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Healthy diet

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Some healthy foods includingbeans,grains,cauliflower,cantaloupe,pasta,bread,orange,turkey,fish,carrots,turnips,zucchini,snowpeas,string beans,radishes,asparagus,summer squash,lean beef,tomatoes,andpotatoes[1]

Ahealthy dietis adietthat maintains or improves overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essentialnutrition:fluid,macronutrientssuch asprotein,micronutrientssuch asvitamins,and adequatefibreandfood energy.[2][3]

A healthy diet may contain fruits, vegetables, andwhole grains,and may include little to noultra-processed foodsorsweetened beverages.The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety ofplant-basedand animal-based foods, although additional sources ofvitamin B12are needed for those following avegan diet.[4]Variousnutrition guidesare published by medical and governmental institutions to educate individuals on what they should be eating to be healthy.Nutrition facts labelsare also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health.[5][6]

Recommendations

World Health Organization

TheWorld Health Organization(WHO) makes the following five recommendations with respect to both populations and individuals:[7]

  1. Maintain a healthy weight by eating roughly the same number of calories that your body is using.
  2. Limit intake of fats to no more than 30% of total caloric intake, preferringunsaturated fatstosaturated fats.Avoidtrans fats.
  3. Eat at least 400 grams offruitsand vegetables per day (not counting potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava, and other starchy roots). A healthy diet also containslegumes(e.g. lentils, beans),whole grains,andnuts.[8]
  4. Limit the intake of simple sugars to less than 10% of caloric intake (below 5% of calories or 25 grams may be even better).[9]
  5. Limit salt/sodiumfrom all sources and ensure thatsalt is iodized.Less than 5 grams of salt per day can reduce the risk ofcardiovascular disease.[10]

The WHO has stated that insufficient vegetables and fruit is the cause of 2.8% of deaths worldwide.[10][failed verification]

Other WHO recommendations include:

United States Department of Agriculture

Main article:History of USDA nutrition guides
Main article:MyPlate

TheDietary Guidelines for Americansby theUnited States Department of Agriculture(USDA) recommends three healthy patterns of diet, summarized in the table below, for a 2000 kcal diet.[11][12][13]These guidelines are increasingly adopted by various groups and institutions for recipe and meal plan development.[14]

The guidelines emphasize both health and environmental sustainability and a flexible approach. The committee that drafted it wrote: "The major findings regarding sustainable diets were that a diet higher in plant-based foods, such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and lower in calories and animal-based foods is more health promoting and is associated with less environmental impact than is the current U.S. diet. This pattern of eating can be achieved through a variety of dietary patterns, including the" Healthy U.S.-style Pattern ", the" Healthy Vegetarian Pattern "and the" Healthy Mediterranean-style Pattern ".[15]Food group amounts are per day, unless noted per week.

The three healthy patterns
Food group/subgroup (units) U.S. style Vegetarian Med-style
Fruits(cup eq) 2 2 2.5
Vegetables (cup eq) 2.5 2.5 2.5
Dark green 1.5/wk 1.5/wk 1.5/wk
Red/orange 5.5/wk 5.5/wk 5.5/wk
Starchy 5/wk 5/wk 5/wk
Legumes 1.5/wk 3/wk 1.5/wk
Others 4/wk 4/wk 4/wk
Grains (oz eq) 6 6.5 6
Whole 3 3.5 3
Refined 3 3 3
Dairy(cup eq) 3 3 2
Protein Foods(oz eq) 5.5 3.5 6.5
Meat (red and processed) 12.5/wk – 12.5/wk
Poultry 10.5/wk – 10.5/wk
Seafood 8/wk – 15/wk
Eggs 3/wk 3/wk 3/wk
Nuts/seeds 4/wk 7/wk 4/wk
Processed Soy (including tofu) 0.5/wk 8/wk 0.5/wk
Oils(grams) 27 27 27
Solid fatslimit (grams) 18 21 17
Added sugarslimit (grams) 30 36 29

American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research

TheAmerican Heart Association,World Cancer Research Fund,andAmerican Institute for Cancer Researchrecommend a diet that consists mostly of unprocessed plant foods, with emphasis on a wide range of whole grains, legumes, and non-starchy vegetables and fruits. This healthy diet includes a wide range of non-starchy vegetables and fruits which provide different colors including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange. The recommendations note that tomato cooked with oil, allium vegetables like garlic, andcruciferous vegetableslike cauliflower, provide some protection against cancer. This healthy diet is low in energy density, which may protect against weight gain and associated diseases. Finally, limiting consumption of sugary drinks, limiting energy-rich foods, including "fast foods" and red meat, and avoiding processed meats improves health and longevity. Overall, researchers and medical policymakers conclude that this healthy diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease and cancer.[16][17]

It is recommended that children consume 25 grams or less of added sugar (100 calories) per day.[18]Other recommendations include no extra sugars in those under two years old and less than one soft drink per week.[18]As of 2017, decreasing total fat is no longer recommended, but instead, the recommendation to lower risk ofcardiovascular diseaseis to increase consumption ofmonounsaturated fatsandpolyunsaturated fats,while decreasing consumption ofsaturated fats.[19]

Harvard School of Public Health

The Nutrition Source ofHarvard School of Public Health(HSPH) makes the following dietary recommendations:[20]

  • Eat healthy fats: healthy fats are necessary and beneficial for health.[21]HSPH "recommends the opposite of the low-fat message promoted for decades by the USDA" and "does not set a maximum on the percentage of calories people should get each day from healthy sources of fat."[20]Healthy fats include polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and fish. Foods containing trans fats are to be avoided, while foods high in saturated fats like red meat, butter, cheese, ice cream, coconut and palm oil negatively impact health and should be limited.[21][22]
  • Eat healthy protein: the majority of protein should come from plant sources when possible: lentils, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains; avoid processed meats like bacon.[23]
  • Eat mostly vegetables, fruit, and whole grains.[20]
  • Drink water. Consume sugary beverages, juices, and milk only in moderation. Artificially sweetened beverages contribute to weight gain because sweet drinks cause cravings. 100% fruit juice is high in calories. The ideal amount of milk and calcium is not known today.[24]
  • Pay attention to salt intake from commercially prepared foods: most of the dietary salt comes from processed foods, "not from salt added to cooking at home or even from salt added at the table before eating."[25]
  • Vitamins and minerals: must be obtained from food because they are not produced in our body. They are provided by a diet containing healthy fats, healthy protein, vegetables, fruit, milk and whole grains.[26][24]
  • Pay attention to the carbohydrates package: the type of carbohydrates in the diet is more important than the amount of carbohydrates. Good sources for carbohydrates are vegetables, fruits, beans, and whole grains. Avoid sugared sodas, 100% fruit juice, artificially sweetened drinks, and other highly processed food.[24][20]

Other than nutrition, the guide recommends staying active and maintaining a healthybody weight.[20]

Others

David L. Katz,who reviewed the most prevalent popular diets in 2014, noted:

The weight of evidence strongly supports a theme of healthful eating while allowing for variations on that theme. A diet of minimally processed foods close to nature, predominantly plants, is decisively associated with health promotion and disease prevention and is consistent with the salient components of seemingly distinct dietary approaches. Efforts to improve public health through diet are forestalled not for want of knowledge about the optimal feeding of Homo sapiens but for distractions associated with exaggerated claims, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do. Knowledge in this case is not, as of yet, power; would that it were so.[27]

Marion Nestleexpresses the mainstream view among scientists who study nutrition:[28]: 10 

The basic principles of good diets are so simple that I can summarize them in just ten words: eat less, move more, eat lots of fruits and vegetables. For additional clarification, a five-word modifier helps: go easy onjunk foods.Follow these precepts and you will go a long way toward preventing the major diseases of our overfed society—coronary heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, stroke, osteoporosis, and a host of others.... These precepts constitute the bottom line of what seem to be the far more complicated dietary recommendations of many health organizations and national and international governments—the forty-one "key recommendations" of the 2005 Dietary Guidelines, for example.... Although you may feel as though advice about nutrition is constantly changing, the basic ideas behind my four precepts have not changed in half a century. And they leave plenty of room for enjoying the pleasures of food.[29]: 22 

Historically, a healthy diet was defined as a diet comprising more than 55% of carbohydrates, less than 30% of fat and about 15% of proteins.[30]This view is currently shifting towards a more comprehensive framing of dietary needs as a global need of various nutrients with complex interactions, instead of per nutrient type needs.[31]

Specific conditions

Diabetes

A healthy diet in combination with being active can help those with diabetes keep their blood sugar in check.[32]TheUS CDCadvises individuals with diabetes to plan for regular, balanced meals and to include more nonstarchy vegetables, reduce added sugars and refined grains, and focus on whole foods instead of highly processed foods.[33]Generally, people with diabetes and those at risk are encouraged to increase their fiber intake.[34]

Hypertension

A low-sodium diet is beneficial for people with high blood pressure. A 2008Cochrane reviewconcluded that a long-term (more than four weeks) low-sodium diet lowers blood pressure, both in people withhypertension(high blood pressure) and in those with normal blood pressure.[35]

TheDASH diet(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is a diet promoted by theNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute(part of theNIH,a United States government organization) to control hypertension. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake ofsodium,[36]and the diet also generally encourages the consumption of nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruits, and vegetables while lowering the consumption of red meats, sweets, and sugar. It is also "rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as protein".

TheMediterranean diet,which includes limiting consumption of red meat and using olive oil in cooking, has also been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes.[37]

Obesity

Further information:Dieting

Healthy diets in combination withphysical exercisecan be used by people who areoverweightorobesetolose weight,although this approach is not by itself an effective long-termtreatment for obesityand is primarily effective for only a short period (up to one year), after which some of the weight is typically regained.[38][39]Ameta-analysisfound no difference between diet types (low-fat,low-carbohydrate,andlow-calorie), with a 2–4 kilograms (4.4–8.8 lb) weight loss.[40]This level of weight loss is by itself insufficient to move a person from an 'obese'body mass index(BMI) category to a 'normal' BMI.

Gluten-related disorders

Further information:Gluten-free diet

Gluten, a mixture ofproteinsfound in wheat and related grains includingbarley,rye,oat,and all their species and hybrids (such asspelt,kamut,andtriticale),[41]causeshealth problemsfor those withgluten-related disorders,includingceliac disease,non-celiac gluten sensitivity,gluten ataxia,dermatitis herpetiformis,andwheat allergy.[42]In these people, the gluten-free diet is the only available treatment.[43][44][45]

Epilepsy

Further information:Ketogenic diet

Theketogenic dietis a treatment to reduceepileptic seizuresfor adults and children when managed by a health care team.[46]

Research

Further information:Diet and cancer

Preliminary research indicated that a diet high in fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and death, but not cancer.[47]Eating a healthy diet andgetting enough exercisecan maintain body weight within the normal range and reduce the risk of obesity in most people.[48]A 2021scientific reviewof evidence on diets for lowering the risk ofatherosclerosisfound that:[49]

low consumption of salt and foods of animal origin, and increased intake of plant-based foods—whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts—are linked with reduced atherosclerosis risk. The same applies for the replacement of butter and other animal/tropical fats with olive oil and other unsaturated-fat-rich oil. [...] With regard to meat, new evidence differentiates processed and red meat—both associated with increasedCVDrisk—from poultry, showing a neutral relationship with CVD for moderate intakes. [...] New data endorse the replacement of most highglycemic index(GI) foods with both whole grain and low GI cereal foods.

Scientific research is also investigating impacts of nutrition on health- and lifespans beyond any specific range of diseases.

This section istranscludedfromLife extension#Healthy diet.(edit|history)

Research suggests that increasing adherence toMediterranean dietpatterns is associated with a reduction in total and cause-specific mortality, extending health- and lifespan.[50][51][52][53]Research is identifying the key beneficial components of the Mediterranean diet.[54][55]Studies suggest dietary changes are a factor ofnationalrelative rises in life-span.[56] Moreover, not only do the components of diets matter but the total caloric content and eating patterns may also impact health –dietary restriction such as caloric restrictionis considered to be potentially healthy to include in eating patterns in various ways in terms of health- and lifespan.[57][58]

Unhealthy diets

An unhealthy diet is a major risk factor for a number ofchronic diseasesincluding:high blood pressure,high cholesterol,diabetes,abnormal blood lipids,overweight/obesity,cardiovascular diseases,and cancer.[59]TheWorld Health Organizationhas estimated that 2.7 million deaths each year are attributable to a diet low in fruit and vegetables during the 21st century.[60]Globally, such diets are estimated to cause about 19% ofgastrointestinal cancer,31% ofischaemic heart disease,and 11% ofstrokes,[6]thus making it one of the leadingpreventable causes of deathworldwide,[61]and the 4th leading risk factor forany disease.[62]As an example, theWestern pattern dietis "rich in red meat, dairy products, processed and artificially sweetened foods, and salt, with minimal intake of fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes, and whole grains," contrasted by theMediterranean dietwhich is associated with lessmorbidityandmortality.[63]

Dietary patterns that lead to non-communicable diseases generate productivity losses. Atrue cost accounting (TCA)assessment on the hidden impacts of agrifood systems estimated that unhealthy dietary patterns generate more than USD 9 trillion in health-related hidden costs in 2020, which is 73 percent of the total quantified hidden costs of global agrifood systems (USD 12.7 trillion). Globally, the average productivity losses per person from dietary intake is equivalent to 7 percent of GDPpurchasing power parity(PPP) in 2020; low-income countries report the lowest value (4 percent), while other income categories report 7 percent or higher.[64]

Fad diet

Further information:Fad diet

Some publicized diets, often referred to asfad diets,makeexaggerated claimsof fast weight loss or other health advantages, such as longer life ordetoxificationwithoutclinical evidence;many fad diets are based on highly restrictive or unusual food choices.[65][66][67]Celebrity endorsements (including celebrity doctors) are frequently associated with such diets, and the individuals who develop and promote these programs often profit considerably.[28]: 11–12 [68]

Public health

Most of the people unable to afford a healthy diet in 2021 lived in southern Asia, and in eastern and western Africa

Consumers are generally aware of the elements of a healthy diet, but find nutrition labels and diet advice in popular media confusing.[69]

Vending machinesare criticized for being avenues of entry into schools forjunk foodpromoters, but there is little in the way of regulation and it is difficult for most people to properly analyze the real merits of a company referring to itself as "healthy." TheCommittee of Advertising Practicein the United Kingdom launched a proposal to limit media advertising for food and soft drink products high in fat, salt, or sugar.[70]TheBritish Heart Foundationreleased its own government-funded advertisements, labeled "Food4Thought", which were targeted at children and adults to discourage unhealthy habits of consuming junk food.[71]

From apsychologicalandculturalperspective, a healthier diet may be difficult to achieve for people with poor eating habits.[72]This may be due to tastes acquired in childhood and preferences for sugary, salty, and fatty foods.[73]In 2018, the UK chief medical officer recommended that sugar and salt be taxed to discourage consumption.[74]The UK government 2020 Obesity Strategy encourages healthier choices by restrictingpoint-of-sale promotionsof less-healthy foods and drinks.[75]

The effectiveness of population-level health interventions has included food pricing strategies, mass media campaigns and worksite wellness programs.[76]One peso per liter of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) price intervention implemented in Mexico produced a 12% reduction in SSB purchasing.[77]Mass media campaigns in Pakistan and the USA aimed at increasing vegetable and fruit consumption found positive changes in dietary behavior.[77]Reviews of the effectiveness of worksite wellness interventions found evidence linking the programs to weight loss and increased fruit and vegetable consumption.[78]

Other animals

Animals that are kept by humans also benefit from a healthy diet, but the requirements of such diets may be very different from the ideal human diet.[79]

See also

References

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External links

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