Help:IPA/Malay
 | This is thepronunciation keyforIPAtranscriptions of Malay on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Malay in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensuson thetalk pagefirst. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)representsMalay(MalaysianandIndonesian) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPAandWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
SeeMalay phonologyfor a more thorough look at the sounds of Malay.
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Notes
- ^abcdef/p/,/t/,/k/areunaspirated,as in theRomance languages,or as in Englishspy, sty, sky.In final position, they areunreleased[p̚,t̪̚,ʔ̚],with finalkbeing aglottal stop./b,d/are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced,[p̚,t̚].There is noliaison:they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as inkulit ubi"potato skins", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
- ^abcdeThe fricatives[f,z,ʃ,x]are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ‹v› in loanwords as[v];otherwise it is[f].The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ^abcThe glottal stop[ʔ]is an allophone of/k/and/ɡ/in the coda:baik,bapak.It is also used between identical vowels inhiatus.Only a few words have this sound in the middle, e.g.bakso(meatballs) andrakyat(alternative word of 'people' or 'society'). It may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such asAl Qur'an.
- ^In traditional Malay areas, therhotic consonant/r/is realized as a velar or uvular fricative,[ɣ]or[ʁ],and elided word-finally. Elsewhere, including in Standard Indonesian, it is an alveolar tap[ɾ]or trill[r].Its position relative to schwa is ambiguous:kertas"paper" may be pronounced[krəˈtas]or[kərəˈtas].
- ^abIn Malaysian, word-final/a/is often reduced to[ə].
- ^[ɑ] is an occasional allophone of /a/after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords,example:qari[qɑri].
- ^abcd[e,o]areallophonesof/i,u/in native words in closed final syllables, but have become established as distinct phonemes in English and Javanese loanwords. The diphthongs/ai,au/,which only occur in open syllables, are often merged into[e,o],respectively, especially inJava.
- ^The Malay/Indonesian/e/doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel ofclay(for most English dialects) and the vowel ofget.The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ^abcd/e,i,o,u/inIndonesian languagehavelaxallophones[ɛ,ɪ,ɔ,ʊ]inclosed final syllables,except that tense[i,u]occur in stressed syllables with a coda nasal, and lax[ɛ,ɔ]also occur in open syllables if the following syllable contains the same lax vowel.
- ^The Malay/o/doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel ofsole(for most English dialects) and the vowel ofraw.The Malay/Indonesian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ^abcdeThe pronunciation with the lax allophone [ɪ] or [ʊ] only occurs in Indonesian.
- ^Stress generally falls on thepenultimatesyllable. If that syllable contains a schwa[ə],stress shifts to theantepenultif there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.