Handle

Ahandleis a part of, or attachment to, an object that allows it to begraspedandmanipulatedbyhand.The design of each type of handle involves substantialergonomicissues, even where these are dealt with intuitively or by following tradition. Handles fortoolsare an important part of their function, enabling the user to exploit the tools to maximum effect.Package handlesallow for convenient carrying of packages.

General design criteria

The three nearly universal requirements of are:

Sufficient strength to support the object, or to otherwise transmit the force involved in the task the handle serves.
Sufficient length to permit the hand or hands gripping it to comfortably exert the force.^[1]
Sufficiently smallcircumferenceto permit the hand or hands to surround it far enough to grip it as solidly as needed to exert that force.^[2]

Specific needs

Other requirements may apply to specific handles:

A sheath or coating on the handle that providesfrictionagainst the hand, reducing the gripping force needed to achieve a reliable grip.
Designs such as recessed car-door handles, reducing the chance of accidental operation, or simply the inconvenience of "snagging" the handle.
Sufficient circumference to distribute the force comfortably and safely over the hand.^[3]An example where this requirement is almost the sole purpose for a handle's existence is the handle that consists of two pieces: a hollow wooden cylinder about the diameter of a finger and a bit longer than one hand-width, and a stiff wire that passes through the center of the cylinder, has two right angles, and is shaped into a hook at each end. This handle permits comfortable carrying, with otherwise bare hands, of a heavy package, suspended on a tight string that passes around the top and bottom of it: the string is strong enough to support it, but the pressure the string would exert on fingers that grasped it directly would often be unacceptable.
Design to thwart unwanted access, for example, by children or thieves. In these cases many of the other requirements may have reduced importance. For example, a child-proof doorknob can be difficult for even an adult to use.

Pull handles

One major category of handles arepullhandles, where one or more hands grip the handle or handles, and exert force to shorten the distance between the hands and their corresponding shoulders. The three criteria stated above are universal for pull handles.

Many pull handles are for lifting, mostly on objects to be carried.

Horizontal pull handles are widespread, includingdrawer pulls,handles on latchless doors and the outside of car doors. The inside controls for opening car doors from inside are usually pull handles, although their function of permitting the door to bepushedopen is accomplished by an internal unlatching linkage.

Pull handles are also a frequent host of commondoor handle bacteriasuch ase-coli,fungal or other viral infections.^[4]

Two kinds of pull handles may involve motion in addition to the hand-focused motions described:

Pulling the starting cord on a small internal-combustion engine may, besides moving the hand toward the shoulder, also exploit simultaneously pushing a wheeled vehicle away with the other hand, stepping away from the engine, and/or standing from a squat.
Some throwing motions, as in atrack-and-field hammer throw,involve pulling on a handle against centrifugal force (without bringing it closer), in the course of accelerating the thrown object by forcing it into circular motion.

Twist handles

Another category of hand-operated device requires grasping (but not pulling) and rotating the hand and either the lower arm or the whole arm, about their axis. When the grip required is a fist grip, as with adoor handlethat has an arm rather than aknobto twist, the term "handle" unambiguously applies. Another clear case is a rarer device seen on mechanically complicated doors like those of airliners, where (instead of the whole hand moving down as it also rotates, on the door handles just described) the axis of rotation is between the thumb and the outermost fingers, so the thumb moves up if the outer fingers move down.

Handles for wide-range motion

The handles ofbicycle grips,club-style weapons,shovelsandspades,axes,hammers,malletsandhatchets,baseball bats,rackets,golf clubsandcroquetmallets involve a greater range ofergonomicissues.

References

^Schoenmarklin, R W (1989),"Effects of handle angle and work orientation on hammering: II. Muscle fatigue and subjective ratings of body discomfort"(PDF),Human Factors,31(4): 413–420,retrieved24 June2023
^Liao, Kun-Hsi (2016),"Optimal Handle Grip Span for Maximum Hand Grip Strength and Accurate Grip Control Strength Exertion according to Individual Hand Size"(PDF),Osteoporosis & Physical Activity,4(2),retrieved24 June2023
^Wang, Mao-Jiun J. (Winter 2000). "The Effect of Handle Angle on MAWL, Wrist Posture, RPE, and Heart Rate".Human Factors.42(4): 553–565.CiteSeerX10.1.1.1000.7796.doi:10.1518/001872000779698079.PMID 11324850.S2CID 7243355.
^Door Handles Can Spread Germs Archived2018-01-20 at theWayback Machineretrieved November 2016

[1] Schoenmarklin, R W (1989),"Effects of handle angle and work orientation on hammering: II. Muscle fatigue and subjective ratings of body discomfort"(PDF),Human Factors,31(4): 413–420,retrieved24 June2023

[2] Liao, Kun-Hsi (2016),"Optimal Handle Grip Span for Maximum Hand Grip Strength and Accurate Grip Control Strength Exertion according to Individual Hand Size"(PDF),Osteoporosis & Physical Activity,4(2),retrieved24 June2023

[3] Wang, Mao-Jiun J. (Winter 2000). "The Effect of Handle Angle on MAWL, Wrist Posture, RPE, and Heart Rate".Human Factors.42(4): 553–565.CiteSeerX10.1.1.1000.7796.doi:10.1518/001872000779698079.PMID 11324850.S2CID 7243355.

[4] Door Handles Can Spread Germs Archived2018-01-20 at theWayback Machineretrieved November 2016

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