Help:References and page numbers

Whenciting sourcesin Wikipedia articles, thecitationmust clearly support the material as presented in the article, per theverifiability policy.It helps to give a page number or page range—or a section, chapter, or other division of the source—because then the reader does not have to carefully review the whole cited source to find the relevant supporting evidence, which promotes efficient source checking. This page shows examples of various ways to include a page number or page range in citations as well as various ways to cite the same source multiple times with different page numbers. It also summarizes ways to includeother in-source locations.

The following examples useCitation Style 1templates, but these are not required (see the sectionInline citationsin the guidelineCiting sourcesfor alternatives). For a basic introduction to citation templates, seeHelp:Referencing for beginners with citation templates.

Page numbers in the reference list

This example usesFootnotes.

This example is the most basic and includes unique references for each citation, showing the page numbers in the reference list. This repeats the citation, changing the page number. A disadvantage is that this can create a lot of redundant text in the reference listwhen a source is cited many times. So consider using one of the alternatives listed in the sections below this one.

Markup	Renders as
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972 |page=5}}</ref> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972 |pages=6–7}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}	The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Then it becomes much thicker in the middle. References

Shortened footnotes

The following two examples useShortened footnotes,showing the author(s) and date and page number(s) in the notes list and a separate list for the full reference. An advantage is that the list of full references can be sorted arbitrarily—for example, by author last name or by publication date. A disadvantage is that it is necessary to have two separate sections for short and full references.

Shortened footnotes using{{harvtxt}}or{{harvnb}}:

Markup	Renders as
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref>{{harvtxt|Elk|1972|p=5}}</ref> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref>{{harvnb|Elk|1972|p=6–7}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972}} {{refend}}	The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Then it becomes much thicker in the middle. Notes References Elk, Anne (November 16, 1972).Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses.

Shortened footnotes using{{sfn}}:

Markup	Renders as
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{sfn|Elk|1972a|p=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972a|p=6–7}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972a}} {{refend}}	The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Then it becomes much thicker in the middle. Notes References Elk, Anne (November 16, 1972a).Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses.

The next example shows that it is possible to mixFootnotesandShortened footnoteswith the full reference in the first footnote and shortened footnotes for subsequent references. An advantage is that it is not necessary to have two separate sections for short and full references. A disadvantage is that the full references cannot be sorted arbitrarily—for example, by author last name or by publication date—as in the previous two examples.

Markup	Renders as
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972b |page=5}}</ref> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972b|p=6–7}} ==References== {{reflist}}	The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Then it becomes much thicker in the middle. References

Inline page numbers

This example usesFootnoteswith the addition of adjacent page numbers in the text by using{{rp}}.This allowsnamed referencesto be used, combining multiple references to the same citation in a single footnote.

Markup	Renders as
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref name=elk1972>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972}}</ref>{{rp|5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref name=elk1972 />{{rp|6–7}} ==References== {{reflist}}	The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Then it becomes much thicker in the middle. References

Named references

The following two examples use{{r}}.Whether usingList-defined referencesor inlinenamed references,{{r}}compactly combines the functions of<ref />and{{rp}}.

In this first example,{{rp}}must be used in tandem with the initial complete inline-citation, whereas{{r}}is used to duplicate the citation elsewhere with different page numbers:

Inline named references:

Markup	Renders as
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref name=elk1972>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972}}</ref>{{rp|5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{r|elk1972|p=6–7}} ==References== {{reflist}}	The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Then it becomes much thicker in the middle. References

In this second example,{{r}}is used for all inline citations whilst the complete citation—rather than being written inline—is stored within the reference list itself.{{rp}}isn't used at all:

List-defined references:

Markup	Renders as
The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{r|elk1972|p=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{r|elk1972|p=6–7}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=elk1972>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972}}</ref> }}	The brontosaurus is thin at one end.Then it becomes much thicker in the middle. References

Other in-source locations

Further information:Wikipedia:Citing sources § Sound recordings

Often, a page number is not appropriate such as when citing an audio or video source or a book that has no page numbers. TheCitation Style 1templates have an|at=parameter that can be used to include non-page locators. TheAuthor-date citation templatesuse|loc=.

Some example locators: section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse

See also

• Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citing multiple pages of the same source