Help:IPA/Korean

This is thepronunciation keyforIPAtranscriptions of Korean on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Korean in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensuson thetalk pagefirst.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)representsKorean languagepronunciations inWikipediaarticles. It is based on thestandard dialect of South Koreaand may not represent some of the sounds in theNorth Koreandialect or in other dialects. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPAandWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

SeeKorean phonologyfor a more thorough look at the sounds of Korean.

Koreanconsonants
IPA	Hangul	Example		English approximation
IPA	Hangul	Hangul	RR	English approximation
b^[1]	ㅂ	이불	ibul	ball
β^[2]^[3]	ㅎ (ㅸ)	오후	ohu	roughly likeupvote
ç^[4]	ㅎ	힘, 흉내	him,hyungnae	human
ɕ^[5]	ㅅ	시루	siru	roughly likeshe
ɕ͈^[5]	ㅆ ㅅ	씨, 국수	ssi, guksu	seen
d^[1]	ㄷ	민들레	mindeulle	doll
dz^[6]	ㅈ	나중	najung	beds
dʑ^[1]	ㅈ [ㄷ이]	아버지, 해돋이	abeoji, haedoji	roughly likegee
ɸ^[3]	ㅎ[호] [후]	활, 훗날	hwal,hunnal	roughly likewho
ɡ^[1]	ㄱ	마개	magae	gall
ɣ^[2]^[7]	ㄱ	아가	aga	Spanishamigooragain,but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth
h	ㅎ	햇잎	haennip	hall
ɦ^[2]	ㅎ	마흔	maheun	RPbehind
j	[ㅛ, ㅠ,ㅑ,ㅕ, ㅖ, ㅒ]^[8]	여울	yeoul	you
ʝ^[2]^[4]	ㅎ	감히	gamhi	roughly likeyou
k	ㄱ	구이	gui	sky
k̚	ㄱ ㅋ^[9]	바지락	bajirak	lock
k͈	ㄲ	꿩, 젓갈	kkwong, jeotgal	skin
kʰ	ㅋ [ㄱㅎ] [ㅎㄱ]	코, 석회, 않기	ko, seokhoe, angi	cup
ɭ	ㄹ [ㄴ]^[10]	알, 신라	al,Silla	hall
m	ㅁ [ㅂ]^[11]	못, 압력	mot, amnyeok	mall
n	ㄴ [ㄹ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ]^[12]	누리	nuri	not
ŋ	ㅇ(ㆁ) [ㄱ]^[13]	가랑비, 먹물	garangbi, meongmul	king
p	ㅂ	바다	bada	spa
p̚	ㅂㅍ^[14]	부삽, 잎	busap,ip	clip
p͈	ㅃㅂ	뿔, 먹보	ppul, meokbo	spit
pʰ	ㅍ[ㅂㅎ] [ㅎㅂ]	푸서리, 잡학	puseori, japhak	paint
ɾ	ㄹ [ㄹㅇ]	여드레, 얼음	yeodeure, eoreum	ScottishgreatorAmericanatom
sʰ	ㅅ	수박	subak	likesee,butaspirated(with more breath)
s͈	ㅆ	쌀, 열쇠	ssal, yeolsoe	saw
t	ㄷ	돌	dol	star
t̚	ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ^[15]	곧, 뭍, 옷, 젖, 낯	got,mut,ot,jeot,nat	let
t͈	ㄸ ㄷ	떡, 막대	tteok, makdae	stall
tʰ	ㅌ[ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ]	구태여, 맞흥정, 닳다	gutaeyeo, matheungjeong, dalda	tall
ts^[6]	ㅈ	측정	cheukjeong	cats
ts͈^[6]	ㅉ	짤림	jjallim	cats
tsʰ^[6]	ㅊ [ㅈㅎ] [ㅎㅈ]	참새	chamsae	let's have
tɕ	ㅈ	자투리	jaturi	roughly likepatch
tɕ͈	ㅉ	돌쩌귀, 꺽지	doljjeogwi, kkeokji	roughly likepatch
tɕʰ	ㅊ [ㄷ히] [ㅎㅈ]	눈초리, 맞히다, 닳지	nunchori, machida, dalji	roughly likecheek
w	[ㅙ, ㅞ]^[16]	왜가리, 꿰맴질	waegari, kkwemaemjil	wall
x^[7]	ㅎ	흙	heuk	loch
z^[17]	ㅿ	ᅀᅵᆫ간	zingan	zebra
ʔ^[18]	ㆆ	ᅙᅵᆯ	qil	uh-oh

Koreanvowelsanddiphthongs^[19]
IPA	Hangul	Example		English approximation
IPA	Hangul	Hangul	RR^[20]	English approximation
a	ㅏ	하루	haru	up
aː	ㅏ	밤	bam	spa
ɒ^[17]	ㆍ	ᄌᆞ주	jawju	yawn
ʌ	ㅓ	거울	geoul	Conservativeup
əː	ㅓ	어른	eoreun	RPherd
ɛ	ㅐ	개구리	gaeguri	bet
ɛː	ㅐ	냇물	naenmul	GAbed
e	ㅔ	메주	meju	rate
eː	ㅔ	게장	gejang	raid
i	ㅢ^[21]	흰색	huinsaek	peak
i	ㅣ	피	pi	beat
iː	ㅣ	실타래	siltarae	bead
o	ㅗ	오늘	oneul	sort
oː	ㅗ	모레	more	sword
ø	ㅚ^[16]	쇠뇌	soenoe	wet
øː	ㅚ^[16]	왼손	oenson	wed
u	ㅜ	우물	umul	root
uː	ㅜ	둘	dul	rude
ɯ	ㅡ	버들	beodeul	foot
ɯː	ㅡ	그림	geurim	good
ɰi	ㅢ	민주주의	minjujuui	somewhat likewe
y	ㅟ^[16]	귀엣말	gwienmal	somewhat likesweet
yː	ㅟ^[16]	쉰	swin	somewhat likeswede

Koreansuprasegmentals
IPA	Description
ː	Geminated consonant^[22]
ˈ	Primary stress(placed before the stressed syllable)
ˌ	Secondary stress(placed before the stressed syllable)
.	Syllable break

Notes[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^dThe plain stops and affricate/pttɕk/are voiced to[bddʑɡ]respectively between voiced sounds.
^^a ^b ^c ^dㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds.
^^a ^b[ɸ]is the allophone of/h/before/u/or/w/.
^^a ^b[ç]is the allophone of/h/before/i/or/j/.
^^a ^b[ɕɕ͈]are the allophones of/ss͈/before/i/and/j/.
^^a ^b ^c ^d[tsts͈tsʰdz]occur in the North Korean dialect.
^^a ^b[x]is the allophone of/h/before/ɯ/.
^/j/cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.
^ㄱ and ㅋ arek̚and RRkat the end of a syllable.
^ㄹ is[ɭ]at the end of a syllable. ㄹㄴ and ㄴㄹ may be[ɭː].
^ㅂ is[m]before/n/or/m/.
^ㄹ may be[n]at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are[n]before/n/or/m/.
^ㅇ is[ŋ]at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is[ŋ]before/n/,/m/,or/ɾ/.
^ㅂ and ㅍ are[p̚]and RRpat the end of a syllable.
^ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ aret̚and RRtat the end of a syllable.
^^a ^b ^c/w/is spelled ㅜ before/ʌ/,/e/,/i/(the latter combination producing/y/~[ɥi]) and ㅗ before/ɛ/,/a/;ㅚ/ø/can also be pronounced[we].
^^a ^bThe sounds /z/ and /ɒ/ are no longer present in Modern Korean, and their respective symbols no longer pertain to the Hangeul Script in usage. However, /ɒ/ is still used for Jeju.
^Cite error: The named referenceglottal stopwas invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
^In Standard Korean,vowel lengthis contrastive, but this has mostly been lost in the spoken language.
^Vowel lengthis not reflected in the romanization.
^When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, /ɰi/ is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to /i/.
^Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) inregressive assimilation.

References[edit]

Heo, Yong (2013). "An analysis and interpretation of Korean vowel systems".Acta Koreana.16(1): 23–43.
Lee, Hyun-bok (1999). "An IPA Illustration of Korean".Handbook of the International Phonetic Association.p. 120–123.
Lee, Hyun-bok (2002).음성의 연구와 음성의 표기법[Phonetic Notation in Phonetic Research: IPA and International Korean Phonetic Alphabet](PDF).INTERSPEECH-2002.
Lee, Hyun-bok (2004).In search of a universal phonetic alphabet – theory and application of an organic visible speech(PDF).INTERSPEECH-2004.
Shin, J. (2015). Vowels and Consonants. In L. Brown & J. Yeon (Eds.).The Handbook of Korean Linguistics(pp. 36–21). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
Shin, J., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2012).The Sounds of Korean.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sohn, Ho-min (2001).The Korean Language.Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0521369436.

External links[edit]

Hangul–IPA ConverteratArtificial Intelligence LaboratoryofPusan National University

[between_voiced-1] The plain stops and affricate/pttɕk/are voiced to[bddʑɡ]respectively between voiced sounds.

[h_between_voiced-2] ㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds.

[labialized_h-3] [ɸ]is the allophone of/h/before/u/or/w/.

[palatalized_h-4] [ç]is the allophone of/h/before/i/or/j/.

[palatalized_s-5] [ɕɕ͈]are the allophones of/ss͈/before/i/and/j/.

[back_affricates-6] [tsts͈tsʰdz]occur in the North Korean dialect.

[velarized_h-7] [x]is the allophone of/h/before/ɯ/.

[8] /j/cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.

[9] ㄱ and ㅋ arek̚and RRkat the end of a syllable.

[10] ㄹ is[ɭ]at the end of a syllable. ㄹㄴ and ㄴㄹ may be[ɭː].

[11] ㅂ is[m]before/n/or/m/.

[12] ㄹ may be[n]at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are[n]before/n/or/m/.

[13] ㅇ is[ŋ]at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is[ŋ]before/n/,/m/,or/ɾ/.

[14] ㅂ and ㅍ are[p̚]and RRpat the end of a syllable.

[15] ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ aret̚and RRtat the end of a syllable.

[w-16] /w/is spelled ㅜ before/ʌ/,/e/,/i/(the latter combination producing/y/~[ɥi]) and ㅗ before/ɛ/,/a/;ㅚ/ø/can also be pronounced[we].

[unused_or_archaic-17] The sounds /z/ and /ɒ/ are no longer present in Modern Korean, and their respective symbols no longer pertain to the Hangeul Script in usage. However, /ɒ/ is still used for Jeju.

[glottal_stop-18] Cite error: The named referenceglottal stopwas invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).

[19] In Standard Korean,vowel lengthis contrastive, but this has mostly been lost in the spoken language.

[20] Vowel lengthis not reflected in the romanization.

[not_word_initial_ui-21] When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, /ɰi/ is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to /i/.

[22] Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) inregressive assimilation.

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Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]