Hasan al-Rammah

Hasan al-Rammah(Arabic:حسن الرماح,died 1295) was aSyrian^[1]^[2]^[3]Arab^[4]chemistandengineerduring theMamluk Sultanatewho studiedgunpowdersandexplosives,and sketched prototype instruments of warfare, including the firsttorpedo.^[5]Al-Rammah called his early torpedo "an egg which moves itself and burns." It was made of two sheet-pans of metal fastened together and filled withnaphtha,metal filings, andpotassium nitrate.It was intended to move across the surface of the water, propelled by a large rocket and kept on course by a small rudder.^[6]

Al-Rammah devised several new types of gunpowder^[7]and a new type of fuse and two types of lighters.^[6]

References

^Riper, A. Bowdoin Van (2004).Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology.Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN 978-0-313-32795-7.
^Partington, J. R. (1999).A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder.JHU Press.ISBN 978-0-8018-5954-0.
^Pacey, Arnold (1991).Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History.MIT Press.ISBN 978-0-262-66072-3.
^Elgood, Robert (1995).Firearms of the Islamic World: In the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait.I.B.Tauris.ISBN 9781850439639.
^Hinds, Joseph (23 February 2009)."Very, Very Early Torpedoes".Great History. Archived fromthe originalon 2 November 2013.Retrieved26 November2013.
^^a ^bPartington, James Riddick(1999),A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder,Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 203,ISBN 0-8018-5954-9
^Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (1992-03-27).Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History(1st ed.). Cambridge; New York: Paris: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-42239-0.

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[1] Riper, A. Bowdoin Van (2004).Rockets and Missiles: The Life Story of a Technology.Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN 978-0-313-32795-7.

[2] Partington, J. R. (1999).A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder.JHU Press.ISBN 978-0-8018-5954-0.

[3] Pacey, Arnold (1991).Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History.MIT Press.ISBN 978-0-262-66072-3.

[4] Elgood, Robert (1995).Firearms of the Islamic World: In the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait.I.B.Tauris.ISBN 9781850439639.

[5] Hinds, Joseph (23 February 2009)."Very, Very Early Torpedoes".Great History. Archived fromthe originalon 2 November 2013.Retrieved26 November2013.

[Partington-6] Partington, James Riddick(1999),A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder,Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 203,ISBN 0-8018-5954-9

[7] Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (1992-03-27).Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History(1st ed.). Cambridge; New York: Paris: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-42239-0.

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