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HQ-9

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HQ-9
An HQ-9 portable launcher during China's 60th anniversary parade in 2009, Beijing
TypeLong-range surface-to-air missile
Anti-satellite weapon
Anti-ballistic missile
Place of originChina
Service history
In servicePre-2001 – present[1]
Used bySeeOperators
Production history
ManufacturerChina Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation[2]
Specifications
Operational
range
120 km (HQ-9)[3]
250 km (HQ-9B)[4][5]
Flight ceiling50 km (HQ-9B)[5]
Maximum speedMach4+[3]
Guidance
system
Semi-active radar homing[4]
Launch
platform
HQ-9 ground-launched[6]
HHQ-9 surface-launched[3]

TheHQ-9(simplified Chinese:Hồng kỳ -9;traditional Chinese:Hồng kỳ -9;pinyin:Hóng Qí-9;lit.'Red Banner-9') is a long-rangesemi-active radar homing(SARH)surface-to-air missile(SAM) developed by thePeople's Republic of China.[3][4]The naval variant is theHHQ-9(simplified Chinese:Hải hồng kỳ -9;traditional Chinese:Hải hồng kỳ -9;pinyin:Hǎi Hóng Qí-9;lit.'Sea Red Banner-9').[3]

Description

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The HQ-9 is a derivative of the RussianS-300.[3][4][7]Justin Bronk of theRoyal United Services Institutedescribes the missile as a "hybrid design based on a Russian SA-20 but withradar,seeker head andC2elements heavily influenced by American and Israeli technology. "[7]

The missile usestrack-via-missile(TVM) guidance combining inertial guidance, mid-course uplink, and terminal active radar.[8]The TVM used on earlier missiles may have been developed from aUnited StatesMIM-104 Patriotmissile purchased fromIsraelorGermany.[6]

According to a 2001 article fromDefence International,the HQ-9 is 6.8 m. long with a mass of nearly two tons. The diameters of the first and second stages are 700 mm and 560 mm, respectively. The warhead mass is 180 kg, and the maximum speed isMach4.2. The HQ-9 may usefire-control radarsfrom other Chinese SAM systems.[9]

HQ-9 Surface-to-air missiles

Variants

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HQ-9 after the 70th anniversary of the end of WWII parade held in Beijing.
Air defense
  • HQ-9
PLANS Changchun (150) equipped with HHQ-9.
  • HHQ-9— Naval surface-launched variant.[3]
  • HQ-9A— Improved version, first tested in 1999 and service entry in 2001.[1]
  • HQ-9B— Improved version with 250 km range and added passive infrared seeker.[4]Reportedly tested in February 2006.[1]
Ballistic missile defense and anti-satellite
  • HQ-19(NATO reporting name:CH-AB-2)[10]– Anti-ballistic missile variant, reportedly designed to countermedium-range ballistic missiles.It targets ballistic missiles in their midcourse and terminal phases, and it is comparable to the USTHAAD.[11]The missile may have "begun preliminary operations" by 2018.[12]
Export
  • FD-2000– Export variant with a range of 125 km.[6]May be fitted with YLC-20passive radaragainststealthytargets.[13]May use the HT-233 target-acquisition radar,[14]Type 120 low-altitude search radar, and Type 305AAESAsearch radar.[13]
  • FD-2000B– Export variant with a range of 250 km.[1]
  • HQ-9P– Custom variant forPakistan.Range of 125 km for interception against aircraft and around 25 km againstcruise missiles.[15][16]

Foreign interest

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Turkey

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The HQ-9 was a contender in Turkey's T-LORAMIDS program, and it was reportedly selected as the winner in September 2013.[17]The United States responded by blocking funds to integrate the Chinese system into NATO defenses.[18]However, through 2013 there was no confirmation that the deal had been finalized.[19][20][21]In February 2015, theGrand National Assembly of Turkeywas informed by the Ministry of National Defence that the evaluation of bids was complete and that the chosen system would be used by Turkey without integration with NATO; the system was not explicitly named. However, other Turkish officials reported that no winner had been selected.[22]Later in the month, Turkish officials revealed that negotiations were ongoing with multiple bidders; the Chinese bid had not yet satisfied requirements concerning technology transfer.[23]In March 2015, aChina Dailyarticle reported that it was "well-known that the Chinese FD-2000 system, a HQ-9 model for export, was chosen for the contract with Turkey in 2013" based on comments made by a CPMIEC representative at the 2015Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition;the article was misleadingly called "Missile sale to Turkey confirmed."[24]In November 2015, Turkey confirmed it would not purchase the HQ-9, opting for an indigenously developed system instead.[25]

Operating history

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China

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China has deployed HQ-9s near or in disputed territory. Missiles were deployed in July 2015 toHotaninXinjiang,close toKashmiracross theLine of Actual Control,[26]and in February 2016 toWoody Islandin thedisputedSouth China Sea.[27][28]

Pakistan

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ThePakistan Armyoperates the HQ-9/P variant.[16]Negotiations for the purchase of the HQ-9 and HQ-16 by Pakistan began in early 2015.[29]The missiles officially entered service on October 14, 2021.[16]

Operators

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People's Republic of China
Morocco
  • Royal Moroccan Army- Four batteries of FD-2000B purchased in 2016. The first battery was expected to be delivered in 2020 or 2021.[31]
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Pakistan

See also

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Similar systems
Related lists

References

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Citations

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  1. ^abc"HQ-9/-15, and RF-9 (HHQ-9 and S-300) (China), Defensive weapons".Jane's Information Group.7 January 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2012.
  2. ^Grevatt, Jon (11 February 2016)."China's CASIC targets international expansion".Janes.Retrieved11 December2021.
  3. ^abcdefgMcCabe, Thomas R. (23 March 2020)."Air and Space Power with Chinese Characteristics: China's Military Revolution"(PDF).Air & Space Power Journal.34(1): 28.Retrieved11 December2021.
  4. ^abcdeDahm (March 2021): page 6
  5. ^abChen, Chuanren (2 August 2017)."China Shows New Fighters, Missiles and Drones".AINonline.Retrieved16 May2022.
  6. ^abcFisher, Richard D Jr (11 February 2016)."China deploys HQ-9 surface-to-air missiles to Woody Island".Archived fromthe originalon 20 February 2016.Retrieved11 December2021.
  7. ^abBronk, Justin (January 2020).Modern Russian and Chinese Integrated Air Defence Systems: The Nature of the Threat, Growth Trajectory and Western Options(Report). Royal United Services Institute. p. 20.Retrieved11 December2021.
  8. ^"Hong Qi 9 (HQ-9) Air Defence Missile System".Army Technology.28 May 2021.
  9. ^“Hoàng hà” (January 2001)."Tuần thiên thần tiễn hồng kỳ 9 hào dữ hồng kỳ gia tộc động thái".Defence International(114): 72–81.
  10. ^Trevithick, Joseph (4 February 2021)."China Claims It Has Conducted A New Midcourse Intercept Anti-Ballistic Missile Test".The Drive.
  11. ^Saunders, Phillip C. (10 June 2021)."Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on China's Nuclear Forces"(PDF).U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.Retrieved11 December2021.
  12. ^United States Office of the Secretary of Defense(2018).Annual Report To Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2018(PDF)(Report). p. 60.Retrieved11 December2021.
  13. ^abHasik, James (2 October 2013)."Chinese Anti-Aircraft Missiles for Turkey? Some Implications for Security and Industry".Atlantic Council.Retrieved11 December2021.
  14. ^abCranny-Evans, Samuel (22 November 2019)."Uzbekistan conducts first FD-2000 air-defence test".Janes.Retrieved11 December2021.
  15. ^Usman Ansari (27 March 2024)."Pakistan unveils aircraft and rocket programs, parades military tech".Retrieved10 April2024.
  16. ^abcdCranny-Evans, Samuel; Dominguez, Gabriel (15 October 2021)."Pakistan Army commissions HQ-9/P air-defence system".Janes.Retrieved11 December2021.
  17. ^Toksabay, Ece (26 September 2013)."Chinese firm wins Turkey's missile defense system tender".reuters.com.reuters.Retrieved26 September2013.
  18. ^Wilson, Steve (14 December 2013)."Congress to block Turkey using US funds to buy missile system from blacklisted Chinese firm".telegraph.co.uk.AFP.Retrieved14 December2013.
  19. ^Lague, David (2 October 2013)."For China, Turkey missile deal a victory even if it doesn't happen".Reuters.
  20. ^Daloglu, Tulin (27 September 2013)."Turkey close to deal with China for anti-missile system".Al-Monitor.
  21. ^"Update: Turkey Remains Defiant About Co-Producing Missile Defense System with China".Defense Update.25 October 2013.
  22. ^Karadeniz, Tulay (19 February 2015)."Turkey eyes deal with China on missile defense despite NATO concern".Reuters.Retrieved12 May2015.
  23. ^Coskun, Orhan; Karadeniz, Tulay (26 February 2015)."Turkey goes back to other missile system bidders as China drags feet: officials".Reuters.Retrieved12 May2015.
  24. ^Peng, Yining (19 March 2015)."Missile sale to Turkey confirmed".China Daily.Retrieved12 May2015.
  25. ^Butler, Daren; Karadeniz, Tulay; Martina, Michael (18 November 2015). Mark, Heinrich (ed.)."UPDATE 2-Turkey confirms cancellation of $3.4-bln missile defence project awarded to China".Reuters.Retrieved25 November2015.
  26. ^"PLA sends HQ-9 air defense missiles close to Kashmir border".Want China Times.6 July 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 6 October 2015.Retrieved2 August2015.
  27. ^"China 'has deployed missiles in South China Sea' - Taiwan".BBC News.17 February 2016.
  28. ^"U.S. expects 'very serious' talks with China after missile reports".Reuters.17 February 2016 – via www.reuters.com.
  29. ^"Pakistan first to China's table for HQ-9, HQ-16 missile systems".Want China Times.2 April 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 16 July 2015.Retrieved2 August2015.
  30. ^The Military Balance 2024.International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 260.
  31. ^Halimi, Mohammed (26 June 2020)."Marruecos a punto de recibir su primer sistema de defensa aérea de largo alcance".Defensa.com(in Spanish).Retrieved26 June2020.
  32. ^International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020,p. 211.
  33. ^International Institute for Strategic Studies 2020,p. 216.
  34. ^Hum Arze Pak Key Hawai Fauj K Uqaab,retrieved11 March2022

Sources

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