theEastern FleetatCeylon.

Hermeswas berthed inTrincomaleeon 8 April when a warning of anIndian Ocean raidby the Japanese fleet was received, and she sailed that day for theMaldiveswith no aircraft on board. On 9 April a Japanese scout plane spotted her nearBatticaloa,and she was attacked by several dozendive bombersshortly afterwards. With no air cover, the carrier was quickly sunk by the Japanese aircraft. Most of the survivors were rescued by a nearby hospital ship, although 307 men fromHermeswere lost in the sinking.

The wreck of the ship was discovered in the Bay of Bengal some sixty years after she was sunk roughly 45 mile northwest of Batticaloa.[3] Hermesis shallow enough to be visited by recreational divers and is frequently visited by tourists.

Development[edit]

LikeHōshō,Hermeswas based on a cruiser-type hull and she was initially designed to carry both wheeled aircraft andseaplanes.The ship's design was derived from a 1916 seaplane carrier design by Gerard Holmes and Sir John Biles, but was considerably enlarged bySir Eustace d'Eyncourt,theDirector of Naval Construction(DNC), in his April 1917 sketch design. Her most notable feature was the seaplaneslipwaythat comprised three sections. The seaplanes would taxi onto the rigid submerged portion aft and dock with a trolley that would carry the aircraft into the hangar. A flexible submerged portion separated the rear section from the rigid forward portion of the slipway to prevent the submerged part from rolling with the ship's motion. The entire slipway could be retracted into the ship, and agantry craneran the length of the slipway to help recover the seaplanes. The design showed twoislandswith the full-lengthflight deckrunning between them. Each island contained onefunnel;a large net could be strung between them to stop out-of-control aircraft. Aircraft were transported between the hangar and the flight deck by twoaircraft lifts(elevators); the forward lift measured 30 by 30 feet (9.1 by 9.1 m) and the rear 60 by 18 feet (18.3 by 5.5 m). This design displaced 9,000long tons(9,100t) and accommodated six largeShort Type 184seaplanes and six smallerSopwith Babyseaplanes. The ship's armament consisted of six 4-inch (102 mm) guns.[4]

The DNC produced a detailed design in January 1918 that made some changes to his original sketch, including the addition of a rotating bowcatapultto allow the ship to launch aircraft regardless of wind direction, and the ship was laid down that month to the revised design. Progress was slow, as most of the resources of the shipyard were being used to finish the conversion ofEaglefrom a battleship to an aircraft carrier. The leisurely pace of construction allowed for more time with which to rework the ship's design. By mid-June the slipway had been deleted from the design and the ship's armament had been revised to consist of eleven 6-inch (152 mm) guns and only a single anti-aircraft gun. By this time, the uncertainty about the best configuration for an aircraft carrier had increased to the point that the Admiralty forbade the builder from working above the hangar deck without express permission. Later that year the ship's design was revised again to incorporate a single island, her lifts were changed to a uniform size of 44 by 20 feet (13.4 by 6.1 m), and her armament was altered to ten 6-inch guns and four 4-inch anti-aircraft guns. These changes increased her displacement to 10,110 long tons (10,270 t).[5]

Construction was suspended afterHermeswas launched in September 1919 as the Admiralty awaited the results of flight trials withEagleandArgus.Her design was modified in March 1920 with an island superstructure and funnel to starboard, and the forward catapult was removed.[6]The logic behind placing the island to starboard was that pilots generally preferred to turn to port when recovering from an aborted landing.[7]A prominent tripod mast was added to house thefire-control systemsfor her guns.[6]

The last revisions were made to the ship's design in May 1921, after the trials withArgusandEagle.The lifts were moved further apart to allow for more space for the arresting gear and they were enlarged to allow the wings of her aircraft to be spread in the hangar. Her anti-ship armament was reduced to six 5.5-inch (140 mm) guns and her flight deck wasfairedinto the bow.[8]

Description[edit]

Hermeshad anoverall lengthof 600 feet (182.9 m), a beam of 70 feet 3 inches (21.4 m), and adraughtof 23 feet 3 inches (7.1 m) atdeep load.She displaced 10,850 long tons (11,020 t) atstandard load.[9]Each of the ship's two sets ofParsonsgearedsteam turbinesdrove onepropeller shaftat a speed of 25knots(46 km/h; 29 mph).[6]Steam was supplied by sixYarrowboilers[10]operating at a pressure of 235psi(1,620kPa;17kgf/cm2).[6]The turbines were designed for a total of 40,000shaft horsepower(30,000kW), but they produced 41,318 shp (30,811 kW) during hersea trials,givingHermesa speed of 26.2 knots (48.5 km/h; 30.2 mph). The ship carried 2,000 long tons (2,000 t) offuel oilwhich gave her a range of 4,480nautical miles(8,300 km; 5,160 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[11]

The ship's flight deck was 570 feet (173.7 m) long and her lifts' dimensions were 36 by 36.6 feet (11.0 by 11.2 m).[12]Herhangarwas 400 feet (121.9 m) long, 50 feet (15.2 m) wide and 16 feet (4.9 m) high.Hermeswas fitted with longitudinal arresting gear.[6]A largecranewas positioned behind the island. Because of her size, the ship was able to carry only about 20 aircraft. Bulkpetrolstorage consisted of 7,000 imperial gallons (32,000 L; 8,400 US gal). The ship's crew totalled 33 officers and 533 men, exclusive of the air group, in 1939.[13]

For self-defence against enemy warships,Hermeshad sixBL 5.5-inch Mk I guns,three on each side of the ship. All three of herQF Mk V 4-inchanti-aircraftguns were positioned on the flight deck. The ship'swaterlinebeltarmour was 3 inches (76 mm) thick[10]and her flight deck, which was also the ship's strength deck,[14]was 1 inch (25 mm) thick.[10]Hermeshad ametacentric heightof 2.9 feet (0.9 m) and handled well in heavy weather. However, she had quite a large surface area exposed to the wind and required as much as 25 to 30 degrees ofweather helmat low speed when the wind was blowing from the side.[15]

Service[edit]

HMSHermesatHonolulu,1924

Hermeswas laid down bySir W. G. Armstrong-Whitworth and CompanyatWalkeron theRiver Tyneon 15 January 1918[5]as the world's first purpose-designed aircraft carrier,[16]and was launched on 11 September 1919. She was christened by Mrs. A. Cooper, daughter of theFirst Lord of the Admiralty,Walter Long.The shipyard was scheduled to close at the end of 1919 and the Admiralty ordered the ship towed toDevonport,where she arrived in January 1920 for completion.[6]

1920s[edit]

CaptainArthur Stopford was appointed as the ship's commanding officer in February 1923 and the ship began her sea trials in August. Afterfitting-out,Hermeswascommissionedon 19 February 1924 and later assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. She conducted flying trials with theFairey IIIDreconnaissancebiplanesfor the next several months.Hermesparticipated in thefleet reviewconducted by KingGeorge Von 26 July inSpithead.Afterwards she was refitted until November and then transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet. She arrived atMaltaon 22 November and needed some repairs to fix storm damage suffered en route.[17]At this time the ship embarkedNo. 403 FlightwithFairey Flycatcherfightersand441 Flightwith Fairey IIIDs.[18]Hermesconducted flying exercises withEagleand the rest of the Mediterranean Fleet in early 1925 before she began a seven-week refit in Malta on 27 March, then sailed forPortsmouthwhere she arrived on 29 May after her aircraft had flown ashore.[19]

Hermessailed for the China Station on 17 June with 403 and 441 Flights aboard, but made a lengthy pause en route in the Mediterranean during which Captain Stopford was replaced by CaptainC. P. Talbot.She arrived atHong Kongon 10 August 1925. The ship made her first foreign port visit toAmoyin November.Hermesreturned to the Mediterranean in early 1926 and was refitted at Malta between April and June.[20]441 Flight was transferred toEagleat this time in exchange for440 Flightwhich flew aboard in September.442 Flightalso joined the ship at this time; both flights were equipped with Fairey IIIs.[21]The ship exercised with the Mediterranean Fleet after her refit was completed and Captain R. Elliot relieved Captain Talbot on 14 August.Hermesreturned to Hong Kong on 11 October and conducted routine training until she sailed to the naval base atWeihaiweion 27 July 1927 to escape the summer heat. The ship rendezvoused in September withArgus,which was to replace her on the China Station. Before she departed the area, however, both ships attacked the pirate base atBias Bayand their fleet ofjunksandsampans.Hermesreached the United Kingdom on 26 October and began a refit atChatham Dockyardat the beginning of November.[22]One of her 4-inch guns was removed at this time. Sometime after this refit, the ship was provided with two single 1.57-inch (40 mm)2-pounder "pom-pom"AA guns.[23]

Captain Eliot was relieved by Captain G. Hopwood on 2 December and the ship sailed for the China Station on 21 January 1928.[24]The Fairey IIIDs of 440 Flight had been replaced by IIIFs, and the ship kept the same three flights for this deployment.[25]En route to Hong Kong,Hermesstopped atBangkok,Siam,in March for four days and was inspected by KingRama VII.She reached Hong Kong on 18 March, relievingArgus.The ship spent a month in the port ofYantaiin May and then the following three weeks in Weihaiwei. While visitingQinhuangdaoin July, one of her Fairey IIIF seaplanes made a forced landing outside the port; theItalian destroyerMuggiarescued the pilot and towed the aircraft back to the carrier. During the rest of the year, the ship visitedShanghai,Manila,as well asKudatandJesseltoninBorneo.She began a refit in Hong Kong in January 1929 and Captain J. D. Campbell assumed command on 28 March. After refit was completed in April,Hermesconducted flying training before sailing up theYangtze Riverto visitNanjingthe following month. Afterwards she spent the next four months at Weihaiwei. She made visits toQingdaoandJapanbefore returning to Hong Kong on 29 October where she remained for the rest of the year.[26]

1930s[edit]

On 28 January 1930,Hermestransported the British Minister to China, SirMiles Lampson,to Nanjing for talks with theChinese Governmentover theJapanese invasion of Manchuriaand she remained there until she sailed downriver to Shanghai on 2 March. By the end of the month, the carrier was back in Hong Kong and remained there until June when she returned to Weihaiwei for her annual summer visit. The ship briefly returned to Hong Kong before departing for Great Britain on 7 August.Hermesreached Portsmouth on 23 September, but remained there only six days before transferring toSheerness.Captain E. J. G. MacKinnon relieved Captain Campbell there on 2 October. She was given a brief refit atChatham Dockyardbefore sailing for the China Station. The ship had aboard only 403 and 440 Flights on this deployment and transported sixBlackburn Riponsto deliver to Malta and HMSEagle.Hermes departed Portsmouth on 12 November and reached Hong Kong on 2 January 1931. En route to her summer refuge at Weihaiwei, the ship received a report on 9 June that the submarinePoseidonhad been sunk there while on exercise. Captain MacKinnon took command of the rescue effort whenHermesarrived at the accident site an hour afterwards. Eight of the submarine's crewmen managed to escape through the forward torpedo hatch, but only six of those reached the surface where they were picked up and treated inHermes'ssickbay;two of those six subsequently died.[27]

Hermesin 1938

The ship remained atWeihaiweiuntil the end of August when she sailed up the Yangtze River forHankou.She reached the inland port on 5 September and dispatched armed guards to put down unrest on several British-owned merchant ships. Her primary purpose, though, was to aid the Chinese government's survey of the massive flooding in the area.Charles Lindberghand his wife,Anne Morrow Lindbergh,were also in the city to survey the flooding with theirLockheed Siriusfloat-plane and they were invited to use the carrier as their base. Unfortunately, their aircraft was flipped on the morning of 2 October by a strong current as it was being hoisted back into the water byHermes's crane. They were quickly rescued by a boat from the carrier, but their aircraft was damaged. Captain MacKinnon offered to take them and their aircraft to Shanghai where it could be repaired and the ship departed the next day. She remained in Shanghai until 2 November, when she sailed for Hong Kong.Hermesreceived a distress message on 3 November from a Japanese merchantman, SSRyinjin Maru,that had run aground on the Tan Rocks near the Chinese mainland at the mouth of theTaiwan Strait.The ship managed to rescue nine crew members before she was relieved by theJapanese destroyerNashiand could proceed to Hong Kong. She reached the city on 7 November and remained in the area until April 1932.[28]

Captain MacKinnon took sick the next month and he was relieved by Captain W. B. Mackenzie on 25 February. After a short refit, the carrier, escorted by the destroyerWhitehall,made a brief visit to Amoy in late April before sailing for Weihaiwei where she stayed until 17 September. On that day,Hermessailed for the Japanese city ofNagasakiand then spent four weeks in Shanghai. The ship did not return to Hong Kong until 28 October and spent the next few months there. In January 1933, the carrier visited thePhilippinesfor several weeks before returning to Hong Kong where she was given a brief refit. After short visits to Qingdao and Weihaiwei,Hermesdeparted Hong Kong in mid-June for Great Britain. She reached Sheerness on 22 July, but the ship was transferred shortly afterwards to Chatham Dockyard and opened to the public during Navy Week in early August. She sailed the next month for Devonport Dockyard for a thorough refit.[29]Transverse arresting gear was fitted and her machinery was thoroughly overhauled. Sometime in 1932, the two single 2-pounders were replaced by two quadruple.50-calibre Mark IIImachine gunmounts.[23]

Captain the Honourable G. Fraser was appointed on 15 August 1934 as the new commanding officer and the ship began trials of the new equipment in early November.[30]At the same time the nineFairey Sealtorpedo bombersof824 Squadronjoined the ship.[31]Hermesleft Portsmouth on 18 November for the China Station and arrived at Hong Kong on 4 January 1935.[30]TheHawker Ospreyreconnaissance biplanes of803 Squadronwere transferred aboard fromEaglebefore that ship left Hong Kong.[32]Pirates captured a British-owned merchant ship, SSTungchow,with 90 British and American children on board on 29 January andHermeswas ordered to search for the ship when she failed to arrive at Yantai at her scheduled time. Three Seals spotted her in Bias Bay on 1 February and the pirates abandoned the ship when it was found, leaving the passengers unharmed.Hermesremained in the vicinity of Hong Kong until mid-May when she steamed to Weihaiwei. There she remained until 12 September when the Admiralty decided to transfer her to Singapore where she was closer to East Africa in case a military response to theItalian invasion of Ethiopiawas deemed necessary.[Note 1]The ship arrived on 19 September and remained in the area for the next five months.[33]

The ship's aircraft were detailed to search for the missingLady Southern Crossof SirCharles Kingsford Smithwhen it failed to arrive at Singapore on 8 November during an attempt to set a new speed record between Britain and Australia. No sign was found of either the aircraft or its crew despite a month-long search.Hermesreturned to Hong Kong at the beginning of March 1936 before beginning a tour of Japan on 21 April, escorted by the destroyersDuncanandDelight.She summered at Weihaiwei and did not return to Hong Kong until the end of October. For most of January 1937, the carrier, accompanied by theheavy cruiserDorsetshireand the destroyersDuncanandDiana,toured theDutch East Indies.The ship's torpedo bombers practised torpedo attacks on the cruisersCumberlandandDorsetshirein February, working with the Royal Air Force's torpedo bombers based atRAF Seletar,Singapore.Hermesleft Singapore on 17 March, leaving 803 Squadron behind, and reached Plymouth on 3 May 1937. Following theCoronation Fleet Reviewat Spithead on 20 May for KingGeorge VI,she was assigned to theReserve Fleet.On 16 July 1938,Hermeswas transferred from the Reserve Fleet and became a training ship at Devonport.[34]

Plans were made in 1937 to replaceHermes's three single 4-inch guns with two twin 4-inch anti-aircraft guns, one forward and another aft of the island, as well as two octuple 2-pounder mounts. A singleHigh-Angle Control Systemwould have been fitted to control these guns, but the dockyard was overwhelmed with other work and couldn't begin to design the changes until July 1938. They were scheduled to be installed between September and December 1939, but the beginning of the war intervened and nothing was done. The ship's petrol storage was to be increased to 13,000 imperial gallons (59,000 L; 16,000 US gal) in April 1940, but this also does not seem to have occurred.[35]

World War II[edit]

The ship was given a brief refit in early August 1939 and Captain F. E. P. Hutton assumed command on 23 August. She was recommissioned the following day, and 12 Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of814 Squadronflew aboard on 1 September.Hermesconductedanti-submarinepatrols in mid-September in an effort to find and destroy U-boats in theWestern Approaches.On 18 September, the day after the fleet carrierCourageouswas sunk on one such patrol,Hermeslocated a submarine, but attacks by her escorting destroyers,IsisandImogen,were ineffective. The carrier was then ordered to return to Devonport where she was fitted withdegaussinggear during another brief refit. On 7 October, the ship rendezvoused with theFrench battleshipStrasbourgand they arrived at Dakar inFrench West Africaon 16 October. Designated as Force X, they began searching for German ships in the Atlantic on 25 October.Hermesperformed these patrols with no sightings until the end of December when she escorted a convoy to Britain where she could be refitted from 9 January to 10 February 1940; the ship then returned to Dakar and resumed her patrols for German commerce raiders and blockade runners.[36]

HermesandHMSDorsetshireescorting a convoy in June 1940

Captain Richard F. J. Onslow relieved Captain Hutton on 25 May andHermescontinued her fruitless patrols. After returning from one such patrol on 29 June, the ship was ordered to leave harbour only nine hours after her arrival and to begin a blockade of Dakar as the Governor of FrenchSenegalhad declared the colony's allegiance to theVichy Frenchregime. On the night of 7/8 July, a boat fromHermesattempted to drop fourdepth chargesunderneath theFrench battleshipRichelieu'ssternin conjunction with a torpedo attack by the Swordfish of 814 Squadron. The boat was successful in reaching the French ship, but the depth charges failed to detonate. The torpedo attack was more successful as one of the battleship's propellers was damaged. French aircraft attacked the British forces several times in retaliation, but without success. While returning to Freetown after the attack,Hermesaccidentally rammed the armed merchant cruiserHMSCorfuduring a rainstorm in the dark on 10 July. The impact injured three of the carrier's crew, one of whom subsequently died of his injuries, but no one fromCorfu's crew was injured. The two ships were locked together so thatCorfu's crew could walk from one to the other when Captain Onslow ordered most of her crew to be evacuated ontoHermes.They were pulled apart by a combination of the carrier's turbines at full speed astern and blowing ofballast tankson boardCorfuto lighten that ship forward.Hermeshad crumpled the forward 30 feet (9.1 m) of her bow, mostly above water, and was able to proceed to Freetown at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), butCorfuhad to be towed stern first to Freetown where she arrived three days later. The carrier joined a convoy to South Africa on 5 August and began repairs atSimonstown12 days later. The repairs were completed on 2 November and the ship arrived back at Freetown on 29 November after working up.[37]

The ship was joined by the light cruiserDragonon 2 December to search for German commerce raiders in the South Atlantic. They mostly operated fromSaint Helenaduring the month and were later joined by the armed merchant cruiserPretoria Castleto search for thepocket battleshipAdmiral Scheer,without success. The force sailed for Simonstown on 31 December andHermeswas dispatched to search off the South African coast for Vichy French blockade runners. One such ship was spotted on 26 January, but she returned to Madagascar. On 4 February, the ship headed north to rendezvous with the heavy cruisersShropshireandHawkinsto blockade the Somali port ofKismayowhich was undersiege by Commonwealth forces.Hawkinscaptured three Italian merchantmen andHermescaptured one on 12 February.[38]

On 22 February, the carrier was one of the ships tasked to search forAdmiral Scheerafter she was spotted by an aircraft from the light cruiserGlasgow,but the pocket battleship successfully broke contact.[39]Hermesarrived inColombo,Ceylon,on 4 March and continued to search for Axis shipping. She was sent to the Persian Gulf in April to supportBritish operationsinBasra,Iraq, and remained there until mid-June when she returned to patrolling the Indian Ocean between Ceylon and theSeychelles Islands.The ship continued to patrol until 19 November when she arrived in Simonstown for a refit that was not completed until 31 January 1942.Hermeswas assigned to the Eastern Fleet and arrived at Colombo on 14 February. She put to sea on 19 February to receive the Swordfish of 814 Squadron and to rendezvous with the destroyerHMASVampireto conduct an anti-submarine patrol. The squadron was disembarked on 25 February after the ships arrived inTrincomaleeHarbour. The two ships were ordered toFremantle,Australia, in mid-March to join the Allied naval forces headquartered there, but they were recalled after three days and assigned to Force B of the Eastern Fleet.[40]

A close-up view ofHermessinking

After the raid on Colombo by the Japanese aircraft carriers on 5 April,HermesandVampirewere sent to Trincomalee to prepare forOperation Ironclad,the British invasion of Madagascar, and 814 Squadron was sent ashore. After advance warning of a Japanese air raid on 9 April 1942, they left Trincomalee and sailed south down the Ceylon coast before it arrived.[41]They were spotted off Batticaloa, however, by a Japanese reconnaissance plane from the battleshipHaruna.[42]The British intercepted the spot report and ordered the ships to return to Trincomalee with the utmost dispatch and attempted to provide fighter cover for them.[43]The Japanese launched 85Aichi D3Adive bombers,escorted by nineMitsubishi A6M Zerofighters, at the two ships. At least 32 attacked them and sank them in quick order despite the arrival of sixFairey FulmarII fighters ofNo. 273 Squadron RAF.Another six Fulmars from 803 and806 Squadronsarrived afterHermeshad already sunk. The rest of the Japanese aircraft attacked other ships further north, sinking theRFAAthelstoneof 5,571gross register tonnage(GRT), her escort, thecorvetteHollyhock,theoil tankerSSBritish Sergeantand the Norwegian shipSSNorvikenof 2,924 GRT.[44]

Hermessank at coordinates7°35′28.392″N82°05′55.089″E/ 7.59122000°N 82.09863583°E/7.59122000; 82.09863583with the loss of 307 men, including Captain Onslow.Vampire's captain and seven crewmen were also killed. Most of the survivors of the attack were picked up by the hospital shipVita.[45]Japanese losses to all causes were four D3As lost and five more damaged, while two Fulmars were shot down.[46]

DecoyHermes[edit]

Aerial view of SSMamari IIIdisguised asHermeswith a false flight deck and island

The merchant shipSSMamari IIIwas converted to resembleHermesas a decoy ship to confuse the Axis and was redesignated asFleet TenderC.On 4 June 1941, when she was sailing down the east coast of England to Chatham Dockyard inKentto be converted back into a cargo ship, the decoyHermeshit a submerged wreck offNorfolkduring a German aerial attack. Before she could be refloated, she was crippled by GermanE-boatsand abandoned in place.[47][48]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Tensions between the United Kingdom and Italy were high as a result of the earlierAbyssinia Crisisand the United Kingdom considered intervening against the Italians, but ultimately chose to do nothing.

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^McCart, p. 191
  2. ^Milanovich, pp. 9, 13
  3. ^"HMS Hermes; the first aircraft carrier".6 December 2022.
  4. ^Friedman, pp. 62–63, 67–68, 71–72, 83
  5. ^abFriedman, p. 73
  6. ^abcdefMcCart, p. 11
  7. ^Friedman, p. 76
  8. ^Friedman, pp. 83–84
  9. ^Friedman, pp. 365–366
  10. ^abcPreston, p. 71
  11. ^Friedman, pp. 85, 366
  12. ^Friedman, p. 84, 366
  13. ^Friedman, p. 366
  14. ^Brown, p. 120
  15. ^Friedman, pp. 84–85
  16. ^Milanovich, p. 13
  17. ^McCart, pp. 11, 13–16
  18. ^Sturtivant, pp. 466, 468
  19. ^McCart, pp. 16–17
  20. ^McCart, pp. 18, 20
  21. ^Sturtivant, pp. 467–468
  22. ^McCart, pp. 20–22
  23. ^abFriedman, p. 89
  24. ^McCart, p. 22
  25. ^Sturtivant, pp. 466–468
  26. ^McCart, pp. 22–24
  27. ^McCart, pp. 24–26
  28. ^McCart, pp. 27–28
  29. ^McCart, pp. 28–30
  30. ^abMcCart, p. 32
  31. ^Sturtivant, p. 258
  32. ^Sturtivant, p. 172
  33. ^McCart, pp. 32, 34–35
  34. ^McCart, pp. 35, 37–39
  35. ^Friedman, pp. 89, 368
  36. ^McCart, pp. 39–40
  37. ^McCart, pp. 41, 43–44
  38. ^McCart, pp. 44–45
  39. ^Rohwer, p. 59
  40. ^McCart, pp. 46–48
  41. ^McCart, pp. 48–49
  42. ^Shores, et al., p. 422
  43. ^McCart, p. 49
  44. ^Shores, et al., pp. 422–428
  45. ^McCart, p. 50
  46. ^Shores, et al., p. 428
  47. ^"Britain's phantom fleet decoyed the Luftwaffe. July 1940, aerial photographs at Scapa Flow. Secret fleet tenders, merchant ships camouflaged with wood and canvas to represent" R "class battleships and the aircraft carrierHermes.They were used in fleet anchorages in the first two years of the war as aerial decoys and to dilute bombing attacks ".www.iwm.org.uk.Retrieved2 April2018.
  48. ^"SSZealandic".The Hermes Viraat Heritage Trust.2022.Retrieved4 June2023.

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  • Sturtivant, Ray (1984).The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm.Tonbridge, UK: Air-Britain (Historians).ISBN0-85130-120-7.

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