Heracleum persicum
| Heracleum persicum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Apiaceae |
| Genus: | Heracleum |
| Species: | H. persicum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Heracleum persicum | |
Heracleum persicum,commonly known asPersian hogweedor by its native nameGolpar(Persian:گلپر) is a species ofhogweed,aperennialherbaceous plant in the carrot familyApiaceae.It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran and some adjacent areas. Having been introduced in the 1830s, it has spread acrossScandinavia.It is now very common in northernNorway,where one of its names isTromsøpalm.[1] [2] The plant has also been spotted in Sweden.[3]In Finland, it has been declared an invasive species.[4]
Persian hogweed is apolycarpicperennial,[5][6]that is, a mature plant flowers and bears fruit season after season.
Invasiveness status[edit]
In Europe, Persian hogweed is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list).[7]This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.[7]
Uses[edit]
Food uses[edit]
The seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. The very thin, small mericarps (seed-like fruits) are aromatic and slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powdered form and are often erroneously sold as "angelicaseeds ". The powder is sprinkled overbroad beans,lentilsand otherlegumes,and potatoes.
Golpar is also used in soups and stews. It is often used sprinkled overpomegranatearils.[8]Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which broad beans are dipped before eating.[9]
Golpar can be used in small amounts (1 or 2 tsp per pound) when cooking beans to reduce the effect of gas in the digestive tract associated with consuming beans.[10][failed verification][dubious–discuss]
InPersian cuisine,the petals are used in the spice mixtureadviehto flavor rice dishes, as well as in chicken, Fish and bean dishes.[citation needed]
The tender leaves and leaf stalks can also be pickled (known asgolpar torshi).[citation needed]
Chemical composition[edit]
Thechemicals compositionin golpar (Persian hogweed) are:hexyl acetate,acetyl acetate,methyl butyrate,ethyl butyrate,and various otheracidsthat are responsible for its pungent smell. Also, there is a kind of oily andvolatileessential oilin theHeracleum persicumplant, which is used to flavor some foods.[11]
Public health and safety[edit]
The sap of the Tromsø palm containsfuranocoumarins,which in combination withultravioletlight, leads tophytophotodermatitis.[6]There is some anecdotal evidence thatH. persicummay be less dangerous thanH. mantegazzianumwith respect tophototoxicity.[1]
Control measures[edit]
Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Heracleum,the genus
- Other tall invasiveHeracleumspecies:Heracleum mantegazzianumandHeracleum sosnowskyi
- Non-invasiveHeracleumspecies:Heracleum sphondyliumandHeracleum maximum
- Species that can be mistaken forHeracleum persicum:[5]wild parsnip,garden angelica,wild angelica
References[edit]
- ^abAlm, Torbjørn (2013)."Ethnobotany of Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch., an invasive species in Norway, or how plant names, uses, and other traditions evolve".Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine.9(1): 42.doi:10.1186/1746-4269-9-42.ISSN1746-4269.PMC3699400.PMID23800181.
- ^Straumsheim Grønli, Kristin (July 10, 2006),Bjørnekjeks tar kvelertak på naturen (Hogweed takes stranglehold on nature),archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-23,retrievedSeptember 12,2011
- ^"Heracleum mantegazzianum, Heracleum sosnowskyi and Heracleum persicum".EPPO Bulletin.39(3): 489–499. 2009.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02313.x.
- ^"Jättiputket (Heracleum persicum -ryhmä) - Vieraslajit.fi".vieraslajit.fi.
- ^abBooy, Olaf; Cock, Matthew; Eckstein, Lutz; Hansen, Steen Ole; Hattendorf, Jan; Hüls, Jörg; Jahodová, Sárka; Krinke, Lucás; Marovoková, Lanka; Müllerová, Jana; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Nielsen, Charlotte; Otte, Annette; Pergl, Jan; Perglová, Irena; Priekule, Ilze; Pusek, Petr; Ravn, Hans Peter; Thiele, Jan; Trybush, Sviatlana; Wittenberg, Rüdiger (2005).The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe(PDF).Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet.ISBN978-87-7903-209-5.RetrievedSeptember 1,2018.
- ^abMeier, Sophie; Taff, Gregory N.; Aune, Jens B.; Eiter, Sebastian (2017)."Regulation of the Invasive Plant Heracleum persicum by Private Landowners in Tromsø, Norway".Invasive Plant Science and Management.10(2): 166–179.doi:10.1017/inp.2017.11.
- ^ab"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission".ec.europa.eu.Retrieved2021-07-27.
- ^Fujimori, Sachi (December 12, 2013)."Get cooking with pomegranates, the super fruit that's in season".NorthJersey.com.RetrievedDecember 31,2013.
- ^"Persian Lentil & Beetroot Salad with Golpar".Spice Mountain.Retrieved2023-12-03.
- ^"Gas in the Digestive Tract: Digestive Diseases - NIDDK".Archived fromthe originalon 2014-10-11.Retrieved2010-11-08.
- ^Changxing, L.; Dongfang, D.; Lixue, Z.; Saeed, M.; Alagawany, M.; Farag, M. R.; Chenling, M.; Jianhua, L. (June 2019)."Heracleum persicum: chemical composition, biological activities and potential uses in poultry nutrition".World's Poultry Science Journal.75(2): 207–218.doi:10.1017/S0043933919000205.ISSN0043-9339.
External links[edit]
- Analysis of the Oil ofHeracleum persicumL. (seeds and stems)
- Heracleum persicum,Heracleum glabrescensArchived2012-12-02 atarchive.today(in Persian)
- Sajjadi, S. E.; Noroozi, P. (2007)."Isolation and identification of xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) from the fruits ofHeracleum persicumDesf. ex Fischer ".Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences.April 2007 (2): 13–16.Retrieved15 June2016.[permanent dead link]