Harry Guntrip

Henry James Samuel Guntrip(29 May 1901 – 1975) was a British psychoanalyst known for his major contributions toobject relations theoryor school of Freudian thought.He was a Fellow of theBritish Psychological Societyand a psychotherapist and lecturer at the Department of Psychiatry,Leeds University,and also a Congregationalist minister. He was described by DrJock Sutherlandas "one of the psychoanalytic immortals".

Work

Guntrip'sPersonality Structure and Human Interactionorganised, critiqued and synthesised the theories of major psychoanalysts, includingMelanie Klein,Ronald Fairbairn,D. W. Winnicott,andMichael Balint.Although he accepted many of Freud's theories, he also advanced his own ideas and criticised Freud as being too based on biology in general, and instincts in particular, and therefore being, in Guntrip's belief, dehumanising. He also drew heavily on the object relational approach of Fairbairn and Winnicott. He argued that the regressed ego, which is perhaps his greatest contribution to psychoanalysis, exerts a powerful effect on life.He viewed theschizoidsense of emptiness as reflecting the withdrawal of energy from the real world into a world of internal object relations.

His personal symptoms led him to be psychoanalysed by both W.R.D. Fairbairn and D.W. Winnicott. Although helpful, the therapy did not cure his problem.

On the schizoid personality

Guntrip worked extensively withschizoidpatients who were detached, withdrawn, and unable to form meaningful human relations. He came to regard the self as the fundamental psychological concept,psychoanalysisas the study of its growth, andpsychoanalytic therapyas a means of providing a personal relationship in which the alienated, withdrawn self is given an opportunity for healthy growth and development, and finally putting it in touch with other persons and objects.

He delineated the following nine characteristics of the schizoid personality:introversion,withdrawnness,narcissism,self-sufficiency, a sense of superiority, loss ofaffect,loneliness,depersonalisation,andregression.These are described in more detail below.

Introversion

Guntrip described the schizoid's inner world thus: "By the very meaning of the term, the schizoid is described as cut off from the world of outer reality in an emotional sense. All thislibidinaldesire and striving is directed inward toward internal objects and he lives an intense inner life often revealed in an astonishing wealth and richness offantasyand imaginative life whenever that becomes accessible to observation. Though mostly his varied fantasy life is carried on in secret, hidden away. "The schizoid person is so cut off from outer reality as to experience it as dangerous. It is a natural human response to turn away from sources of danger and toward sources of safety. The schizoid individual, therefore, is primarily concerned with avoiding danger and ensuring safety.

Withdrawnness

Withdrawnness means detachment from the outer world, the other side of introversion. Only a small portion of schizoid individuals present with a clear and obvious timidity, reluctance, or avoidance of the external world and interpersonal relationships. Many fundamentally schizoid peoplepresentwith an engaging, interactivepersonality style.

Such a person can appear to be available, interested, engaged and involved in interacting with others, but he or she may in reality be emotionally withdrawn and sequestered in a safe place in an internal world. Withdrawnness is a characteristic feature of schizoidpathology,but it is sometimes overt and sometimes covert. Overt withdrawnness matches the usual description of the schizoid personality, but withdrawnness is just as often a covert, hidden, internal state of the patient.

The patient's observable behaviour may not accurately reflect the internal state of their mind. One should not mistake introversion for indifference, and one should not miss identifying the schizoid patient due to misinterpretation of the patient's defensive, compensatory, engaging interaction with external reality.

Narcissism

Guntrip definesnarcissismas "a characteristic that arises out of the predominantly interior life the schizoid lives. His love objects are all inside him and moreover he is greatly identified with them so that his libidinal attachments appear to be in himself. The question, however, is whether the intense inner life of the schizoid is due to a desire for hungry incorporation of external objects or due to withdrawal from the outer to a presumed safer inner world."The need forattachmentas a primary motivational force is as strong in the schizoid person as in any other human being. Because the schizoid's love objects are internal, they find safety without connecting and attaching to objects in the real world (seeNarcissistic defences).

Self-sufficiency

Guntrip observed that a sense of superiority accompanies self-sufficiency. "One has no need of other people, they can be dispensed with... There often goes with it a feeling of being different from other people."The sense of superiority of the schizoid has nothing to do with the grandiose self of the narcissistic disorder. It does not find expression in the schizoid through the need to devalue or annihilate others who are perceived as offending, criticising, shaming, or humiliating. This type of superiority was described by a young schizoid man:

"If I am superior to others, if I am above others, then I do not need others. When I say that I am above others, it does not mean that I feel better than them, it means that I am at a distance from them, a safe distance."

It is a feeling of security rather than of superiority.

Loss of affect

Further information:Affect (psychology)

Guntrip saw loss of affect as inevitable,as the tremendous investment made in the self interferes with the desire and ability to be empathic and sensitive toward another person's experience. These things often seem secondary to securing one's own defensive, safe position. The subjective experience is one of loss of affect.

Some patients experience loss of affect to such a degree that the insensitivity becomes manifest in the extreme ascynicism,callousness, or even cruelty. The patient appears to have no awareness of how his or her comments or actions affect and hurt other people. This loss of affect is more frequently manifest within the patient as genuine confusion, a sense of something missing in his or her emotional life.

Loneliness

Guntrip observed that the preceding characteristics result in loneliness: "Loneliness is an inescapable result of schizoid introversion and abolition of externalrelationships.It reveals itself in the intense longing for friendship and love which repeatedly break through. Loneliness in the midst of a crowd is the experience of the schizoid cut off from affective rapport. "This is a central experience of the schizoid that is often lost to the observer. Contrary to the familiar caricature of the schizoid as uncaring and cold, the vast majority of schizoid persons who become patients express at some point in their treatment their longing for friendship and love. This is not the schizoid patient as described in the DSMs. Such longing, however, may not break through except in the schizoid's fantasy life, to which the therapist may not be allowed access for quite a long period in treatment.

There is a very narrow range of classic DSM-defined schizoids for whom the hope of establishing relationships is so minimal as to be almost extinct. The longing for closeness and attachment is almost unidentifiable to such a person. These individuals will not voluntarily become patients, as the schizoid individual who becomes a patient does so often because of the twin motivations of loneliness and longing. This type of patient believes that some kind of connection and attachment is possible and is well suited topsychotherapy.The psychotherapist, however, may approach the schizoid patient with a sense of therapeutic pessimism, if notnihilism,and may misread the patient by believing that the patient's wariness is indifference and that caution is coldness.

Depersonalization

Guntrip describesdepersonalizationas a loss of a sense ofidentityand individuality. Depersonalization is a dissociative defence, often described by the schizoid patient as "tuning out", "turning off", or as the experience of a separation between the observing and the participatingego.It is experienced most profoundly when anxieties seem overwhelming and is a more extreme form of loss of affect: whereas the loss of affect is a more chronic state in schizoid personality disorder, depersonalisation is an acute defence against more immediate experiences of overwhelming anxiety or danger.

Regression

Further information:Regression (psychology)

Guntrip defined regression as "Representing the fact that the schizoid person at bottom feels overwhelmed by their external world and is in flight from it both inwards and as it were backwards to the safety of the metaphorical womb."Such a process of regression encompasses two different mechanisms: inward and backwards. Regression inward speaks to the magnitude of the reliance on primitive forms of fantasy and self-containment, often of anautoeroticor evenobjectlessnature. Regression backwards to the safety of the womb is a unique schizoid phenomenon and represents the most intense form of schizoid defensive withdrawal in an effort to find safety and to avoid destruction by external reality, which has been conflated with the challenging parental models faced by the subject following exit from the womb upon physical birth. The fantasy of regression to the womb is the fantasy of regression to a place of ultimate safety.

Published works

• Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations, and the Self(1968). Karnac Books.ISBN1-85575-032-5
• Psychoanalytic Theory, Therapy, and the Self: A Basic Guide to the Human Personality in Freud, Erikson, Klein, Sullivan, Fairbairn, Hartmann, Jacobson, and Winnicott(1971). Karnac Books.ISBN0-946439-15-X
• Personality Structure and Human Interaction(1961). Karnac Books.ISBN1-85575-118-6
• Psychology for Ministers and Social Workers(1949)
• You and Your Nerves
• Mental Pain and the Cure of Souls
• Middle Age(withL. J. Tizard)

Further reading

• Hazell, J (1986).H. J. S. Guntrip: A Psychoanalytical Biography,Free Association Books,ISBN1-85343-333-0.

External links

• Psychoanalytic Theory, Therapy, and the SelfArchived28 July 2012 at theWayback Machine– online text
• The Guntrip Trust at The Scottish Institute of Human Relations
• Harry Guntrip papers from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society