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Haiyang (satellite)

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For the city, seeHaiyang.

Animation of Haiyang - Polar view, Earth is not shown·Haiyang-1A·Haiyang-1B·Haiyang-1C·Haiyang-1D·Haiyang-2A·Haiyang-2B

Haiyang(HY,Chinese:Hải dương;pinyin:Hǎiyáng;lit.'ocean') is a series of marineremote sensing satellitesdeveloped and operated by the People's Republic of China since 2002. As of October 2022,eight satellites have been launched with ten more planned.[1][2][3][4][5]Built by thestate-ownedaerospace contractorChina Academy of Space Technology(CAST), Haiyang satellites carry a variety of ocean-imaging sensor payloads and are operated by the National Satellite Ocean Application Service (NSOAS), a subordinate agency of theState Oceanic Administration(SOA).[6]Haiyang satellites are launched fromTaiyuan Satellite Launch Center(TSLC) intoSun-synchronous orbit(SSO) aboardLong March-seriesrockets.[6]

China's National Satellite Ocean Application Service owns three series of Haiyang-series satellites, Haiyang-1 (HY-1) are designed to measure ocean color, Haiyang-2 (HY-2) to study maritime environment dynamics, and Haiyang-3 (HY-3) to conduct ocean surveillance.[7]

Spacecraft[edit]

Satellite bus[edit]

The first three of a total four Haiyang 1-series satellites are based on the CAST968minisatellite bus,the same used three years prior for theShijian 5and carry multiplepayloads.First launched aboard aLong March 4Brocket withFengyun-1Din May 2002 into sun-synchronous orbit, the 367kgHY-1A measures 1.2m× 1.1m × 0.94m reaching a total length of 7.5 meters with itssolar panelsextended. These satellites uses threemagnetorquersandliquid hydrazinemonopropellantforattitude controland to conduct on-orbitstation-keeping.The spacecraft maintain attitude to approximately a half-degreeusing aSun sensorand infraredEarth sensor.The spacecraft's imaging, transmission, andthermal heating systemsare powered by two extended solar arrays providing 405Watts(320 by end of life) and two packs ofnickel-cadmiumbatteries that produce 23ampere hoursofDC powerwhen the satellites' solar panels are not exposed to the sun.[8]Launched in June 2020, Haiyang 1D was the only satellite of the HY-1 series to be based on the CAST2000 bus instead of the CAST968 bus.

For telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) communication, the HY-1A uses theS-bandwith anuplinkdata-rate of 2kilobits per second(kbps) and adownlinkrate of 4 kbit/s. HY-1A stores up to 80megabitsof gathered payload data from the onboard COCTS and CZI instruments until it establishes communications with theBeijing,Hangzhou,andSanyaground stationto downlink the payload data overX-bandwithquadrature phase shift keying(QPSK) at a rate of 5.32 megabits per second.[8][9]

Sensor payloads[edit]

All four Haiyang 1 satellites (HY-1A through HY-1D) bear two maritime imaging sensors, the Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) and the Coastal Zone Imagery (CZI). Developed by theShanghaiInstitute of Technical Physics (SITP), a subcomponent of theChina Academy of Sciences(CAS), COCTS comprises a focal plane array (FPA), scanner, an electronics box, and a series of optics. The 50 kg sensor system collects 1.1 kmspatial resolutionmaritime imagery within tenbands(eight in visible near infrared, VNIR, and two in thermal infrared, TIR) through a 200mmaperture. COCTS rotates its imager ±35.2º, approximately 1400 km per swath.[8][10]

Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) Bands
Band IR Spectral range S/N Observation function
1 VNIR 0.402 – 0.422μm 440 Yellow substance,water pollution
2 VNIR 0.433 – 0.453 μm 600 Chlorophyllabsorption
3 VNIR 0.480 – 0.500 μm 590 Chlorophyll,sea ice,pollutants, shallowtopography
4 VNIR 0.510 – 0.530 μm 560 Chlorophyll, water depth, low-concentrationsediment
5 VNIR 0.555 – 0.575 μm 525 Chlorophyll, low-concentration sediment
6 VNIR 0.660 – 0.680 μm 390 Fluorescence, high-concentration sediment,aerosols,pollutants,atmospheric correction
7 VNIR 0.745 – 0.785 μm 400 High-concentration sediments, atmospheric correction
8 VNIR 0.845 – 0.885 μm 415 Atmospheric correction,water vapor
9 TIR 10.30 – 11.40 μm N/A Sea surface temperature(SST), sea ice, cloud top temperature
10 TIR 11.40 – 12.50 μm N/A SST, sea ice, cloud top temperature

Also aboard all four HY-1 satellites is a Coastal Zone Imagery (CZI), developed by the Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electricity (BISME,Chinese:Bắc kinh không gian cơ điện nhất thể hóa nghiên cứu sở) under CAST.[11][12]CZI is a four-bandcharge-coupled device(CCD),pushbroommultispectral imager(MSI). Sometimes referred to as the satellites' four-band CCD imager ", CZI is intended to provide 250 m spatial resolution imagery over coastal regions in 36° (500 km) swaths.[8]These bands are:

  • 0.42 – 0.50 μm to observe pollutants, vegetation growth,ocean color,and sea ice
  • 0.52 – 0.60 μm to observe suspended sediments, pollutants, vegetation, sea ice, and wetlands
  • 0.61 – 0.69 μm to observe suspended sediments, soil, and water vapor
  • 0.76 – 0.89 μm to observe soil and water vapor with atmospheric correction[8]

Due to power issues, the CZI sensor aboard Haiyang-1A lost functionality seventeen months after launch on 1 December 2003.[8]

Haiyang 1C and Haiyang 1D both carried anultravioletimager, abbreviated UVI, providing twice-daily global coverage.[13]Used in conjunction with COCTS and CZI, HY-1C and HY-1D have been used to identifyharmful algae bloomssuch ascyanobacteriainLake Tai,detect marineoil spillsnearIndonesia,and measure nearshoreturbiditywith atmospheric correction.[14][15]HY-1C and HY-1D's UVI images in two ultraviolet bands, 0.345 – 0.365 μm and 0.375 – 0.395 μm, both in theUV-Arange.[13]

Both HY-1C and HY-1D are equipped with a satellite calibration spectrometer (SCS) which provides on-orbit radiometric calibration for COCTS and UVI sensor systems.[13][16]

Haiyang 1C and Haiyang 1D also maintain an automatic identification system (AIS) payload, used to track and identify ship locations, to collect, store, and relay AIS messages globally.[13][15]HY-1C and HY-1D's AIS system simultaneously operates on four bands: 161.975MHz,162.025 MHz, 156.775 MHz, and 156.825 MHz with a swath width of over 950 kilometers.[13]

Satellites[edit]

Name Launch Payloads Orbit Orbital apsis Inclination SCN COSPARID Launcher Launch site Status
Haiyang 1A 15 May 2002 COCTS, CZI SSO 787.7 km × 801.4 km 98.6° 27430 2002-024A Long March 4B TSLC Decayed
Haiyang 1B 11 April 2007 COCTS, CZI SSO 787.7 km × 807.7 km 98.3° 31113 2007-010A Long March 2C TSLC Decayed
Haiyang 1C 7 September 2018 COCTS, CZI,UVI,SCS,AIS SSO 776.2 km × 793.5 km 98.4° 43609 2018-068A Long March 2C TSLC Operational
Haiyang 1D 10 June 2020 COCTS, CZI,UVI,SCS,AIS SSO 782.6 km × 787.1 km 98.5° 45721 2020-036A Long March 2C TSLC Operational
Haiyang 1E (TBD 2022) Unknown SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Long March 2C TSLC Planned
Haiyang 1F (TBD 2024) Unknown SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Unknown TSLC Planned
Haiyang 2A 15 August 2011 ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO 975.0 km × 976.0 km 99.3° 37781 2011-043A Long March 4B TSLC Operational
Haiyang 2B 24 October 2018 ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO 972.5 km × 974.5 km 99.3° 43655 2018-081A Long March 4B TSLC Operational
Haiyang 2C 21 September 2020 ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO 953.6 km × 964.6 km 66.0° 46469 2020-066A Long March 4B TSLC Operational
Haiyang 2D 19 May 2021 ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO 950.7 km × 967.4 km 66.0° 48621 2021-043A Long March 4B TSLC Operational
Haiyang 2E (TBD 2023–2028) ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Unknown TSLC Planned
Haiyang 2F (TBD 2024–2029) ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Unknown TSLC Planned
Haiyang 2G (TBD 2025–2030) ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Unknown TSLC Planned
Haiyang 2H (TBD 2023–2028) ALT,CMR, DORIS, LRA, MWRI, SCAT SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Unknown TSLC Planned
Haiyang 3A 16 November 2023 SAR SSO Long March 2C/YZ-1S JSLC Operational
Haiyang 3B (TBD 2024) SAR SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Long March 2C/YZ-1S JSLC Planned
Haiyang 3C (TBD 2022) Unknown SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Unknown TSLC Planned
Haiyang 3D (TBD 2025–2033) Unknown SSO (Planned: Not yet launched) Unknown TSLC Planned
Sources:NASA,US Space Force,CelesTrak,World Meteorological Organization

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^"HY 1A, 1B".Gunter's Space Page. 31 March 2021.Retrieved19 May2021.
  2. ^"HY 1C, 1D".Gunter's Space Page. 22 September 2020.Retrieved19 May2021.
  3. ^"HY 2A, 2B".Gunter's Space Page. 29 September 2020.Retrieved19 May2021.
  4. ^"HY 2C, 2D".Gunter's Space Page. 19 May 2021.Retrieved19 May2021.
  5. ^"HY 3A, 3B".Gunter's Space Page. 10 December 2020.Retrieved19 May2021.
  6. ^abClark, Stephen (22 September 2020)."China launches Haiyang oceanography satellite".Spaceflight Now.
  7. ^HY-2 Series Satellite Status and Future Plans.National Satellite Ocean Application Service. 26 May 2020.
  8. ^abcdef"HY-1A".eoPortal.30 May 2012.
  9. ^Bracher, Astrid (May 2013)."Phytoplankton Community Structure from Ocean Colour: Methods, Validation, Intercomparisons and Applications"(PDF).International Ocean Colour Science Meeting 2013.Retrieved16 November2022– via IOCC.
  10. ^Feng, Qi (2006)."Ten-Bands Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner".2006 Joint 31st International Conference on Infrared Millimeter Waves and 14th International Conference on Teraherz Electronics.p. 165.doi:10.1109/ICIMW.2006.368373.ISBN1-4244-0399-5.S2CID22220927– via IEEE.
  11. ^"Tổ chức cơ cấu"[Organization].China Academy of Space Technology(in Chinese). 2020.
  12. ^Chongling, Guo; Peng, Yang (2021)."Achievements and Prospects of Space Optical Remote Sensing Camera Technology".6th International Symposium of Space Optical Instruments and Applications.Space Technology Proceedings. Vol. 7. pp. 171–181.doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56488-9_15.ISBN978-3-030-56487-2.S2CID234166136– via Springer.
  13. ^abcde"HY-1C_1D".eoPortal.26 May 2020.
  14. ^Suo, Ziyi; Lu, Yingcheng; Liu, Jianqiang; Ding, Jing; Xing, Qianguo; Yin, Dayi; Xu, Feifei; Liu, Jingchao (1 May 2022)."HY-1C ultraviolet imager captures algae blooms floating on water surface".Harmful Algae.114:102218.doi:10.1016/j.hal.2022.102218.ISSN1568-9883.PMID35550297.S2CID247426725.
  15. ^abSuo, Ziyi; Lu, Yingcheng; Liu, Jianqiang; Ding, Jing; Yin, Dayi; Xu, Feifei; Jiao, Junnan (26 April 2021)."Ultraviolet remote sensing of marine oil spills: a new approach of Haiyang-1C satellite"(PDF).Optics Express.29(9): 13486–13495.Bibcode:2021OExpr..2913486S.doi:10.1364/OE.423702.PMID33985080.S2CID233530917.
  16. ^Xu, He-yu; Zhang, Li-ming; Huang, Wen-xin; Xu, Wei-wei; Si, Xiao-long; Chen, Xin Li; Song, Qing-jun (28 September 2020)."Onboard absolute radiometric calibration and validation of the satellite calibration spectrometer on HY-1C"(PDF).Optics Express.28(20): 30015–30034.Bibcode:2020OExpr..2830015X.doi:10.1364/OE.402616.PMID33114888.S2CID224939022.


External links[edit]

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