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Henry Walter Bates

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For other people named Henry Bates, seeHenry Bates (disambiguation).

Henry Walter Bates
Born(1825-02-08)8 February 1825
Leicester,Leicestershire
Died16 February 1892(1892-02-16)(aged 67)
London
Resting placeEast Finchley Cemetery,London
Known forAmazon voyage
Batesian mimicry
SpouseSarah Ann Mason
AwardsPresident of theEntomological Society of London,fellow of theLinnaean Society,and of theRoyal Society
Scientific career
FieldsMimicry,natural history,geography
InstitutionsRoyal Geographical Society,London

Henry Walter BatesFRSFLSFGS(8 February 1825 inLeicester– 16 February 1892 inLondon) was an Englishnaturalistand explorer who gave the first scientific account ofmimicryin animals. He was most famous for his expedition to therainforestsof theAmazonwithAlfred Russel Wallace,starting in 1848. Wallace returned in 1852, but lost his collection on the return voyage when his ship caught fire. When Bates arrived home in 1859 after a full eleven years, he had sent back over 14,712 species (mostly of insects) of which 8,000 were (according to Bates, but see Van Wyhe[1]) new to science.[2]Bates wrote up his findings in his best-known work,The Naturalist on the River Amazons.

Life[edit]

Bates was born inLeicesterto a literate middle-class family. However, like Wallace,T.H. HuxleyandHerbert Spencer,he had a normal education to the age of about 13 when he became apprenticed to a hosiery manufacturer. He joined theMechanics' Institute(which had a library), studied in his spare time and collected insects inCharnwood Forest.In 1843 he had a short paper on beetles published in the journalZoologist.[3]

He became friends with Wallace when the latter took a teaching post in the Leicester Collegiate School. Wallace also became a keenentomologist,(his first interest had been plants) and he read the same kind of books as Wallace, and as Darwin, Huxley and no doubt many others had. These includedThomas Robert Malthuson population,James HuttonandCharles Lyellon geology, Darwin'sThe Voyage of the Beagle,and above all, the anonymousVestiges of the Natural History of Creation(byRobert Chambers), which put evolution into everyday discussion amongst literate folk. They also read William H. Edwards'sVoyage Up the River Amazonson his Amazon expedition,[4]and this started them thinking that a visit to the region would be exciting, and might launch their careers.[5]

The great adventure[edit]

In 1847 Wallace and Bates discussed the idea of an expedition to theAmazon rainforest,the plan being to cover expenses by sending specimens back to London. There an agent would sell them for a commission. (The often repeated statement that the main purpose was for the travellers to "gather facts towards solving the problem of the origin of species", and that Wallace put this in a letter to Bates, is almost certainly a myth, originating in a convenient adjustment of history by Bates inThe Naturalist on the River Amazonsof 1863.[6]) The two friends, who were both by now experienced amateur entomologists, met in London to prepare themselves. They did this by viewing South American plants and animals in the main collections.[7]Also they collected "wants lists" of the desires of museums and collectors. All known letters exchanged between Wallace and Bates are available inWallace Letters Online.

Bates in Amazonia: "Adventure withcurl-crested toucans"

Bates and Wallace sailed fromLiverpoolin April 1848, arriving in Pará (nowBelém) at the end of May. For the first year they settled in a villa near the city, collecting birds and insects. After that they agreed to collect independently, Bates travelling to Cametá on theTocantins River.He then moved up theAmazon,toÓbidos,Manausand finally to theUpper Amazon (Solimões).Teféwas his base camp for four and a half years. His health eventually deteriorated and he returned to Britain in 1859, after spending nearly eleven years on the Amazon. He sent his collection on three different ships to avoid the fate of his colleague Wallace, who lost his entire collection when his ship sank. Bates spent the next three years writing his account of the trip,The Naturalist on the River Amazons,widely regarded as one of the finest reports of natural history travels.

Home at last[edit]

In 1863 he married Sarah Ann Mason.[8]From 1864 onwards, he worked as assistant secretary of theRoyal Geographical Society(effectively, he was the secretary, since the senior post was occupied by a noble figurehead). He sold his personalLepidopteracollection toFrederick DuCane GodmanandOsbert Salvinand began to work mostly on beetles (cerambycids,carabids,andcicindelids). From 1868 to 1869 and in 1878 he was president of theEntomological Society of London.In 1871 he was elected a fellow of theLinnaean Society,and in 1881 he was elected a fellow of theRoyal Society.

He died ofbronchitisin 1892 (in modern terms, that may meanemphysema). A large part of his collections are in theNatural History Museum(seeThe Field,London, 20 February 1892). Specimens he collected went to the Natural History Museum, at that time called the British Museum (Natural History), and to private collectors; yet Bates still retained a huge reference collection and was often consulted on difficult identifications. This, and the disposal of the collection after his death, are mentioned inEdward Clodd'sMemories.[9]

Wallace wrote an obituary of Bates inNature.He describes Bates's 1861 paper on mimicry inHeliconiidaebutterflies as "remarkable and epoch-making", with "a clear and intelligible explanation", briefly addressing its attackers as "persons who are more or less ignorant of the facts". He then praises Bates's contributions to entomology, before regretting, in remarkably bitter words for an official obituary, that the "confinement and constant strain" of "mere drudgery of office work" for the Royal Geographical Society had with "little doubt... weakened his constitution and shortened a valuable life".[10]

His work[edit]

Plate from Bates' 1862 paper "Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon Valley: Heliconiidae"

Henry Bates was one of a group of outstanding naturalist-explorers who were supporters of the theory ofevolutionbynatural selection(Charles DarwinandAlfred Russel Wallace1858).[11]Other members of this group includedJoseph Dalton Hooker,Fritz Müller,Richard SpruceandThomas Henry Huxley.

Bates' work on Amazonianbutterfliesled him to develop the first scientific account ofmimicry,especially the kind of mimicry which bears his name:Batesian mimicry.[12]This is the mimicry by a palatable species of an unpalatable or noxious species. A common example seen in temperate gardens is thehover-fly,many of which – though bearing no sting – mimic thewarning colourationofhymenoptera(waspsandbees). Such mimicry does not need to be perfect to improve the survival of the palatable species.[13]

Bates' grave inEast Finchley Cemetery

Bates noted of the Heliconids (long-wings) that they were forest dwellers which were:

1. abundant 2. conspicuous and slow-flying. 3. gregarious; and also 4. the adults frequented flowers. 5. the larvae fed together.

And yet, said Bates "I never saw the flocks of slow-flying Heliconidae in the woods persecuted by birds ordragonflies... nor when at rest did they appear to be molested by lizards, or predacious flies of the familyAsilidae[robber-flies] which were very often seen pouncing on butterflies of other families.... In contrast, thePieridae(sulfur butterflies), to whichLeptalisbelongs [now calledDismorphia] are much persecuted. "

Bates observed that many Heliconid species are accompanied by other species (Pierids), which mimic them, and often cannot be distinguished from them in flight. They fly in the same parts of the forest as the model (Heliconid) and often in company with them. Local races of the model are accompanied by corresponding races or species of the mimic. So a scarce, edible species takes on the appearance of an abundant, noxious species. Predators, Bates supposed, learn to avoid the noxious species, and a degree of protection covers the edible species, no doubt proportional to its degree of likeness to the model. These testable hypotheses about warning signals and mimicry helped to create the field ofevolutionary ecology.[14]

Bates, Wallace and Müller believed that Batesian andMüllerian mimicryprovided evidence for the action ofnatural selection,a view which is now standard amongst biologists.[15]Field and experimental work on these ideas continues to this day; the topic connects strongly tospeciation,geneticsanddevelopment.[16]

Ega[edit]

Bates spent the best part of a year at Ega (nowTefé) in the Upper Amazon (Solimões),[17]where he reported that turtle was eaten regularly, and insect catches were especially abundant. He found upwards of 7,000 species of insects in the area, including 550 distinct species of butterfly.[18]Bates nursed a sicktoucanback to health. Tocáno (the Indian name, after its cries) proved to be an intelligent and amusing companion, with a voracious appetite. Mainly a fruit eater, he learnt the meal times "to a nicety", and would eat flesh and fish as well as fruit.[19]

Taxonomy[edit]

Bates' original work was done on a group of conspicuous butterflies always spelled by Bates asHeliconidae.He divided this assemblage into two groups, theDanaoid Heliconids,having affinities with the tribeDanaini(see alsoDanainae); and theAcraeoid Heliconidsrelated to theAcraeini.The former are now known asIthomiini,closely related to the milkweed butterflies, and were named after the genusDanausin theDanainae.The latter are now known as thetribeHeliconiini,or longwings, named after the genusHeliconius.Both group within the familyNymphalidae,and both groups tend to feed on poisonous plants. Themilkweedplant supplies poisonous glycosides which render both caterpillar and adult danaines noxious. Ithomiines, in contrast gain their toxicity from their adult nectar sources. Heliconiine caterpillars feed on poisonousPassifloravines. However, ithomiines gain their toxicity from their adult food plants.

Legacy[edit]

Henry Walter Bates is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of South American boa,Corallus batesii[20]and in the name of his theory of mimicry,Batesian mimicry.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Van Wyhe J. (2014) "A Delicate Adjustment: Wallace and Bates on the Amazon and 'The Problem of the Origin of Species'"Journal of the History of Biology47: 627-659
  2. ^Clodd, in Bates H.W. 1892.The Naturalist on the River Amazons, With a Memoir of the Author byEdward Clodd.Murray, London. pxvii
  3. ^Bates, H.W. (1843)."Notes on Coleopterous insects frequenting damp places".The Zoologist.1:114–5.
  4. ^Edwards, W.H.Voyage Up the River Amazons, Including a Residence at Pará.London, 1847.
  5. ^Moon H.P. 1976.Henry Walter Bates FRS 1825–1892: Explorer, Scientist and Darwinian.Leicestershire Museums, Leicester.
  6. ^Van Wyhe J. (2014) "A Delicate Adjustment: Wallace and Bates on the Amazon and 'The Problem of the Origin of Species'"Journal of the History of Biology47: 627-659
  7. ^Bates H.W. 1863.The Naturalist on the River Amazons.2 vols, Murray, London. Preface
  8. ^Crawforth, Anthony (2009).The Butterfly Hunter: The Life of Henry Walter Bates.Buckingham, England: University of Buckingham Press.
  9. ^Clodd, Edward (1916).Memories.London: Chapman & Hall.
  10. ^Wallace, Alfred Russel(25 February 1892)."H. W. Bates, The Naturalist of the Amazons".Nature.45(1165): 398–399.Bibcode:1892Natur..45..398A.doi:10.1038/045398c0.
  11. ^Darwin, C.; Wallace, A.R. (1958)."On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection".Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.3(9): 45–62.doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x.
  12. ^Carpenter GDH and Ford EB 1933.Mimicry.Methuen, London.
  13. ^Wickler W. 1968.Mimicry in Plants and Animals.World University Library, London.
  14. ^Ruxton GD,Sherratt TN and Speed MP 2004.Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry.Oxford.
  15. ^Moon H.P. 1976.Henry Walter Bates FRS 1825–1892: Explorer, Scientist and Darwinian.Leicestershire Museums, Leicester.
  16. ^Mallet, James (2001)."The speciation revolution".Journal of Evolutionary Biology.14(6): 887–8.doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00342.x.
  17. ^Ega/Tefé is on the smaller tributaryTefé,nearly opposite the junction of the large tributaryJapuráwith the main Amazon.
  18. ^Bates H.W. 1892.The Naturalist on the River Amazons, With a Memoir of the Author by Edward Clodd.Murray, London. Chapters 10–12, esp. p. 349–353.
  19. ^Bates 1892, p. 350.
  20. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.ISBN978-1-4214-0135-5.( "Bates, H. W.", p. 19).

References[edit]

Before Bates[edit]

  • Edwards W.H. 1847.Voyage Up the River Amazons, Including a Residence at Pará.London. (the book that sparked Wallace and Bates to travel to the Amazon; scanned copy of US edition at Cornell University Library website)

By Bates[edit]

About Bates[edit]

  • Bedall B.G. (ed) 1969.Wallace and Bates in the Tropics: an Introduction to the Theory of Natural Selection.Macmillan, London. (includes excerpts from Bates'River Amazons)
  • Clodd, Edward 1892.Memoir(of Henry Walter Bates) 70 pages plus coloured plate 'illustrations of mimicry between butterflies', xvii–lxxxvii in Bates 1892.
  • Crawforth, Anthony. 2009.The Butterfly Hunter: The Life of Henry Walter Bates,University of Buckingham Press,ISBN978-0-9560716-1-3.
  • Dickenson, John. 1992. "The Naturalist on the River Amazons and a wider world: reflections on the centenary of Henry Walter Bates".The Geographical Journal,158(2): 207–214. (fine tribute to Bates on the centenary of his death)
  • Moon H.P. 1976.Henry Walter Bates FRS 1825–1892: Explorer, Scientist and Darwinian.Leicestershire Museums, Leicester. (this booklet of about 100 pages by an emeritus professor of zoology can be strongly recommended)
  • Woodcock G 1969.Henry Walter Bates, Naturalist of the Amazons.Faber & Faber, London. (This, the only book-length biography, is by an author who was not a biologist. It gives a weak account of Bates' work on mimicry, says nothing about Müller, and remarks about Wallace are undistinguished. It is good on Bates' early life and his marriage, and on the travel aspects of the Amazon. The author dismisses Bates' later life too abruptly.)

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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