Help:IPA/Norwegian
 | This is thepronunciation keyforIPAtranscriptions of Norwegian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Norwegian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensuson thetalk pagefirst. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.For the distinction between[ ],/ /and ⟨⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The chart below shows how theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)representsNorwegian languagepronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, seeTemplate:IPAandWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
The accent that has been used here as a model isUrban East Norwegian,the pronunciation ofBokmålspoken in the Oslo region and most commonly taught to foreigners.
See alsoNorwegian phonologyandNorwegian orthography § Sound to spelling correspondencesfor more details about pronunciation of Norwegian.
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Notes[edit]
- ^abcdeClusters of/r/andlaminalconsonants/rd/,/rn/,/rs/,/rt/produceretroflexrealizations in a recursiveSandhiprocess:[ɖ],[ɳ],[ʂ],[ʈ].
- ^abIn contemporary Urban East Norwegian, there are two lateral approximant phonemes: apical/l/and laminal/l̻/.There is no longer a difference between the historical/rl/and the simple/l/when not preceded by/oː/or/ɑː/.The most common lateral is the non-velarized apical alveolar[l].Only the laminal[l̻]occurs after/t,d,n/(in this guide transcribed the same as[l]) and after/ɔ/and/ɑ/.After/oː/and/ɑː/,the two phonemes contrast. The laminal phoneme is velarized[ɫ̻](transcribed in this guide without the diacritic) after back vowels butnotafter the central/ə/(Kristoffersen 2000:25).
- ^abWhen a lateral approximant occurs between two stressable vowels (i.e. any vowels other than/ə/) in a compound word, the coloring of the lateral depends on whether it occurs in a morpheme-final position or not. If there is a morpheme boundary between the vowel and/l/(as inHordaland), the lateral is clear[l]regardless of the preceding vowel.
- ^/ɽ/often alternates with/l/(sometimes with/r/), but there is a small number of words in which only/ɽ/occurs (Kristoffersen 2000:24, 90).
- ^This sound occurs in native words across word boundaries.
- ^Stressed short vowels usually trigger thegeminationof the following consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word.
- ^abThe rise that often follows is only realized at the end of an intonational phrase. It is non-phonemic.
- ^abcdefghijklmn[ɔ,oː,œ,øː,ʏ,yː,ɔʏ,œʏ]areprotruded vowels,while[ʉ,ʉː,ʊ,uː](including the[ʉ]element in[æʉ]and[ʉɪ]) arecompressed.
- ^abcdThe distinction between compressed[ʉ]and protruded[y]is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers: Similarly,
- ^[ɛɪ]appears only in recent loanwords. Speakers who do not have[ɛɪ]in their diphthong inventory replace it with[æɪ](Kristoffersen 2000:19).
- ^[ʉɪ]appears only in the wordhui(Kristoffersen 2000:19).
References[edit]
- Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969),Norsk Uttaleordbok(in Norwegian), Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard)
- Kristoffersen, Gjert(2000),The Phonology of Norwegian,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-823765-5
- Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997],Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache(3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag,ISBN3-926972-54-8
- Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996],Norsk språklydlære med øvelser(in Norwegian) (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS,ISBN82-456-0178-0
- Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk(in Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN82-990584-0-6
- Vanvik, Arne (1985),Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary,Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN978-8299058414
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- "Lexin".Uni Research Computing.
- "Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter"(in Norwegian). Trondheim: Institutt for språk- og kommunikasjonsstudier, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet.