HTML element

AnHTML elementis a type ofHTML(HyperText Markup Language) document component, one of several types of HTML nodes (there are also text nodes, comment nodes and others).^[vague]The first used version of HTML was written byTim Berners-Leein 1993 and there have since been many versions of HTML. The current de facto standard is governed by the industry groupWHATWGand is known as the HTML Living Standard.

An HTML document is composed of atreeof simple HTMLnodes,such as text nodes, and HTML elements, which addsemanticsand formatting to parts of document (e.g., make text bold, organize it into paragraphs, lists and tables, or embedhyperlinksand images). Each element can haveHTML attributesspecified. Elements can also have content, including other elements and text.

Concepts[edit]

Elements vs. tags[edit]

As is generally understood, the position of an element is indicated as spanning from a start tag and is terminated by an end tag.^[1]This is the case for many, but not all, elements within an HTML document. The distinction is explicitly emphasised inHTML 4.01 Specification:

Elements are not tags.Some people refer to elements as tags (e.g., "the P tag" ). Remember that the element is one thing, and the tag (be it start or end tag) is another. For instance, the HEAD element is always present, even though both start and end HEAD tags may be missing in the markup.^[1]

Similarly the W3C RecommendationHTML 5.1 2nd Editionexplicitly says:

Tagsare used to delimit the start and end of elements in the markup. (...) The start and end tags of certain normal elements can be omitted, (...)
The contents of the element must be placed between just after the start tag (whichmight be implied,in certain cases) and just before the end tag (which again,might be implied,in certain cases).
— HTML 5.1 2nd Edition § 8.1.2. Elements § Tags

and:

Certain tags can beomitted.
NOTE:
Omitting an element's start tag (...) does not mean the element is not present; it is implied, but it is still there. For example, an HTML document always has a root<html>element, even if the string<html>doesn't appear anywhere in the markup.
— HTML 5.1 2nd Edition § 8.1.2.4. Optional tags

As HTML (before HTML5) is based onSGML,^[2]its parsing also depends on theDocument Type Definition (DTD),specifically an HTML DTD (e.g. HTML 4.01^[3]^{[note 1]}). The DTD specifies which element types are possible (i.e. it defines the set of element types) and also the valid combinations in which they may appear in a document. It is part of general SGML behavior that, where only one valid structure ispossible(per the DTD), its explicit statement in any given document is not generally required. As a simple example, the<p>tag indicating the start of a paragraph element should be complemented by a</p>tag indicating its end. But since the DTD states that paragraph elements cannot be nested, an HTML document fragment<p>Para 1<p>Para 2<p>Para 3is thus inferred to be equivalent to<p>Para 1</p><p>Para 2</p><p>Para 3.(If one paragraph element cannot contain another, any currently open paragraph must be closed before starting another.) Because this implication is based on the combination of the DTD and the individual document, it is not usually possible to infer elements from document tagsalonebut only by using an SGML—or HTML—aware parser with knowledge of the DTD.HTML5creates a similar result by defining what tags can be omitted.^[4]

SGML vs. XML[edit]

SGML is complex, which has limited its widespread understanding and adoption.XMLwas developed as a simpler alternative. Although both can use the DTD to specify the supported elements and their permitted combinations as document structure, XML parsing is simpler. The relation from tags to elements is always that of parsing the actual tags included in the document, without the implied closures that are part of SGML.^{[note 2]}

HTML as used on the current web is likely to be either treated as XML, by beingXHTML,or asHTML5;in either case the parsing of document tags intoDocument Object Model(DOM) elements is simplified compared to legacy HTML systems. Once the DOM of elements is obtained, behavior at higher levels of interface (example: screen rendering) is identical or nearly so.^{[note 3]}

`%block;`vs. box[edit]

Part of this CSS presentation behavior is the notion of the "box model".This is applied to those elements that CSS considers to be" block "elements, set through the CSSdisplay:block;declaration.

HTML also has a similar concept, although different, and the two are very frequently confused.%block;and%inline;are groups within the HTML DTD that group elements as being either "block-level" or "inline".^[6]This is used to define their nesting behavior: block-level elements cannot be placed into an inline context.^{[note 4]}This behavior cannot be changed; it is fixed in the DTD. Block andinline elementshave the appropriate and differentCSSbehaviors attached to them by default,^[6]including the relevance of the box model for particular element types.

Note though that this CSS behavior can, and frequently is, changed from the default. Lists with<ul><li>...are%block;elements and are presented as block elements by default. However, it is quite common to set these with CSS to display as an inline list.^[7]

Overview[edit]

Syntax[edit]

\overbrace {\overbrace {{\mathtt {\color {BrickRed}<\!p\ }}\color {Magenta}\underbrace {\mathtt {class}} _{\mathsf {\color {Black}{Attribute \atop name}}}{\mathtt {=''}}\!\underbrace {\mathtt {paragraph}} _{\mathsf {\color {White}{Attr} \atop \color {Black}Attribute\ value}}''{\mathtt {\color {BrickRed}>}}} ^{\mathsf {Start\ tag}}\overbrace {\mathtt {\color {Green}This\ is\ a\ paragraph.}} ^{\mathsf {Content}}\overbrace {\mathtt {\color {BrickRed}<\!/p\!>}} ^{\mathsf {End \atop tag}}} ^{\mathsf {Element}}

Parts of an HTML container element

In the HTML syntax, most elements are written with a start tag and an end tag, with the content in between. AnHTML tagis composed of the name of the element, surrounded byangle brackets.An end tag also has a slash after the opening angle bracket, to distinguish it from the start tag. For example, a paragraph, which is represented by the<p>element, would be written as:

<p>In the HTML syntax, most elements are written...</p>

However, not all of these elementsrequirethe end tag, or even the start tag, to be present.^[4]Some elements, the so-calledvoid elements,do not have an end tag. A typical example is the<br>(hard line-break) element. A void element's behavior is predefined, and it cannot contain any content or other elements. For example, an address would be written as:

<p>P. Sherman<br>42 Wallaby Way<br>Sydney</p>

When usingXHTML,it is required to open and close all elements, including void elements. This can be done by placing an end tag immediately after the start tag, but this is not legal in HTML 5 and will lead to two elements being created. An alternative way to specify that it is a void element, which is compatible with both XHTML and HTML 5, is to put a/at theendof the tag (not to be confused with the/at thebeginningof a closing tag).

<p>P. Sherman<br/>42 Wallaby Way<br/>Sydney</p>

HTML attributesare specified inside the start tag. For example, the<abbr>element, which represents anabbreviation,expects atitleattribute within its opening tag. This would be written as:

<abbrtitle="abbreviation">abbr.</abbr>

Informally, HTML elements are sometimes referred to as "tags" (an example ofsynecdoche), though many prefer the termtagstrictly in reference to the markup delimiting the start and end of an element.

Element (and attribute) names may be written in any combination of upper or lower case in HTML, but must be in lower case in XHTML.^[8]The canonical form was upper-case untilHTML 4,and was used in HTML specifications, but in recent years, lower-case has become more common.

Types of element[edit]

There are three kinds ofHTMLelements: normal elements, raw text elements, and void elements.

Normal elementsusually have both a start tag and an end tag, although for some elements the end tag, or both tags, can be omitted. It is constructed in a similar way:

astart tag(<tag>) marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number ofHTML attributes;
some amount ofcontent,including text and other elements;
anend tag,in which the element name is prefixed with aslash:</tag>.

Raw text elements(also known as text or text-only elements) are constructed with:

astart tag(in the form<tag>) marking the beginning of an element, which may incorporate any number of HTML attributes;
some amount of textcontent,but no elements (all tags, apart from the applicable end tag, will be interpreted as content);
anend tag,in which the element name is prefixed with a slash:</tag>.In some versions of HTML, the end tag is optional for some elements. The end tag is required inXHTML.

An example is the<title>element, which must not contain other elements (including markup of text), onlyplaintext.

Void elements(also sometimes called empty elements, single elements or stand-alone elements) only have a start tag (in the form<tag>), which contains any HTML attributes. They may not contain any children, such as text or other elements. For compatibility withXHTML,the HTML specification^[which?]allows an optional space and slash^{[citation needed]}(<tag/>is permissible). The slash is required inXHTMLand otherXMLapplications. Two common void elements are<br />(for ahard line-break,such as in a poem or an address) and<hr />(for a thematic break). Other such elements are often place-holders which reference external files, such as the image (<img />) element. The attributes included in the element will then point to the external file in question. Another example of a void element is<link />,for which the syntax is:

<linkrel="stylesheet"href="fancy.css"type="text/css">

This<link />element points the browser at astyle sheetto use when presenting the HTML document to the user. In the HTML syntax attributes do not have to be quoted if they are composed only of certain characters: letters, digits, the hyphen-minus and the period. When using the XML syntax (XHTML), on the other hand, all attributes must be quoted, and a spaced trailingslashis required before the last angle bracket:

<linkrel="stylesheet"href="fancy.css"type="text/css"/>

Attributes[edit]

HTML attributesdefine desired behavior or indicate additional element properties. Most attributes require avalue.In HTML, the value can be left unquoted if it does not include spaces (attribute=value), or it can be quoted with single or double quotes (attribute='value'orattribute= "value"). InXML,those quotes are required.

Booleanattributes, on the other hand, do not require a value to be specified. An example is thecheckedfor checkboxes:

<inputtype=checkboxchecked>

In the XML (and thusXHTML) syntax, though, a value is required, and the name should be repeated as the value:

<inputtype="checkbox"checked="checked"/>

Element standards[edit]

HTML elements are defined in a series of freely available open standards issued since 1995, initially by theIETFand subsequently by theW3C.

During thebrowser warsof the 1990s, developers ofuser agents(e.g.web browsers) often developed their own elements, some of which have been adopted in later standards. Other user agents may not recognize non-standard elements, and they will be ignored, possibly causing the page to be displayed improperly.

In 1998,XML(a simplified form of SGML) introduced mechanisms to allow anyone to develop their own elements and incorporate them inXHTMLdocuments, for use with XML-aware user agents.^[9]

Subsequently, HTML 4.01 was rewritten in anXML-compatible form,XHTML 1.0(eXtensible HTML). The elements in each are identical, and in most cases valid XHTML 1.0 documents will be valid or nearly valid HTML 4.01 documents. This article mainly focuses on real HTML, unless noted otherwise; however, it remains applicable to XHTML. SeeHTMLfor a discussion of the minor differences between the two.

Element status[edit]

Since the first version of HTML, several elements have become outmoded, and aredeprecatedin later standards, or do not appear at all, in which case they areinvalid(and will be found invalid, and perhaps not displayed, byvalidatinguser agents).^[10]

InHTML 4.01/XHTML 1.0,the status of elements is complicated by the existence of three types ofDTD:

Transitional,which contain deprecated elements, but which were intended to provide a transitional period during which authors could update their practices;
Frameset,which are versions of the Transitional DTDs which also allow authors to writeframesetdocuments;
Strict,which is the up-to-date (as at 1999) form of HTML.

HTML5 instead provides a listing ofobsoletefeatures to go along with thestandardizednormative content. They are broken down into "obsolete but conforming" for which implementation instructions exist and "non-conforming" ones that should be replaced.^[11]

The first Standard (HTML 2.0) contained four deprecated elements, one of which was invalid inHTML 3.2.All four are invalid inHTML 4.01 Transitional,which also deprecated a further ten elements. All of these, plus two others, are invalid inHTML 4.01 Strict.While the frame elements are still current in the sense of being present in the Transitional and Frameset DTDs, there are no plans to preserve them in future standards, as their function has been largely replaced, and they are highly problematic for user accessibility.

(Strictly speaking, the most recentXHTMLstandard,XHTML 1.1(2001), does not include frames at all; it is approximately equivalent toXHTML 1.0 Strict,but also includes theRuby markupmodule.)^[12]

A common source of confusion is the loose use ofdeprecatedto refer to both deprecated and invalid status, and to elements that are expected to be formally deprecated in the future.

Content vs. presentation and behavior[edit]

Since HTML 4, HTML has increasingly focused on the separation of content (the visible text and images) from presentation (like color, font size, and layout).^[13]This is often referred to as aseparation of concerns.HTML is used to represent the structure or content of a document, its presentation remains the sole responsibility ofCSSstyle sheets. A defaultstyle sheetis suggested as part of the CSS standard, giving a default rendering for HTML.^[14]

Behavior (interactivity) is also kept separate from content, and is handled byscripts.Images are contained in separategraphicsfiles, separate from text, though they can also be considered part of the content of a page.

Separation of concerns allows the document to be presented by different user agents according to their purposes and abilities. For example, a user agent can select an appropriate style sheet to present a document by displaying on a monitor, printing on paper, or to determine speech characteristics in an audio-only user agent. The structural and semantic functions of the markup remain identical in each case.

Historically, user agents did not always support these features. In the 1990s, as a stop-gap, presentational elements (like<b>and<i>) were added to HTML, at the cost of creating problems for interoperability and user accessibility. This is now regarded as outmoded and has been superseded by style sheet-based design; most presentational elements are now deprecated.^[15]

External image files are incorporated with the<img />or<object />elements. (WithXHTML,theSVGlanguage can also be used to write graphics within the document, though linking to external SVG files is generally simpler.)^[16]Where an image is not purely decorative, HTML allows replacement content with similar semantic value to be provided for non-visual user agents.

An HTML document can also be extended through the use of scripts to provide additional behaviors beyond the abilities of HTML hyperlinks and forms.

The elements<style>and<script>,with relatedHTML attributes,provide style sheets and scripts.

In the document head,<style />and<script />may link to shared external documents, or<style>...</style>and<script>...</script>may contain embedded instructions. (The<link>element can also be used to link style sheets.)
<script />or<script>...</script>can occur at any point in the document (head or body).
Thestyleattribute is valid in most document body elements (e.g.<div style= "..." >) for inclusion ofinline styleinstructions.
Event-handling attributes,which provide links to scripts, are optional in most elements.
For user agents which do not operate scripts, the<noscript>...</noscript>element provides embedded alternative content where appropriate; however, it can only be used in the document head and in the body as a block-level element.

Document structure elements[edit]

<html>...</html>: Theroot elementof anHTMLdocument; all other elements are contained in this. The HTML element delimits the beginning and the end of an HTML document.; Both the start and end tags may be omitted (HTML5).^[4]; StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<head>...</head>: (Seedocument head elementsfor child elements.)
Container for processing information and metadata for an HTML document.; Both the start and end tags may be omitted and inferred from child elements (HTML5).^[4]; StandardizedinHTML 5.0;still current.
<body></body>: (Seedocument body elementsfor child elements.)
Container for the displayable content of an HTML document.; Both the start and end tags may be omitted and inferred from child elements (HTML5).^[4]; StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

Document head elements[edit]

<base/>

Specifies abase URLfor all relativehrefand other links in the document. Must appear before any element that refers to an external resource. HTML permits only one<base>element for each document. This element hasHTML attributes,but no contents.

A development version of this element (asBASE) is mentioned inHTML Tags;standardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<basefont/>(deprecated)

Specifies a base font size, typeface, and color for the document. Used together with<font>elements.Deprecatedin favor ofstyle sheets.

StandardizedinHTML 3.2;deprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional;invalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.

<isindex/>(deprecated)

<isindex>could either appear in the document head or in the body, but only once in a document. SeeForms.

<link/>

Specifies links to other documents, such aspreviousandnextlinks, or alternate versions.^[17]A common use is to link to externalstyle sheets,using the form,<linkrel="stylesheet"type="text/css"href="url"title="description_of_style">.^[18] A less-common, but important, usage is to supply navigation hints consistently through use ofmicroformats.Several common relationships are defined, that may be exposed to users through the browser interface rather than directly in the web page, such as:<linkrel="next"href="url">. A document's<head>element may contain any number of<link />elements. This element hasHTML attributes,but no contents.

LINKexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<meta/>

Can be used to specify additionalmetadataabout a document, such as its author, publication date, expiration date, language, page title, page description, keywords, or other information not provided through the other header elements andHTML attributes.Because of their generic nature,<meta />elements specify associativekey-value pairs.In general, a meta element conveys hidden information about the document. Several meta tags can be used, all of which should be nested in the head element. The specific purpose of each<meta />element is defined by its attributes. Outside ofXHTML,it is often given without the slash (<meta>), despite being avoid element.

In one form,<meta />elements can specifyHTTPheaders which should be sent by aweb serverbefore the actual content. For example,<metahttp-equiv="foo"content="bar"/>specifies that the page should be served with an HTTP header calledfoothat has a valuebar.

In the general form, a<meta />element specifiesnameand associatedcontentHTML attributes describing aspects of the HTML page. To prevent possible ambiguity, an optional third attribute,scheme,may be supplied to specify a semantic framework that defines the meaning of the key and its value. For example, in<metaname="foo"content="bar"scheme="DC"/>the<meta />element identifies itself as containing thefooelement, with a value ofbar,from the DC orDublin Core resource description framework.

StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<object>...</object>

Used for including generic objects within the document header. Though rarely used within a<head>element, it could potentially be used to extract foreign data and associate it with the current document.

StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

<script>...</script>

Can act as a container for script instructions or link to an external script with the optionalsrcattribute.^[19]Also usable in the document body to dynamically generate either both block or inline content.

StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.

<style>...</style>

Specifies aCSS stylefor the document, usually in the form,<styletype="text/css">...</style>. Can either act as a container for style instructions or link to external style sheets – for example, inCSS,with@importdirectives of the form,^[20]<style>@importurl;</style>

StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.

<title>...</title>

This tag defines a document title. Required in everyHTMLandXHTMLdocument. User agents may use the title in different ways. For example:

Web browsers usually display it in a window'stitle barwhen the window is open, and (where applicable) in thetask barwhen the window is minimized.
It may become the default file-name when saving the page.
We can use <title> element only one time in a web page, and when we make another page then we will use again another <title> element with new title (do not take same name for all title tag in website, It can be problem for search engines).
Web search engines'web crawlersmay pay particular attention to the words used in the title.

The<title>element must not contain other elements, only text. Only one<title>element is permitted in a document.

Existed inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

Document body elements[edit]

In visual browsers, displayable elements can be rendered as eitherblockorinline.While all elements are part of the document sequence, block elements appear within their parent elements:

as rectangular objects which do not break across lines;
with block margins, width, and height properties which can be set independently of the surrounding elements.

Conversely, inline elements are treated as part of the flow of document text; they cannot have margins, width, or height set, and do break across lines.

Block elements[edit]

Block elements, or block-level elements, have a rectangular structure. By default, these elements will span the entire width of its parent element, and will thus not allow any other element to occupy the same horizontal space as it is placed on.

The rectangular structure of a block element is often referred to as thebox model,and is made up of several parts. Each element contains the following:

Thecontentof an element is the actual text (or other media) placed between the opening and closing tags of an element.
Thepaddingof an element is the space around the content but which still forms part of the element. Padding should not be used to create white space between two elements. Any background style assigned to the element, such as a background image or color, will be visible within the padding. Increasing the size of an element's padding increases the amount of space this element will take up.
Theborderof an element is the absolute end of an element and spans the perimeter of that element. The thickness of a border increases the size of an element.
Themarginof an element is the white space that surrounds an element. The content, padding, and border of any other element will not be allowed to enter this area unless forced to do so by some advancedCSSplacement. Using most standardDTDs,margins on the left and right of different elements will push each other away. Margins on the top or bottom of an element, on the other hand, will not stack or will intermingle. This means that the white space between these elements will be as big as the larger margin between them.

The above section refers only to the detailed implementation of CSS rendering and has no relevance to HTML elements themselves.

Basic text[edit]

<p>...</p>: Creates a paragraph, perhaps the most common block level element.; Pexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<h1>...</h1>
<h2>...</h2>
<h3>...</h3>
<h4>...</h4>
<h5>...</h5>
<h6>...</h6>: Section headings at different levels.h1delimits the highest-level heading,h2the next level down (sub-section),h3for a level below that, and so on toh6.They are sometimes referred to collectively ashntags,nmeaning any of the available heading levels. Most visual browsers show headings as large bold text by default, though this can be overridden withCSS.Heading elements are not intended merely for creating large or bold text – in fact, they shouldnotbe used for explicitly styling text. Rather, they describe the document's structure and organization. Some programs use them to generate outlines and tables of contents.; Headings existed inHTML Tags,and werestandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

Lists[edit]

<dl>...</dl>

A description list (a.k.a.association listor definition list) consists of name–value groups,^[21]and was known as a definition list prior to HTML5.^[22]Description lists are intended for groups of "terms and definitions, metadata topics and values, questions and answers, or any other groups of name–value data".^[23]

DLexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<dt>...</dt>

A name in a description list (previously definition term in a definition list).

DTexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<dd>...</dd>

A value in a description list (previously definition data in a definition list).

DDexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<ol>...</ol>

An ordered (enumerated) list. Thetypeattribute can be used to specify the kind of marker to use in the list, but style sheets give more control. The default is Arabic numbering. In an HTML attribute:<oltype="foo">;or in a CSS declaration:ol{list-style-type:foo;}– replacingfoowith one of the following:

A, B, C... – HTML value:A;CSS value:upper-alpha
a, b, c... – HTML value:a;CSS value:lower-alpha
I, II, III... – HTML value:I;CSS value:upper-roman
i, ii, iii... – HTML value:i;CSS value:lower-roman
1, 2, 3... – HTML value:1;decimal

CSS provides several other options not available as pure-HTML markup, includingnone,and options forCJK,Hebrew, Georgian, and Armenian script. The attribute is deprecated in HTML 3.2 and 4.01, but not in HTML 5.

OLexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<ul>...</ul>

An unordered (bulleted) list. The type of list item marker can be specified in an HTML attribute:<ultype="foo">;or in a CSS declaration:ul{list-style-type:foo;}– replacingfoowith one of the following (the same values are used in HTML and CSS):disc(the default),square,orcircle.Onlythe CSS method is supported in HTML5; the attribute is deprecated in HTML 3.2 and 4.01. CSS also providesnone,and the ability to replace these bullets with custom images.

ULexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<li>...</li>

A list item in ordered (ol) or unordered (ul) lists.

LIexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<dir>...</dir>(deprecated)

A directory listing. The original purpose of this element was never widely supported; deprecated in favor of<ul>.

DIRexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;deprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional;invalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.

Other block elements[edit]

<address>...</address>: Contact information for the document author.; ADDRESSexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<article>...</article>: Main article:Article element
Used for articles and other similar content.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<aside>...</aside>: Used for content in a document which is separate from the main page content, for example, sidebars or advertising.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<blockquote>...</blockquote>: Main article:Blockquote element

Ablock level quotation,for when the quotation includes block level elements, e.g. paragraphs. Theciteattribute (not to be confused with the<cite>element) may give the source, and must be a fully qualifiedUniform Resource Identifier.
The default presentation of block quotations in visual browsers is usually to indent them from both margins. This has led to the element being unnecessarily used just to indent paragraphs, regardless of semantics. For quotations not containing block level elements see the quote (<q>) element.; BLOCKQUOTEexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current. Seeblockquote elementfor more information.
<center>...</center>(deprecated): Creates a block-level center-aligned division. Deprecated in favor of<div>or another element with centering defined using style sheets.; StandardizedinHTML 3.2;deprecatedinHTML 4.0;not supportedinHTML5.
<del>...</del>: Marks a deleted section of content. This element can also be used asinline.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<div>...</div>: Main article:Span and div
A block-level logical division. A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section, usually for purposes such as presentation or behavior controlled bystyle sheetsorDOMcalls.; Proposed in theHTML 3.0 Drafts;StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<figure>...</figure>: Used to group images and captions, along with<figcaption>.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<figcaption>...</figcaption>: A caption for an image. Always placed inside the<figure>element.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<footer>...</footer>: Used for document footers. These might contain author or copyright information, or links to other pages.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<header>...</header>: Used for document headers. These typically contain content introducing the page.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<hr/>: Athematic break(originally: horizontal rule). Presentational rules can be drawn with style sheets.; StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<ins>...</ins>: Marks a section of inserted content. This element can also be used asinline.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<main>...</main>: Contains the main content of a document.; StandardizedinHTML 5.1.
<menu>...</menu>: HTML 2.0: A menu listing. Should be more compact than a<ul>list.; MENUexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;deprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional;invalidinHTML 4.0 Strict;then redefined inHTML5,removed in HTML 5.2, but is included in the HTML Living Standard in 2019.
<nav>...</nav>: Used in navigational sections of articles (areas of webpages which contain links to other webpages).; StandardizedinHTML5.
<noscript>...</noscript>: Replacement content for scripts. Unlikescriptthis can only be used as a block-level element.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<pre>...</pre>: Pre-formattedtext. Text within this element is typically displayed in anon-proportional fontexactly as it is laid out in the file (seeASCII art). Whereas browsers ignorewhite-spacefor other HTML elements, in<pre>...</pre>,white-space should be rendered as authored. (With the CSS properties:{white-space:pre;font-family:monospace;},other elements can be presented in the same way.) This element can contain any inline element except:<image>,<object>,<big>,<small>,<sup>,and<sub>...</sub>.; PREexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<section>...</section>: Used for generic sections of a document. This is different from<div>in that it is only used to contain sections of a page, which the W3C defines as a group of content with a similar theme.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<script>...</script>: Places a script in the document. Also usable in the head and in inline contexts. It may be used as<script />with asrcattribute to supply a URL from which to load the script, or used as<script>...</script>around embedded script content. Note:<script>is not itself either a block or inline element; by itself it should not display at all, but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content.; StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.

Inline elements[edit]

Inline elements cannot be placed directly inside the<body>element; they must be wholly nested within block-level elements.^[24]

Anchor[edit]

<a>...</a>

An anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to "anchor" a URL to some text on a web page. When users view the web page in a browser, they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link.^[25]

In HTML, ananchorcan be either theorigin(theanchor text) or thetarget(destination) end of ahyperlink.

With the attributehref,^[26]the anchor becomes a hyperlink to either another part of the document or another resource (e.g. a webpage) using an externalURL.Alternatively (and sometimes concurrently), with thenameoridHTML attributesset, the element becomes a link target. AUniform Resource Locator(URL) can link to this target via afragment identifier.In HTML5, any element can now be made into a target by using theidattribute,^[27]so using<aname="foo">...</a>is not necessary, although this way of adding anchors continues to work.

To illustrate: the header of a table of contents section onexample.com's homepage could be turned into a target by writing:<h2><aname="contents">Table of contents</a></h2>.

Continuing with this example, now that the section has been marked up as a target, it can be referred to from external sites with a link like:<ahref="http://example.com#contents">see contents</a>;

or with a link on the same page like:<ahref="#contents">contents, above</a>.

The attributetitlemay be set to give brief information about the link:<ahref="URL"title="additional information">link text</a>.

In most graphical browsers, when the cursor hovers over a link, the cursor changes into a hand with an extended index finger and thetitlevalue is displayed in atooltipor in some other manner. Some browsers renderalt textthe same way, although this is not what the specification calls for.

Aexisted inHTML Tags,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;

Phrase elements[edit]

Phrase elements are used for marking up phrases and adding structure or semantic meaning to text fragments. For example, the<em>and<strong>tags can be used for adding emphasis to text.

General[edit]

<abbr>...</abbr>: Marks anabbreviation,and can make the full form available:<abbrtitle="abbreviation">abbr.</abbr>; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<acronym>...</acronym>(deprecated): Similar to the<abbr>element, but marks anacronym:<acronymtitle="Hyper-Text Mark-up Language">HTML</acronym>; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current,not supportedinHTML5.Recommended replacement is theabbrtag.^[28]
<dfn>...</dfn>: Inline definition of a single term.; DFNexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and was fullystandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<em>...</em>: Emphasis(conventionally displayed in italics); EMexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<strong>...</strong>: importance;originally strong emphasis (conventionally displayed bold). Anaural user agentmay use different voices for emphasis.; STRONGexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current, redefined in HTML5.

Computer phrase elements[edit]

These elements are useful primarily for documenting computer code development and user interaction through differentiation of source code (<code>), variables (<var>), user input (<kbd>), and terminal or other output (<samp>).

<code>...</code>: A code snippet (code example). Conventionally rendered in a mono-space font.; CODEexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<kbd>...</kbd>: Keyboard – text to be entered by the user (kbd example).; KBDexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<samp>...</samp>: Sample output – from a program or script: (samp example).; SAMPexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<var>...</var>: Variable (var example).; VARexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

Presentation[edit]

As visual presentational markup only applies directly to visual browsers, its use is discouraged. Style sheets should be used instead. Several of these elements are deprecated or invalid in HTML 4 / XHTML 1.0, and the remainder are invalid in the current draft ofXHTML 2.0.The current draft ofHTML5,however, re-includes<s>,<u>,and<small>,assigning new semantic meaning to each. In anHTML5document, the use of these elements is no longer discouraged, provided that it is semantically correct.

<b>...</b>

InHTML 4,set font toboldfacewhere possible. Equivalent CSS:{font-weight:bold;}.The<strong>element usually has the same effect in visual browsers, as well as having more semantic meaning, underHTML 4.01. InHTML5,however,<b>has its own meaning, distinct from that of<strong>.It denotes "text to which attention is being drawn for utilitarian purposes without conveying any extra importance and with no implication of an alternate voice or mood."^[29]

Bexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current, redefined in HTML5.

<i>...</i>

InHTML 4,set font toitalicwhere possible. EquivalentCSS:{font-style:italic;}.Using<em>...</em>has the same visual effect in most browsers, as well as having a semantic meaning asemphasis,underHTML 4.01.(Purely typographic italics have many non-emphasis purposes, as HTML 5 more explicitly recognized.) InHTML5,however,<i>has its own semantic meaning, distinct from that of<em>.It denotes "a different quality of text" or "an alternate voice or mood" e.g., a thought, a ship name, abinary species name,a foreign-language phrase, etc.^[30]

Iexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current, redefined in HTML5.

<u>...</u>

InHTML 4,underlinedtext. Equivalent CSS:{text-decoration:underline;}.Deprecated inHTML 4.01.Restored inHTML5. InHTML5,the<u>element denotes "a span of text with an unarticulated, though explicitly rendered, non-textual annotation, such as labelling the text as being a proper name in Chinese text (a Chinese proper name mark), or labelling the text as being misspelt." TheHTML5specification reminds developers that other elements are almost always more appropriate than<u>and admonishes designers not to use underlined text where it could be confused for a hyper-link.^[31]

Uexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,wasstandardizedinHTML 3.2but wasdeprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitionaland wasinvalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.ReintroducedinHTML5.

<small>...</small>

InHTML 4,decreased font size (smallertext). Equivalent CSS:{font-size:smaller;} InHTML5,the<small>element denotes "side comments such as small print."^[32]This has caused some confusion with the<aside>...</aside>element.

StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.

<s>...</s>

InHTML 4,indicated strike-through text (~~Strikethrough~~) and was equivalent to<strike>. InHTML5,the<s>element denotes information that is "no longer accurate or no longer relevant", and is not to be confused with<del>,which indicates removal/deletion.^[33]

SwasdeprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional(having not appeared in any previous standard), and wasinvalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.ReintroducedinHTML5,which instead deprecated<strike>.

<big>...</big>(deprecated)

Increased font size (biggertext). Equivalent CSS:{font-size:larger;}

StandardizedinHTML 3.2;not supportedinHTML5.

<strike>...</strike>(deprecated)

Strike-through text (~~Strikethrough~~), (Equivalent CSS:{text-decoration:line-through;})

STRIKEwas standardized inHTML 3.2;deprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional;invalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.

<tt>...</tt>(deprecated)

Fixed-widthfont (typewriter-like), also known asteletype,thus "tt". (Equivalent CSS:{font-family:monospace;})

TTexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasStandardizedinHTML 2.0;not supported^[34]in HTML5. Possible replacements:<kbd>for marking user input,<var>for variables (usually rendered italic, and not with a change to monospace),<code>for source code,<samp>for output.^[34]

<font>...</font>(deprecated)

<font[color=<var>color</var>] [size=<var>size</var>] [face=<var>face</var>]>...</font> Can specify the font color with thecolorattribute (note the American spelling), typeface with thefaceattribute, and absolute or relative size with thesizeattribute. Examples (all uses are deprecated, use CSS equivalents if possible):

<fontcolor="green">text</font>createsgreen text.
<fontcolor="#114499">text</font>createstext withhexadecimal color#114499.
<fontsize="4">text</font>createstextwith size 4. Sizes are from 1 to 7. The standard size is 3, unless otherwise specified in the <body> or other tags.
<fontsize="+1">text</font>createstext with size 1 bigger than the standard.<fontsize="-1">text</font>is opposite.
<fontface="Courier">text</font>makestextwith Courier font.

Equivalent CSS for font attributes:

<fontsize="N">corresponds to{font-size:Yunits}(the HTML specification does not define the relationship between sizeNand unit-sizeY,nor does it define a unit).
<fontcolor="red">corresponds to{color:red;}
<fontface="Times New Roman">corresponds to{font-family:'Times New Roman',Times,serif;}– CSS supports afont stack,of two or more alternative fonts.

StandardizedinHTML 3.2;deprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional;invalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.Not part of HTML5.

Span[edit]

<span>...</span>: Main article:Span and div
An inline logical division. A generic element with no semantic meaning used to distinguish a document section, usually for purposes such as presentation or behavior controlled bystyle sheetsorDOMcalls.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

Other inline elements[edit]

<br/>: A forced line break.; StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<bdi>...</bdi>: Isolates an inline section of text that may be formatted in a different direction from other text outside of it, such as user-generated content with unknown directionality.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<bdo>...</bdo>: Marks an inline section of text in which the reading direction is the opposite from that of the parent element.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<cite>...</cite>: A citation or a reference for a quote or statement in the document.; CITE existed inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.; Note:The HTML 5 specifications have been confusinglyforked,^[35]including with regard to this element. In HTML 4 and earlier,<cite>was for "a citation or a reference to other sources" without any particular limitations or requirements.^[36]TheW3CHTML 5 spec uses a refinement of this idea, reflecting how the element has historically been used, but now requiring that it contain (but not be limited to) at least one of "the title of the work or the name of the author (person, people or organization) or an URL reference, or a reference in abbreviated form as per the conventions used for the addition of citation metadata."^[37]But the WHATWG spec only permits the element to be used around the title of a work.^[38]The W3C specs began with the broader definition, then switched to the very narrow one after WHATWG made this change. However, W3C reverted their own change in 2012, in response to negative developer-community feedback; the element was in broadly-deployed use with the broader scope, e.g., various blog and forum platforms wrap commenters' IDs and e-mail addresses in<cite>...</cite>,and people using the element for bibliographic citations were (and still are) routinely wrapping each entire citation in this element. Another problem with the element is that WHATWG recommends that it be italicized by default (thus almost all browsers do so), because it (in their view) is only for publication titles. By convention, however, only certain kinds of titles actually take italics, while others are expected to be put in quotation marks, and standards may actually vary by publishing context and language. Consequently, many website authors and admins use a site-wide stylesheet to undo this element's auto-italics.
<data>...</data>: Links inline content with a machine-readable translation.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[39]
<del>...</del>: Deleted text. Typically rendered as astrikethrough:~~Deleted text.~~; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<ins>...</ins>: Inserted text. Often used to mark up replacement text for material struck with<del>or<s>.Typically renderedunderlined:Inserted text.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.; Both<ins>and<del>elements may also be used as block elements: containing other block and inline elements. However, these elements must still remain wholly within their parent element to maintain a well-formed HTML document. For example, deleting text from the middle of one paragraph across several other paragraphs and ending in a final paragraph would need to use three separate<del>elements. Two<del>elements would be required as inline elements to indicate the deletion of text in the first and last paragraphs, and a third, used as a block element, to indicate the deletion in the intervening paragraphs.
<mark>...</mark>: Produces text that lookslike this.Intended for highlighting relevant text in a quotation.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<q>...</q>: An inline quotation (for block level quotation see<blockquote>). Quote elements may be nested. <q>shouldautomatically generate quotation marks in conjunction with style sheets. Practical concerns due to browser non-compliance may force authors to find workarounds. Theciteattribute gives the source, and must be a fully qualifiedURI.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.; Note:Lengthy inline quotations may be displayed as indented blocks (asblock-quote) using style sheets. For example, with a suitable CSS rule associated withq.lengthy:<q class= "lengthy" >Lengthy quote here.</q>
<rb>...</rb>: Represents the base component of aruby annotation.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[40]
<rp>...</rp>: Provides fallback parenthesis for browsers lackingruby annotationsupport.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[41]
<rt>...</rt>: Indicates pronunciation for a character in aruby annotation.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[42]
<rtc>...</rtc>: Semantic annotations for aruby annotation.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[43]
<ruby>...</ruby>: Represents aruby annotationfor showing the pronunciation of East Asian characters.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[44]
<script>...</script>: Places ascriptin the document. Also usable in the head and in block contexts. Note:<script>is not itself either a block or inline element; by itself it should not display at all, but it can contain instructions to dynamically generate either both block or inline content.; StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<sub>...</sub>
<sup>...</sup>: Mark_subscriptedor^{superscripted}text. (Equivalent CSS:{vertical-align:sub;}and{vertical-align:super;},respectively.); Both were proposed in theHTML 3.0 Drafts;StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<template>...</template>: Code fragments to be copied by scripts.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[45]
<time>...</time>: Represents a time on the 24-hour clock or a date on theGregorian calendar,optionally with time and time zone information. Also allows times and dates to be represented in a machine-readable format.; StandardizedinHTML5.^[46]
<wbr/>: An optional word break.; Was widely used (and supported by all major browsers)^{[citation needed]}for years^[timeframe?]despite being non-standard until finally beingstandardizedinHTML5.^[47]

Images and objects[edit]

<applet>...</applet>(deprecated): Embeds aJava appletin the page. Deprecated in favor of<object>,as it could only be used with Java applets, and had accessibility limitations.; StandardizedinHTML 3.2;deprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional;invalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.As of 2011, still widely used as the implementations of the replacing<object>are not consistent between different browsers.
<area/>: Specifies afocusablearea in a<map>.; StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<audio>...</audio>: Adds playableHTML audioto the page. The audio URL is determined using thesrcattribute. Supported audio formats vary from browser to browser.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<canvas>...</canvas>: Main article:Canvas element
Adds a canvas whose contents can be edited withJavaScript.Frequently used for online games.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<embed>...</embed>: Inserts a non-standard object (like applet) or external content (typically non-HTML) into the document.; Deprecated in HTML 4 in favor of<object>,but then was added back into the HTML5 specification^[48]^[49]
<img/>: Used by visual user agents to insert animagein the document. Thesrcattribute specifies the image URL. The requiredaltattributeprovides alternative text in case the image cannot be displayed.^[50](Thoughaltis intended as alternative text, MicrosoftInternet Explorer7 and below render it as atooltipif notitleattribute is given.^[51]SafariandGoogle Chrome,on the other hand, do not display the alt attribute at all.)^[52]The<img />element was first proposed byMarc Andreessenand implemented in theNCSA Mosaicweb browser.^[53]; IMGexisted inHTML Internet Draft 1.2,and wasstandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.
<map>...</map>: Specifies a client-sideimage map.; StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<object>...</object>: Includes an object in the page of the type specified by thetypeattribute. This may be in anyMIME-type the user agent understands, such as an embedded HTML page, a file to be handled by a plug-in such asFlash,aJava applet,a sound file, etc.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<param/>: Originally introduced with<applet>,this element is now used with<object>,and should only occur as a child of<object>.It usesHTML attributesto set a parameter for the object, e.g. width, height, font, background color, etc., depending on the type of object. An object can have multiple<param />elements.; StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<source>...</source>: Specifies different sources for audio or video. Makes use of thesrcattribute in a way similar to the<video>and<audio>elements.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<track>...</track>: Provides text tracks, like subtitles and captions, for audio and video.; StandardizedinHTML5.
<video>...</video>: Adds a playableHTML videoto the page. The video URL is determined using thesrcattribute. Supported video formats vary from browser to browser.; StandardizedinHTML5.

Forms[edit]

These elements can be combined into a form or in some instances used separately as user-interface controls; in the document, they can be simple HTML or used in conjunction with Scripts. HTML markup specifies the elements that make up a form, and the method by which it will be submitted. However, some form of scripts (server-side,client-side, or both) must be used to process the user's input once it is submitted.

(These elements are either block or inline elements, but are collected here as their use is more restricted than other inline or block elements.)

<formaction= "url">...</form>

Creates aform.The<form>element specifies and operates the overall action of a form area, using the requiredactionattribute.

StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<button>...</button>

A generic form button which can contain a range of other elements to create complex buttons.

StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

<datalist>...</datalist>

A list ofoptions for use in form elements.

StandardizedinHTML5.

<fieldset>...</fieldset>

A container for adding structure to forms. For example, a series of related controls can be grouped within a<fieldset>,which can then have a<legend>added in order to identify their function.

StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

<input/>

<input>elements allow a variety of standard form controls to be implemented.

StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

Input Types:

type= "checkbox": Acheckbox.Can be checked or unchecked.
type= "radio": Aradio button.If multiple radio buttons are given the same name, the user will only be able to select one of them from this group.
type= "button": A general-purpose button. The element<button>is preferred if possible (i.e., if the client supports it) as it provides richer possibilities.
type= "submit": Asubmitbutton.
type= "image": Animage button.The image URL may be specified with thesrcattribute.
type= "reset": Areset buttonfor resetting the form to default values.
type= "text": Aone-line text input field.Thesizeattribute specifies the default width of the input in character-widths.max-lengthsets the maximum number of characters the user can enter (which may be greater than size).
type= "search": A variation oftextwhich produces a search bar.
type= "password": A variation oftext.The difference is that text typed in this field ismasked– characters are displayed as an asterisk, a dot, or another replacement. The password is still submitted to the server asplaintext,so an underlying securecommunication protocollikeHTTPSis needed if confidentiality is a concern.
type= "file": Afile selectfield (for uploading files to a server).
type= "tel": A variation oftextfortelephone numbers.
type= "email": A variation oftextforemail addresses.
type= "url": A variation oftextforURLs.
type= "date": A date selector.
type= "time": A time selector.
type= "number": A variation oftextfor numbers.
type= "range": Produces a slider for that returns a number, but the number is not visible to the user.
type= "color": A color picker.
type= "hidden": hiddeninputs are not visible in the rendered page, but allow a designer to maintain a copy of data that needs to be submitted to the server as part of the form. This may, for example, be data that this web user entered or selected on a previous form that needs to be processed in conjunction with the current form. Not displayed to the user but data can still be altered client-side by editing the HTML source.

<isindex/>(deprecated)

<isindex />could either appear in the document head or in the body, but only once in a document. <isindex />operated as a primitive HTML search form; but wasde factoobsoleted by more advanced HTML forms introduced in the early to mid-1990s. Represents a set of hyperlinks composed of a base URI, anampersandandpercent-encodedkeywords separated byplus signs.

ISINDEXexisted inHTML Tags;standardizedinHTML 2.0;deprecatedinHTML 4.0 Transitional;invalidinHTML 4.0 Strict.

<keygen>...</keygen>(deprecated)

A key pair generator.

StandardizedinHTML5,but removed in HTML 5.2.

<labelfor= "id">...</label>

Creates a label for a form input, such asradio.Clicking on the label fires a click on the matching input.

StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

<legend>...</legend>

A legend (caption) for a<fieldset>.

StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

<meter>...</meter>

A meter which needs avalueattribute. Can also have:min,low,high,andmax.

StandardizedinHTML5.

<optionvalue= "x">...</option>

Creates an item in a<select>list.

StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<optgroup>...</optgroup>

Identifies a group of<option>elements in a<select>list.

StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

<output>...</output>

The value of a form element.

StandardizedinHTML5.

<progress>...</progress>

A bar for showing the progress of an action.

StandardizedinHTML5.

<selectname= "xyz">...</select>

Creates a selection list, from which the user can select a single option. May be rendered as a dropdown list.

StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

<textarearows= "8">...</textarea>

A multiple-line text area, the size of which is specified bycols(where a column is a one-character width of text) androwsHTML attributes.The content of this element is restricted to plain text, which appears in the text area as default text when the page is loaded.

StandardizedinHTML 2.0;still current.

Tables[edit]

The format of HTML Tables was proposed in theHTML 3.0 Draftsand the later RFC 1942HTML Tables.They were inspired by theCALS Table Model.Some elements in these proposals were included in HTML 3.2; the present form of HTML Tables was standardized in HTML 4. (Many of the elements used within tables are neitherblocknorinlineelements.)

<table>...</table>: Identifies a table. SeveralHTML attributesare possible in HTML Transitional, but most of these are invalid in HTML Strict and can be replaced with style sheets. Thesummaryattribute is informally required for accessibility purposes, though its usage is not simple.; Proposed in theHTML 3.0 Drafts;StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<tr>...</tr>: Contains a row of cells in a<table>.; Proposed in theHTML 3.0 Drafts;StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<th>...</th>: A<table>header cell; contents are conventionally displayed bold and centered. Anauraluser agent may use a louder voice for these items.; Proposed in theHTML 3.0 Drafts;StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<td>...</td>: A<table>data cell.; Proposed in theHTML 3.0 Drafts;StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<colgroup>...</colgroup>: Specifies acolumn groupin a<table>.; Proposed inHTML Tables;StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<col>...</col>: Specifies a column in a<table>.; Proposed inHTML Tables;StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<caption>...</caption>: Specifies a caption for a<table>.; Proposed in theHTML 3.0 Drafts;StandardizedinHTML 3.2;still current.
<thead>...</thead>: Specifies the header part of a<table>.This section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media).; Proposed inHTML Tables;StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<tbody>...</tbody>: Specifies a body of data for a<table>.; Proposed inHTML Tables;StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.
<tfoot>...</tfoot>: Specifies the footer part of a<table>.Like<thead>,this section may be repeated by the user agent if the table is split across pages (in printing or other paged media).; Proposed inHTML Tables;StandardizedinHTML 4.0;still current.

Frames[edit]

Frames allow a visual HTML browser window to be split into segments, each of which can show a different document. This can lower bandwidth use, as repeating parts of a layout can be used in one frame, while variable content is displayed in another. This may come at a certain usability cost, especially in non-visual user agents,^[54]due to separate and independent documents (or websites) being displayed adjacent to each other and being allowed to interact with the same parent window. Because of this cost, frames (excluding the<iframe>element) are only allowed in HTML 4.01 Frame-set. Iframes can also hold documents on different servers. In this case the interaction between windows is blocked by the browser. Sites likeFacebookandTwitteruse iframes to display content (plugins) on third party websites. GoogleAdSenseuses iframes to display banners on third party websites.

In HTML 4.01, a document may contain a<head>and a<body>ora<head>and a<frameset>,but not both a<body>and a<frameset>.However,<iframe>can be used in a normal document body.

<frameset>...</frameset>(deprecated): Contains the set of<frame />elements for a document. The layout of frames is given by comma separated lists in therowsandcolsHTML attributes.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0Frameset,obsoletein HTML5.
<frame/>(deprecated): Defines a single frame, or region, within the<frameset>.A separate document is linked to a frame using thesrcattribute inside the<frame />element.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0Frameset,obsoletein HTML5.
<noframes>...</noframes>(deprecated): Contains normal HTML content for user agents that do not support<frame />elements.; StandardizedinHTML 4.0Transitional,obsoletein HTML5.
<iframe>...</iframe>: An inline frame places another HTML document in a frame. Unlike an<object />element, an<iframe>can be the "target" frame for links defined by other elements, and it can be selected by the user agent as the focus for printing, viewing its source, and so on. The content of the element is used as alternative text to be displayed if the browser does not support inline frames. A separate document is linked to a frame using thesrcattribute inside the<iframe />,an inline HTML code is embedded to a frame using thesrcdocattribute inside the<iframe />element.; First introduced by Microsoft Internet Explorer in 1997,standardizedinHTML 4.0Transitional,allowedin HTML5.

`longdesc`attribute[edit]

InHTML,longdescis an attribute used within the<img />,<frame />,or<iframe>elements. It is supposed to be aURL^{[note 5]}to a document that provides along descriptionfor the image, frame, or iframe in question.^[55]This attribute should contain a URL,not– as is commonly mistaken – the text of the description itself.

longdescwas designed to be used byscreen readersto display image information for computer users withaccessibilityissues, such as the blind orvisually impaired,and is widely implemented by both web browsers and screen readers.^[56]Some developers object that^[57]it is actually seldom used for this purpose because there are relatively few authors who use the attribute and most of those authors use it incorrectly; thus, they recommend deprecatinglongdesc.^[58]The publishing industry has responded, advocating the retention oflongdesc.^[59]

Example[edit]

<imgsrc="Hello.jpg"longdesc="description.html">

Content ofdescription.html:

<br/>
<p>This is an image of a two-layered birthday cake.</p>
...

Linking to the long description in the text[edit]

Since very few graphical browsers support making the link available natively (Opera and iCab being the exceptions), it is useful to include a link to the description page near the<img />element whenever possible, as this can also aid sighted users.

Example[edit]

<imgsrc="Hello.jpg"longdesc="description.html"/>[<ahref=
"description.html"title="long description of the image">D</a>]

Historic elements[edit]

The following elements were part of the early HTML developed byTim Berners-Leefrom 1989 to 1991; they are mentioned inHTML Tags,but deprecated inHTML 2.0and were never part of HTML standards.

<listing>...</listing>(deprecated): This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML. TheHTML 2.0specification recommended rendering the element at up to 132 characters per line.; DeprecatedinHTML 3.2;obsoleteinHTML5.^[60]
<plaintext>(deprecated): <plaintext>does not have an end tag as it terminates the markup and causes the rest of the document to be parsed as if it wereplaintext.; <plaintext>existed inHTML Tags;deprecatedinHTML 2.0;invalidinHTML 4.0.
<xmp>...</xmp>(deprecated): This element displayed the text inside the tags in a monospace font and without interpreting the HTML. TheHTML 2.0specification recommended rendering the element at 80 characters per line.; DeprecatedinHTML 3.2;obsoleteinHTML5.^[61]
<nextid>(deprecated): This element enabled NeXT web designing tool to generate automatic NAME labels for its anchors and was itself automatically generated.^[60]; <nextid>existed inHTML Tags(described as obsolete);deprecatedinHTML 2.0;invalidinHTML 3.2and later.

Non-standard elements[edit]

This section lists some widely used obsolete elements, which means they are not used invalidcode. They may not be supported in all user agents.

<blink>...</blink>(deprecated): Main article:Blink element
Causes text to blink. Introduced in imitation of theANSI escape codes.Can be done with CSS where supported:{text-decoration:blink}(This effect may have negative consequences for people withphotosensitive epilepsy;^[62]its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines.); <blink>originated inNetscape Navigatorand is mostly recognized by its descendants, includingFirefox;deprecatedorinvalidinHTML 2.0and later. The replacement CSS tag, while standard, is not required to be supported.
<layer>...</layer>(deprecated): Main article:Layer element
Creates an absolute positioned and framed layer. Can be done with frames and/or CSS instead. There are attributes, includingID,LEFT,TOP,PAGEX,PAGEY,SRC,Z-INDEX,ABOVE,WIDTH,HEIGHT,BELOW,CLIP,VISIBILITYandCLIP.; <layer>originated inNetscape 4;deprecatedorinvalidinHTML 4.01and later.
<marquee>...</marquee>(deprecated): Main article:Marquee element
Creates scrolling text. Can be done with scripting instead. (This effect may have negative consequences for people withphotosensitive epilepsy;^[62]its use on the public Internet should follow the appropriate guidelines.) There are three options, includingAlternate,Scrollandslide.Scrolldelaycan also be added.; <marquee>originated inMicrosoft Internet Explorer;deprecatedorinvalidinHTML 4.01and later.
<nobr>...</nobr>(deprecated): Causes text to not break at end of line, preventing word wrap where text exceeds the width of the enclosing object. Adjacent text may break before and after it. Can be done with CSS:{white-space:nowrap;}; <nobr>is a proprietary element which is recognized by most browsers for compatibility reasons;deprecatedorinvalidinHTML 2.0and later.
<noembed>...</noembed>(deprecated): Specifies alternative content, if the embed cannot be rendered. Replaced by the content of the<embed>or<object>element.

Comments[edit]

Acommentin HTML (and related XML, SGML and SHTML) uses the same syntax as theSGML commentorXML comment,depending on the doctype.

Unlike most HTML tags, comments do not nest. More generally, there are some strings that are not allowed to appear in the comment text. Those are(this ends the comment so it trivially follows it can not appear inside it) and--!>.Additionally, the strings>and->cannot appear at the beginning of a comment and<!-cannot appear at the end.^[63]

As a result, the markupXend-->is ill-formed and will yield the commentXbeginafter it, or sometimes justXend-->,depending on browser.

Comments can appear anywhere in a document, as the HTML parser is supposed to ignore them no matter where they appear so long as they are not inside other HTML tag structures (i.e., they cannot be used next to attributes and values; this is invalid markup:<span id= "x1"style= "..." >).

Comments can even appear before the doctype declaration; no other tags are permitted to do this.

However, not all browsers and HTML editors are fully compliant with the HTML syntax framework and may do unpredictable things under some syntax conditions. Defective handling of comments only affects about 5% of all browsers and HTML editors in use, and even then only certain versions are affected by comment mishandling issues (Internet Explorer 6 accounts for most of this high percentage).

There are a few compatibility quirks involving comments:

Placing comments – or indeed any characters except for white-space – before thedoctypewill cause Internet Explorer 6 to usequirks modefor the HTML page. None of thedoctypeinformation will be processed.
For compatibility with some pre-1995 browsers, the contents of<style>and<script>elements are still sometimes surrounded by comment delimiters, and CSS- and script-capable browsers are written to specifically ignore that comment markup as not actually a comment. This means that attempts to actually comment out CSS and script markup by change the elements inside the comment to not be recognized, e.g.<--[script]...[/script]-->.
TheBlueGriffonHTML editor, in versions 1.7.x,makes comments that are not embedded in the syntax structure;<style>...{commenttags}...</style>will show up on-screen. Other HTML editors may have this same defect.

Notes[edit]

^HTML 4.01 is one of a small number of well-known HTML DTDs. It is chosen here as the best illustrative example, although the same behavior applies to the other W3C-published DTDs for HTML.
^A macro-like feature of DTDs may still be used within XML.
^One minor difference is that XML, even after the DOM interface, is case-sensitive.^[5]
^However, see<object>for the inevitable exception.
^Strictly anIRI,not a URL; although URLs are a subset of IRIs.

References[edit]

^^a ^b"§3 On SGML and HTML".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999. §3.2.1 Elements.
^"§3 On SGML and HTML".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999. §3.1 Introduction to SGML.
^"HTML 4.01, §21, Document Type Definition".W3C.24 December 1999.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e"HTML Standard § Optional tags".WHATWG.Retrieved22 March2019.
^"§1. Document Object Model HTML".Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 HTML Specification.W3C.9 January 2003. §1.3. XHTML and the HTML DOM.
^^a ^b"§7 The global structure of an HTML document".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999. §7.5.3 Block-level and inline elements.
^Mark Newhouse (27 September 2002)."CSS Design: Taming Lists".A List Apart.
^XHTML 1.0§4.2
^XML 1.0(The ability to produce additional elements is part of theeXtensibilityin the acronym.)
^XML 1.0§5.1
^WHATWGLS.§ 15
^XHTML 1.1§A
^"HTML & CSS".W3C.2013.
^"Appendix D. Default style sheet for HTML 4".Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification.W3C.7 June 2011.
^HTML 4.01§14.1
^Ferraiolo, J.; Fujisawa, J.; Jackson, D., eds. (2003-01-14)."§2.3 Options for using SVG in Web pages".Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 Specification.W3C.Retrieved2009-03-25.
^HTML 4.01§12.3
^HTML 4.01§14.3.2
^HTML 4.01§18
^CSS§1.1
^"4.4 Grouping content – HTML5".HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML – W3C Recommendation.World Wide Web Consortium.28 October 2014. §4.4.8 The dl element.Retrieved16 August2015.
^"Lists in HTML documents".HTML 4.01 Specification – W3C Recommendation.World Wide Web Consortium. 24 December 1999. §10.3 Definition lists: the DL, DT, and DD elements.Retrieved2 May2015.
^"HTML5: A Vocabulary and Associated APIs for HTML and XHTML, W3C Working Draft".W3C.5 April 2011..
^HTML 4.01,W3C,retrieved2012-03-26
^Tittel, Ed; Burmeister, Mary C. (2005).HTML 4 for dummies(5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 96.ISBN 978-0-7645-8917-1.Retrieved7 August2022.
^"ServerWriter -- /Provider".W3C.
^"HTML 5.2".W3C.
^Acronym tag,acronym.
^4.6 Text-level semantics — The b element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^4.6 Text-level semantics — The i element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^4.6 Text-level semantics — The u element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^4.6 Text-level semantics — The small element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^4.6 Text-level semantics — The s element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^^a ^b11 Obsolete features — HTML5,W3C,retrieved2012-03-26
^"HTML5 specification finalized, squabbling over specs continues".Ars Technica. 29 October 2014.Retrieved29 October2014.
^"9.2.1 Phrase elements: EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD, VAR, CITE, ABBR, and ACRONYM".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999.Retrieved26 July2018.
^HTML 5.2 W3C Recommendation,at"§4.5.6. The cite element".
^HTML Living Standard,at"§4.5.6 The cite element".
^"<data>".MDN Web Docs.
^"HTML <rb> Tag".www.quackit.com.
^"<rp>: The Ruby Fallback Parenthesis element".MDN Web Docs.
^"<rt>: The Ruby Text element".MDN Web Docs.
^"<rtc>: The Ruby Text Container element".MDN Web Docs.
^"<ruby>".MDN Web Docs.
^"<template>".MDN Web Docs.
^"<time>".MDN Web Docs.
^"<wbr>".MDN Web Docs.
^Jennifer Kyrnin<embed>
^W3Schoolsabout<embed>
^The alt attribute's text cannot be styled with markup; as a result, other methods of alternative text presentation, such asFahrner Image Replacement,have been devised to accommodate situations in which the coder wishes styled text to be displayed if images are disabled in a user's browser.
^"What's New in Internet Explorer 8 – Accessibility and ARIA".MSDN.Microsoft.Retrieved2009-07-22.
^Bug 5566 – ALT attribute value sometimes not displayed when image is missing,Bugs.webkit.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^WWW-Talk Jan-Mar 1993: proposed new tag: IMG,1997.webhistory.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^"Are frames accessible?"....frames do present additional usability challenges that are unique to users with disabilities, particularly those who use screen readers.
^"Objects, Images, and Applets".W3C.Retrieved2008-12-20.
^"InState Longdesc".Retrieved2011-09-05.
^"Creating Accessible Images".WebAim.Retrieved2008-12-20.
^Longdesc usage - WHATWG Wiki,Wiki.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26
^"Bug 13461 - Commentary on Issue #30 (longdesc) from the Association of American Publishers".Retrieved2011-09-05.
^^a ^b"Obsolete – Non-conforming features".HTML Living Standard.WHATWG.July 22, 2022.RetrievedAugust 7,2022.
^"<xmp>".MDN Web Docs.24 February 2023.
^^a ^bChisholm, Wendy; Vanderheiden, Gregg; Jacobs, Ian (1999-05-05)."Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0".World Wide Web Consortium.Retrieved2010-07-20.
^"HTML standard".html.spec.whatwg.org.

Bibliography[edit]

HTML standards[edit]

HTML 2.0:: Berners-Lee, Tim;Connolly, Dan(November 1995).Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0 (RFC 1866).IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC1866.RFC 1866.Retrieved2009-03-24.
HTML 3.2:: Raggett, Dave(1997-01-14)."HTML 3.2 Reference Specification".W3C.Retrieved2009-03-27.
HTML 4.01:: Raggett, Dave;Le Hors, Arnaud; Jacobs, Ian (1999-12-24)."HTML 4.01 Specification".W3C.Retrieved2009-03-24.(HTML 4.01 superseded4.0(1998), which was never widely implemented, and all earlier versions. Superseded in turn on 2018-03-27 byHTML 5.2).
XHTML 1.0:: "XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)".Revised version.W3C.2002-08-01 [2000].Retrieved2009-03-24.
XHTML 1.1:: Altheim, Murray; McCarron, Shane; Ishikawa, Masayasu, eds. (2010-11-23) [2001]."XHTML 1.1 - Module-based XHTML - Second Edition".Revised version.W3C.Retrieved2018-07-26.(Superseded on 2018-03-27 by HTML 5.2.); Austin, Daniel; Peruvemba, Subramanian; McCarron, Shane; Ishikawa, Masayasu; Birbeck, Mark; Altheim, Murray; Boumphrey, Frank; Dooley, Sam; Schnitzenbaumer, Sebastian; Wugofski, Ted, eds. (2010-07-29) [2006]."XHTML Modularization 1.1 - Second Edition".Revised version.W3C.Retrieved2018-07-26.(A more detailed version of the above. Also superseded on 2018-03-27 byHTML 5.2.)
W3C HTML 5.2:: Faulkner, Steve; Eicholz, Arron; Leithead, Travis; Danilo, Alex; Moon, Sangwhan; Doyle Navara, Erika; O'Connor, Theresa; Berjon, Robin, eds. (2017-12-14) [2016]."HTML 5.2 W3C Recommendation".Revised version.W3C.Retrieved2018-07-26.Supersedes all previous versions of HTML and XHTML, includingHTML 5.1.
WHATWG HTML5 Living Standard:: Hickson, Ian,ed. (2018-07-25)."HTML Living Standard".One-page Version.WHATWG.Retrieved2018-07-26.Also available as aMultipage Version,andDeveloper's Edition(also multi-page, with a search function and other gadgets, and minus details only of interest to browser vendors).

Other sources[edit]

HTML Tags:: Berners-Lee, Tim(1992-11-03)."HTML Tags".Retrieved2009-03-28.(Part of the first published description of HTML.)
HTML Internet Draft 1.2:: Berners-Lee, Tim;Connolly, Dan(June 1993)."Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)".Retrieved2009-03-28.
HTML 3.0 Drafts:: Raggett, Dave(1995-03-24)."HyperText Markup Language Specification Version 3.0 (draft)".Retrieved2009-04-18.(This is the final draft of HTML 3.0, which expired without being developed further.)
HTML Tables:: Raggett, Dave (May 1996).HTML Tables (RFC 1942).IETF.doi:10.17487/RFC1942.RFC 1942.Retrieved2009-03-22.
XML 1.0:: Bray, Tim;Paoli, Jean;Sperberg-McQueen, C. Michael;Maler, Eve; Yergeau, François, eds. (2008-11-26)."Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition)".W3C.Retrieved2009-03-20.
CSS 1:: Lie, Håkon Wium;Bos, Bert(2008-04-11) [1996]."Cascading Style Sheets, Level 1".Revised version.W3C.Retrieved2018-07-26.
CSS 2.1:: Bos, Bert;Çelik, Tantek;Hickson, Ian;Lie, Håkon Wium(12 April 2016) [2011]."Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification".Revised version.W3C.Retrieved2018-07-26.
CSS 3 and 4:: Atkins, Tab Jr.; Eternad, Elika J.; Rivoal, Florian (31 January 2017)."CSS Snapshot 2017".W3C.§2. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) – The Official Definition.Retrieved2018-07-26.(List of active specifications that have superseded CSS 2.1, as of the publication date.); "CSS Current Status".W3C.2018.Retrieved2018-07-26.(CSS levels 3 and 4 are developed as independent modules, indexed at that page.)

External links[edit]

HTML 4.01 (Dec 24, 1999):elementsandattributes
HTML5(Oct 28, 2014):elements and attributes

[4] HTML 4.01 is one of a small number of well-known HTML DTDs. It is chosen here as the best illustrative example, although the same behavior applies to the other W3C-published DTDs for HTML.

[6] A macro-like feature of DTDs may still be used within XML.

[8] One minor difference is that XML, even after the DOM interface, is case-sensitive.^[5]

[10] However, see<object>for the inevitable exception.

[59] Strictly anIRI,not a URL; although URLs are a subset of IRIs.

[HTML401_Elements-1] "§3 On SGML and HTML".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999. §3.2.1 Elements.

[2] "§3 On SGML and HTML".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999. §3.1 Introduction to SGML.

[W3C,_HTML_401_DTD-3] "HTML 4.01, §21, Document Type Definition".W3C.24 December 1999.

[whatwg-syntax-tag-omission-5] "HTML Standard § Optional tags".WHATWG.Retrieved22 March2019.

[7] "§1. Document Object Model HTML".Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 HTML Specification.W3C.9 January 2003. §1.3. XHTML and the HTML DOM.

[W3C,_HTML_4.01,_block_and_inline-9] "§7 The global structure of an HTML document".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999. §7.5.3 Block-level and inline elements.

[11] Mark Newhouse (27 September 2002)."CSS Design: Taming Lists".A List Apart.

[XHTML10-42-12] XHTML 1.0§4.2

[13] XML 1.0(The ability to produce additional elements is part of theeXtensibilityin the acronym.)

[XML10-51-14] XML 1.0§5.1

[15] WHATWGLS.§ 15

[XHTML11-16] XHTML 1.1§A

[17] "HTML & CSS".W3C.2013.

[18] "Appendix D. Default style sheet for HTML 4".Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification.W3C.7 June 2011.

[HTML401-141-19] HTML 4.01§14.1

[SVG11-23-20] Ferraiolo, J.; Fujisawa, J.; Jackson, D., eds. (2003-01-14)."§2.3 Options for using SVG in Web pages".Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 Specification.W3C.Retrieved2009-03-25.

[21] HTML 4.01§12.3

[22] HTML 4.01§14.3.2

[23] HTML 4.01§18

[24] CSS§1.1

[W3C-5-DL-25] "4.4 Grouping content – HTML5".HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML – W3C Recommendation.World Wide Web Consortium.28 October 2014. §4.4.8 The dl element.Retrieved16 August2015.

[26] "Lists in HTML documents".HTML 4.01 Specification – W3C Recommendation.World Wide Web Consortium. 24 December 1999. §10.3 Definition lists: the DL, DT, and DD elements.Retrieved2 May2015.

[27] "HTML5: A Vocabulary and Associated APIs for HTML and XHTML, W3C Working Draft".W3C.5 April 2011..

[28] HTML 4.01,W3C,retrieved2012-03-26

[29] Tittel, Ed; Burmeister, Mary C. (2005).HTML 4 for dummies(5th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 96.ISBN 978-0-7645-8917-1.Retrieved7 August2022.

[30] "ServerWriter -- /Provider".W3C.

[31] "HTML 5.2".W3C.

[32] Acronym tag,acronym.

[html5-b-element-33] 4.6 Text-level semantics — The b element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[html5-i-element-34] 4.6 Text-level semantics — The i element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[html5-u-element-35] 4.6 Text-level semantics — The u element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[html5-small-element-36] 4.6 Text-level semantics — The small element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[html5-s-element-37] 4.6 Text-level semantics — The s element,Developers.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[html5-tt-not-supported-38] 11 Obsolete features — HTML5,W3C,retrieved2012-03-26

[finalars-39] "HTML5 specification finalized, squabbling over specs continues".Ars Technica. 29 October 2014.Retrieved29 October2014.

[40] "9.2.1 Phrase elements: EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD, VAR, CITE, ABBR, and ACRONYM".HTML 4.01 Specification.W3C.24 December 1999.Retrieved26 July2018.

[41] HTML 5.2 W3C Recommendation,at"§4.5.6. The cite element".

[42] HTML Living Standard,at"§4.5.6 The cite element".

[43] "<data>".MDN Web Docs.

[44] "HTML <rb> Tag".www.quackit.com.

[45] "<rp>: The Ruby Fallback Parenthesis element".MDN Web Docs.

[46] "<rt>: The Ruby Text element".MDN Web Docs.

[47] "<rtc>: The Ruby Text Container element".MDN Web Docs.

[48] "<ruby>".MDN Web Docs.

[49] "<template>".MDN Web Docs.

[50] "<time>".MDN Web Docs.

[51] "<wbr>".MDN Web Docs.

[52] Jennifer Kyrnin<embed>

[53] W3Schoolsabout<embed>

[54] The alt attribute's text cannot be styled with markup; as a result, other methods of alternative text presentation, such asFahrner Image Replacement,have been devised to accommodate situations in which the coder wishes styled text to be displayed if images are disabled in a user's browser.

[55] "What's New in Internet Explorer 8 – Accessibility and ARIA".MSDN.Microsoft.Retrieved2009-07-22.

[56] Bug 5566 – ALT attribute value sometimes not displayed when image is missing,Bugs.webkit.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[57] WWW-Talk Jan-Mar 1993: proposed new tag: IMG,1997.webhistory.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[58] "Are frames accessible?"....frames do present additional usability challenges that are unique to users with disabilities, particularly those who use screen readers.

[60] "Objects, Images, and Applets".W3C.Retrieved2008-12-20.

[61] "InState Longdesc".Retrieved2011-09-05.

[62] "Creating Accessible Images".WebAim.Retrieved2008-12-20.

[63] Longdesc usage - WHATWG Wiki,Wiki.whatwg.org,retrieved2012-03-26

[64] "Bug 13461 - Commentary on Issue #30 (longdesc) from the Association of American Publishers".Retrieved2011-09-05.

[WHATWG-deprecated-65] "Obsolete – Non-conforming features".HTML Living Standard.WHATWG.July 22, 2022.RetrievedAugust 7,2022.

[66] "<xmp>".MDN Web Docs.24 February 2023.

[WCAG-67] Chisholm, Wendy; Vanderheiden, Gregg; Jacobs, Ian (1999-05-05)."Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0".World Wide Web Consortium.Retrieved2010-07-20.

[68] "HTML standard".html.spec.whatwg.org.

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[2]

[3]

[note 1]

[4]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[6]

[note 4]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

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[48]

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[54]

[note 5]

[55]

[56]

[57]

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[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[5]

Concepts[edit]

Elements vs. tags[edit]

SGML vs. XML[edit]

%block;vs. box[edit]

Overview[edit]

Syntax[edit]

Types of element[edit]

Attributes[edit]

Element standards[edit]

Element status[edit]

Content vs. presentation and behavior[edit]

Document structure elements[edit]

Document head elements[edit]

Document body elements[edit]

Block elements[edit]

Basic text[edit]

Lists[edit]

Other block elements[edit]

Inline elements[edit]

Anchor[edit]

Phrase elements[edit]

General[edit]

Computer phrase elements[edit]

Presentation[edit]

Span[edit]

Other inline elements[edit]

Images and objects[edit]

Forms[edit]

Tables[edit]

Frames[edit]

longdescattribute[edit]

Example[edit]

Linking to the long description in the text[edit]

Example[edit]

Historic elements[edit]

Non-standard elements[edit]

Comments[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

HTML standards[edit]

Other sources[edit]

External links[edit]

`%block;`vs. box[edit]

`longdesc`attribute[edit]