Heraklion
This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(June 2024) |
Heraklion
Ηράκλειο | |
---|---|
![]() Clockwise from top:Panoramic view of the city of Heraklion and theSea of Crete,Agios Minas Cathedral,Night view of theHarbor of Heraklion,andVenetian fortress of Koules/Castello. | |
Coordinates:35°20′25″N25°8′4″E/ 35.34028°N 25.13444°E | |
Country | Greece |
Administrative region | Crete |
Regional unit | Heraklion |
Government | |
• Mayor | Alexis Kalokairinos[1](since 2023) |
Area | |
• Municipality | 244.6 km2(94.4 sq mi) |
• Municipal unit | 109.0 km2(42.1 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 33 m (108 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Population (2021)[3] | |
• Municipality | 179,302 |
• Density | 730/km2(1,900/sq mi) |
•Urban | 211,370[2] |
• Municipal unit | 156,842 |
• Municipal unit density | 1,400/km2(3,700/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Heraklian, Heraclian |
Time zone | UTC+2(EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3(EEST) |
Postal code | 70x xx, 71x xx, 720 xx |
Area code(s) | 281 |
Vehicle registration | HK, HP, HZ |
Website | Heraklion-city.gr |
HeraklionorHerakleion(/hɪˈrækliən/hih-RAK-lee-ən;Greek:Ηράκλειο,Irákleio,pronounced[iˈrakli.o]),[4]sometimesIraklion,is the largest city and the administrativecapitalof the island ofCreteand capital ofHeraklionregional unit. It is the fourth largest city inGreecewith a municipal population of 179,302 (2021)[3]and 211,370 in its wider metropolitan area,[5]according to the 2011 census. The greater area of Heraklion has been continuously inhabited since at least 7000 BCE, making it one of the oldest inhabited regions in Europe. It is also home to the ancientKnossosPalace, a major center of theMinoan civilizationdating back to approximately 2000-1350 BCE, often considered Europe's oldest city. The palace is one of the most significant archaeological sites in Greece, second only to theParthenonin terms of visitor numbers.
Heraklion was Europe's fastest growing tourism destination for 2017, according to Euromonitor, with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals.[6]According to the ranking, Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe, as the 66th area on the planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017, with 3.2 million visitors[7]and the 19th in Europe for 2018, with 3.4 million visitors.[8]
Etymology
[edit]The ancient name Herakleion (Ηράκλειον) was revived in the 19th century.[9]It derives from the ancient sunken port city ofHeracleion,located near theCanopic Mouthof the Nile, and which remained submerged until its rediscovery in the 2000s.
Other Names
[edit]1.In antiquity:The area that would later become the city of Heraklion served as the port for the ancient city ofKnossos,one of the centers of the Minoan civilization. This strategic location facilitated trade and communication across the Mediterranean. Over time, as Knossos declined, the port area grew in significance, eventually becoming a prominent urban center.
2.Rabḍ al-ḫandaq(ربض الخندق): In 824 CE, Arab exiles fromal-Andalus(Iberia) who conquered Crete and founded theEmirate of Cretemoved the island's capital fromGortynato a new castle they calledrabḍ al-ḫandaq( "Castle of the Moat" ).[10]
3.Chándax(Χάνδαξ) /Chándakas(Χάνδακας): The Arabic namerabḍ al-ḫandaqwas Hellenized to Χάνδαξ (Chándax) or Χάνδακας (Chándakas).
4.Candia:This name, derived fromChándax,was Latinized asCandiaand taken into other European languages: inItalianandLatinasCandia,inSpanishasCandía,in French asCandie,and in English asCandy.These names could refer to the island of Crete as a whole as well as to the city alone; theOttomanname for the city wasKandiye.[citation needed]
5.Megalo Kastro(Μεγάλο Κάστρο): After theByzantine reconquest of Crete,the city was locally known asMegalo Kastro(Μεγάλο Κάστρο,[citation needed]'Big Castle' inGreek) and its inhabitants were calledKastrinoi(Καστρινοί, "castle-dwellers" ).
History
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Knossos_palace.jpg/250px-Knossos_palace.jpg)
Minoan era
[edit]Heraklion is home to the ruins of the palace ofKnossos,located in the southern periphery of the city and part of the Heraklion municipality. InMinoantimes, Knossos was the largest centre of population onCreteand is considered by many to be the oldest city in Europe.[12]
Knossos itself had a port at the site of Heraklion (in the modern area of Poros-Katsambas[13]neighborhood) from the beginning of theEarly Minoanperiod (3500 to 2100 BC).
Antiquity
[edit]After the fall of the Minoans, Heraklion, as well as the rest of Crete in general, fared poorly, with very little development in the area. Only with the arrival of the Romans did some construction in the area begin, yet especially early intoByzantinetimes the area abounded with pirates and bandits.[14]
Emirate of Crete
[edit]Heraklion was chosen as capital in 824, with fortifications starting being built the following year, by theArabsunderAbu Hafs Umarwho had been expelled fromAl-Andalusby EmirAl-Hakam Iand had taken over the island from the Eastern Roman Empire.[citation needed]They built amoataround the city for protection, and named the cityrabḍ al-ḫandaq(ربض الخندق, "Castle of the Moat", hellenized as Χάνδαξ,Chandax). It became the capital of theEmirate of Crete(c. 827–961). The Saracens allowed the port to be used as a safe haven for pirates who operated against Imperial (Byzantine) shipping and raided Imperial territory around the Aegean.[citation needed]
Byzantine era
[edit]In 960,Byzantineforces under the command ofNikephoros Phokas,later to become Emperor, landed in Crete and attacked the city. After aprolonged siege,the city fell in March 961. The Saracen inhabitants were slaughtered, the city looted and burned to the ground.[citation needed]Soon rebuilt, the town remained underByzantinecontrol for the next 243 years.[citation needed]
Venetian era
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Citt%C3%A0_di_Candia_-_Francesco_Basilicata_-_1618.jpg/251px-Citt%C3%A0_di_Candia_-_Francesco_Basilicata_-_1618.jpg)
In 1204, the city was bought by theRepublic of Veniceas part of a complicated political deal which involved, among other things, the Crusaders of theFourth Crusaderestoring the deposed Eastern Roman EmperorIsaac II Angelusto his throne. The Venetians improved on the ditch of the city by building enormous fortifications, most of which are still in place, including a giant wall, in places up to 40 metres (130 ft) thick, with seven bastions, and a fortress in the harbour. Chandax was renamedCandiaand became the seat of theDuke of Candia,and the Venetian administrative district of Crete became known as "Regno di Candia" (Kingdom of Candia). The city retained the name of Candia for centuries and the same name was often used to refer to the wholeislandof Crete as well. To secure their rule, the Venetians began in 1212 to settle families fromVeniceon Crete. The coexistence of two different cultures and the stimulus of theItalian Renaissanceled to a flourishing of letters and the arts in Candia and Crete in general, that is today known as theCretan Renaissance.
Ottoman era
[edit]During theCretan War (1645–1669),the Ottomansbesieged the cityfor 21 years, from 1648 to 1669, the longest siege in history up until that time. In its final phase, which lasted for 22 months, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretans and slaves and 29,088 of the city's Christian defenders perished.[15]The Ottoman army under anAlbaniangrand vizier,Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pashaconquered the city in 1669.
Under the Ottomans,Kandiye(Ottoman Turkishقنديه) was the capital of Crete (Girit Eyâleti) until 1849, whenChania(Hanya) became the capital, and Kandiye became asancak.[16]In Greek, it was commonly calledMegalo Castro(Μεγάλο Κάστρο 'Big Castle').
During the Ottoman period, theharboursilted up, so most shipping shifted toChaniain the west of the island.
Modern era
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_14.jpg/270px-%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_14.jpg)
Anearthquakelocated off the northern coast of Crete on October 12, 1856, destroyed most of the over 3,600 homes in the city. Only 18 homes were left intact. The disaster claimed 538 victims in Heraklion.[17]
In 1898, the autonomousCretan Statewas created, under Ottomansuzerainty,with Prince George of Greece as its High Commissioner and under international supervision. During the period of direct occupation of the island by the Great Powers (1898–1908), Candia was part of theBritishzone. At this time, the city was renamed "Heraklion", after theRomanport of Heracleum ( "Heracles' city "), whose exact location is unknown.[citation needed]
In 1913, with the rest ofCrete,Heraklion was incorporated into theKingdom of Greece.Heraklion became again capital of Crete in 1971, replacing Chania.[18]
Architecture, urban sculpture and fortifications
[edit]The oldest monument of architecture is the palace inKnossoson the outskirts of the city.
Two largest medieval churches in the city were the Dominican church of St. Peter (built between 1248 and 1253) and the San Salvatore, belonging to theAugustinian Friars.The latter one stood in Kornaros Square, but was demolished in 1970.[19]
Other monuments of architecture from Venetian times include theSaint Mark's Basilicaand the Renaissance loggia next toLions Square(1626–28).
Around the historic city center of Heraklion there are also a series ofdefensive walls, bastions and other fortificationswhich were built earlier in the Middle Ages, but were completely rebuilt by theRepublic of Venice.The fortifications managed to withstandthe longest siege in historyfor 21 years, before the city fell to theOttomansin 1669. TheKoules Fortress(Castello a Mare),the rampartsand the arsenal dominate the port area.
Many fountains of the Venetian era are preserved, such as theBembofountain, thePriulifountain,Palmetifountain,Sagredofountain andMorosinifountain inLions Square(1628).
Architecture from the 19th century is represented by theSt Titus Cathedral,built in 1869 as the Yeni Cami ( "New Mosque" ), and theAgios Minas Cathedral(1862–95).
An example of modern architecture in Heraklion is theHeraklion Archaeological Museumbuilt between 1937 and 1940 by architect Patroklos Karantinos.
Several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, likeEl Greco,Vitsentzos Kornaros,Nikos KazantzakisandEleftherios Venizeloscan be found around the city.
-
KnossosPalace
-
Dominican church of St. Peter
-
Venetian Loggia
-
Morosinifountain inLions Square
-
Venetian walls, Pantokratoras Gate
Municipality
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/20110927_St._Peter_of_Dominicans_Heraklion_Crete_Greece_Panorama.jpg/300px-20110927_St._Peter_of_Dominicans_Heraklion_Crete_Greece_Panorama.jpg)
The municipality Heraklion was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[20]
- Gorgolainis
- Heraklion
- Nea Alikarnassos
- Paliani
- Temenos
The municipality has an area of 244.613 km2,the municipal unit 109.026 km2.[21]
Neighborhoods
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Historical_Museum_of_Crete_Front_2016.jpg/250px-Historical_Museum_of_Crete_Front_2016.jpg)
• Agia Ekaterini | • Dimokratias | • Marathitis |
• Agia Erini Chrisovalantou | • Estavromenos | • Mastabas |
• Agia Marina | • Filothei | • Mesabelies |
• Agia Triada | • Fortetsa | • Mpentevi |
• Agios Dimitrios | • Ilioupoli | • Nea Alatsata |
• Agios Ioannis Chostos | • Kamaraki | • Pananio |
• Agios Minas | • Kaminia | • Papatitou Metochi |
• Agios Titos | • Katsampas | • Pateles |
• Akadimia | • Kenouria Porta | • Poros |
• Ampelokipoi | • Kipoupoli | • Therissos |
• Analipsi | • Komeno Mpenteni | • Tris Vagies |
• Atsalenio | • Korakovouni | • Xiropotamos |
• Chanioporta | • Koroni Magara | |
• Chrisopigi | • Knossos | |
• Dilina | • Lido |
Suburbs
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Amnissos_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/252px-Amnissos_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg)
• Agia Erini | • Finikia | • Ksirokabos |
• Agia Marina | • Gazi urban area | • Malades |
• Agioi Theodoroi | • Giofyrakia | •Nea Alikarnassosurban area |
• Agios Syllas | • Gournes Temenous | • Sillamos |
• Ammoudara | • Kallithea | • Skafidaras |
•Amnisos | • Karteros | • Skalani |
• Ano Kalesia | • Kato Kalesia | • Vasilies |
• Athanati | • Kavrochori | • Voutes |
•Dafnes | • Kollyvas |
Villages
[edit]Transportation
[edit]Port
[edit]Heraklion is an important shipping port and ferry dock. Travellers can take ferries and boats from Heraklion to destinations includingSantorini,Ios Island,Paros,Mykonos,andRhodes.There are direct ferries toNaxos,Karpathos,Kasos,Sitia,Anafi,ChalkiandDiafani.[22]There are also several daily ferries toPiraeus,the port ofAthensin mainland Greece. The port of Heraklion was built bySir Robert McAlpineand completed in 1928.[23]
Airport
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Nea_Alikarnassos%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg/260px-Nea_Alikarnassos%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg)
Heraklion International Airport,or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about 5 kilometres (3 miles) east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion nativeNikos Kazantzakis,a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece afterAthens International Airport,first in charter flights and the 59th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 8,066,000 passengers in 2022 (List of the busiest airports in Europe).
The airfield is shared with the 126th Combat Group of theHellenic Air Force.
Highway network
[edit]European route E75runs through the city and connects Heraklion with the three other major cities of Crete:Agios Nikolaos,Chania,andRethymno.
Public transit
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%97%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_9277.jpg/250px-%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%97%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_9277.jpg)
Urban buses serve the city, with 39 different routes.[24]Intercity buses connect Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete.[25]
Railway
[edit]From 1922 to 1937, a working industrial railway connected the Koules in Heraklion to Xiropotamos for the construction of the harbor.[26]
In the summer of 2007, at the Congress of Cretan emigrants, held in Heraklion, two qualified engineers, George Nathenas (from Gonies, Malevizi Province) and Vassilis Economopoulos, recommended the development of a railway line in Crete, linking Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, with a total journey time of 50 minutes (30 minutes between Heraklion and Rethymno, 20 minutes from Chania to Rethymno) and with provision for extensions to Kissamos, Kastelli Pediados (for the planned new airport), and Agios Nikolaos. No plans exist for implementing this idea.[citation needed]
Climate
[edit]Heraklion has a hot-summerMediterranean climate(Csain theKöppen climate classification). Summers are warm to hot and dry with clear skies. Dry hot days are often relieved by seasonal breezes. Winters are mild with moderate rain. Because Heraklion is further south thanAthens,it has a warmer climate during winter but cooler during summer because of theAegean Sea.The maximum temperature during the summer period is usually not more than 28 - 30 °C (Athens normal maximum temperature is about 5 °C higher). The minimum temperature record is -0.8 °C in the airport while in the port it has never dropped below 0 °C. Snowfalls are rare with the last significant snowfall with a measurable amount on the ground occurring in February 2004.[27]Heraklion falls in 11ahardiness zone.[28]
Climate data for Heraklion Port 10 m a.s.l. (2007-2024) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) |
29.4 (84.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
38.3 (100.9) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
38.0 (100.4) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
29.6 (85.3) |
38.3 (100.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.3 (82.9) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.1 (55.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.5 (50.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
21.9 (71.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.1 (77.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
12.5 (54.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
2.4 (36.3) |
3.4 (38.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 61.7 (2.43) |
49.0 (1.93) |
31.4 (1.24) |
13.0 (0.51) |
12.8 (0.50) |
4.1 (0.16) |
0.2 (0.01) |
1.6 (0.06) |
15.2 (0.60) |
43.8 (1.72) |
32.4 (1.28) |
53.4 (2.10) |
318.6 (12.54) |
Source 1:National Observatory of AthensMonthly Bulletins (May 2007 - Jan 2024)[29] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Heraklion Port N.O.A station[30]andWorld Meteorological Organization[31] |
Climate data for Heraklion 1955-2010 (HNMS) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) |
28.8 (83.8) |
34.0 (93.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
38.0 (100.4) |
41.3 (106.3) |
43.6 (110.5) |
44.5 (112.1) |
39.5 (103.1) |
37.0 (98.6) |
32.8 (91.0) |
28.5 (83.3) |
44.5 (112.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.3 (59.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.8 (83.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.3 (79.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
18.9 (66.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.1 (48.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.3 (32.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.4 (36.3) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 91.0 (3.58) |
69.0 (2.72) |
53.4 (2.10) |
28.2 (1.11) |
13.4 (0.53) |
2.9 (0.11) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.9 (0.04) |
16.7 (0.66) |
59.4 (2.34) |
59.6 (2.35) |
85.6 (3.37) |
480.9 (18.94) |
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.1 | 9.1 | 6.9 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 4.9 | 6.0 | 8.9 | 53.2 |
Average rainy days | 16.0 | 13.6 | 11.4 | 7.6 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 10.6 | 15.2 | 91.4 |
Averagerelative humidity(%) | 68.4 | 66.4 | 65.9 | 62.3 | 61.2 | 57.0 | 57.1 | 59.1 | 61.9 | 65.7 | 67.9 | 68.3 | 63.4 |
Averagedew point°C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
11.3 (52.4) |
Mean monthlysunshine hours | 119.9 | 132.3 | 181.5 | 234.8 | 298.5 | 356.2 | 368.3 | 343.5 | 275.8 | 206.9 | 145.5 | 115.4 | 2,778.6 |
Source 1:HNMS[32][33] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: meteo-climat (extremes)[34] |
Climate data for Heraklion | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean number of days withthunder | 3.6 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 27.2 |
Mean number of days withhail | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.8 |
Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 12.1 |
AverageUltraviolet index | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6.4 |
Source 1: NOAA (days with thunder and hail 1961-1990)[35] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[36] |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Heraklion_ilmastodiagrammi.png/220px-Heraklion_ilmastodiagrammi.png)
Educational and Research Institutions
[edit]- University of Crete
- Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU)(Former TEI)
- MBS College
- Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas
- Nicolas KitsikisLibrary
- Vikelaia Library
- 3rd High School of Heraklion
- 5th High School of Heraklion
Culture
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cultural_and_Conference_Center_of_Crete_%28Heraklion%29.jpg/250px-Cultural_and_Conference_Center_of_Crete_%28Heraklion%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pagkritio.jpg/250px-Pagkritio.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraklion_Indoor_Sports_Arena_interior.jpg/250px-Heraklion_Indoor_Sports_Arena_interior.jpg)
Museums
[edit]- Heraklion Archaeological Museum
- Cretaquarium
- Historical Museum of Crete
- Natural History Museum
- The Battle of Crete and National Resistance Museum
- Nikos Kazantzakis Museum
- Collection of Agia Aikaterini of Sinai
- Museum of Visual Arts
Arts
[edit]TheCultural and Conference Center of Heraklionis a centre for the performing arts.
Sports
[edit]The city is home to several sports clubs. Most notably, Heraklion hostsOFIandErgotelis,twofootballclubs with earlier presence in theGreek Superleague,the top tier of theGreek football league system.Furthermore, the city is the headquarters of theHeraklion Football Clubs Association,which administers football in theentire region.Other notable sport clubs includeIraklio B.C.(basketball),Atsalenios(football) andIrodotos(football) in the suburbs ofAtsalenioandNea Alikarnassosrespectively.
Notable Sport clubs based in Heraklion | |||
---|---|---|---|
Club | Founded | Sports | Current Season |
OFI | 1925 | Football,Basketball | Superleague,Greek C Basket League |
Ergotelis | 1929 | Football,Basketball | Football League,Cretan Basket League |
Iraklio | 1928 | Basketball | Cretan Basket League |
Irodotos | 1932 | Football,Basketball | Football League,Cretan Basket League |
Atsalenios | 1951 | Football | Gamma Ethniki |
Local TV stations
[edit]- Channel 4
- Creta Channel
- Kriti TV
- MyTV
Notable people
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nikolaos_Kalliakis_%281645_-_1707%29.jpg/200px-Nikolaos_Kalliakis_%281645_-_1707%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg/200px-El_Greco_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_WGA10554.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cyril-Lucaris.jpg/200px-Cyril-Lucaris.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kazantzakis_Grab.jpg/200px-Kazantzakis_Grab.jpg)
Heraklion has been the home town of some of Greece's most significant people, including the novelistNikos Kazantzakis(best known forZorba the Greek), the poet and Nobel Prize winnerOdysseas Elytisand the world-famous painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos (El Greco).
Literature
[edit]- Elli Alexiou(1894–1988) author
- Minás Dimákis(1913–1980) poet
- Odysseas Elytis(1911–1996) Nobel awarded poet
- Tess Fragoulis,Greek-Canadian author
- Rea Galanaki(born 1947) author
- Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi(1749–1798), author and diplomat
- Nikos Kazantzakis(1883–1957) author
- Menelaos Parlamas (1911–1997) author and scholar
- Pedro de Candia,(1485–1542) author and travel writer, recorded the Spanish Conquest of the Americas
- Stephanos Sahlikis(1330 – after 1391) poet
- Lili Zografou(1922–1998) author
Scientists and academia
[edit]- Nicholas Kalliakis(1645–1707)GreekCretanscholarandphilosopher[38]
- Niccolò Comneno Papadopoli(1655–1740) lawyer, historian and librarian
- Andreas Musalus(c. 1665– c. 1721)GreekCretan professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist[39]
- Francesco Barozzi(1537–1604) mathematician and astronomer
- Joseph Solomon Delmedigo(1591–1655) rabbi, author, physician, mathematician and musical theorist
- Fotis Kafatosbiologist, President of the European Research Council
- Spyros Kokotos(1933–present) architect
- Marcus Musurus(Markos Mousouros) (1470–1517) scholar and philosopher
- Peter of Candiaalso known asAntipope Alexander V:philosopher and scholar
- Joseph Sifakis(1946–present) computer scientist, co-recipient of the 2007Turing Award
- Michael N. Katehakis(1952–present) applied mathematician and operations researcher atRutgers University
- Gerasimos Vlachos(1607–1685), scholar
- Simone Stratigo(c.1733–1824), Greek mathematician and an Nautical science expert, whose family was from Heraklion (Candia)[40]
Painting and sculpture
[edit]- Theophanes(c.1500–1559) painter of icons
- Michael Damaskinos(1530/35–1592/93) painter of icons
- Georgios Klontzas(1535–1608) painter
- El Greco(1541–1614) mannerist painter, sculptor and architect
- Yiannis Parmakelis(born 1932), sculptor
- Andreas Ritzos(1422–1492) painter of icons
- Aristidis Vlassis(1947–2015) painter
- Konstantinos Volanakis(1837–1907) painter
Film industry
[edit]- Rika Diallina(born 1934), actress and model, Miss Hellas
- Ilya Livykou(1919–2002), actress
- Sapfo Notara(1907–1985), actress
- Yannis Smaragdis(born 1946), film director
Music
[edit]- Rena Kyriakou(1918–1994) pianist
- Francisco Leontaritis(Francesco Londarit) (1518–1572) composer
- Giannis Markopoulos(born 1939) composer
- Myron Michailidis(born 1968) conductor
- Manolis Rasoulis(1945–2011) lyrics writer
- Notis Sfakianakis(born 1959) singer
- Lena Platonos,pianist
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Francesco_barozzi.jpg/197px-Francesco_barozzi.jpg)
Spirituality
[edit]- Maria Papapetros-psychic,spiritual healer,spiritual consultant
Sports
[edit]- Kyle Hamilton(born 2001), American football player[41]
- Nikos Machlas(born 1973), footballer
- Georgios Samaras(born 1985), footballer
- Greg Massialas(born 1956), American fencer
- Michalis Karlis(born 2003), basketball player
- Giorgos Giakoumakis(born 1994), footballer
Business
[edit]- Constantine Corniaktos(1517–1603) wine merchant and wealthiest man in the Eastern European city ofLviv[42]
- Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki(born 1955) business woman, lawyer and politician
Politics and law
[edit]- Emin Ali Bedir Khan(1851–1926), Kurdish diplomat
- Leonidas Kyrkos(1924–2011), politician
- Aristidis Stergiadis(1861–1950) High Commissioner of Smyrna
- Georgios Voulgarakis(born 1959) conservative politician
- Romilos Kedikoglou(born 1940) President of the Court of Cassation of Greece
Clergy
[edit]- Maximos Margunios(1549–1602), bishop of Cyrigo (Kythira)
- Kyrillos Loukaris(1572–1637) theologian, Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria as Cyril III and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as Cyril I
- Meletius Pegas,Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria
- Theodore II(born 1954) Pope & Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa
- Peter Phillarges(c.1339–1410) (also Pietro Di Candia, laterPope Alexander V)
- Makarios Griniezakis(born 1973) Greek Orthodox Archbishop of the Holy Archdiocese of Australia
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Marcus_Musurus_02.jpg/207px-Marcus_Musurus_02.jpg)
Fashion
[edit]- Maria Spiridaki(1984) fashion model and television presenter
International relations
[edit]This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(April 2017) |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_8997.jpg/250px-%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_8997.jpg)
Consulates
[edit]Twin towns and sister cities
[edit]Heraklion istwinnedwith:
Limassol,Cyprus[43]
Constanța,Romania (1992)[44]
Odesa,Ukraine (1992)[45]
Toledo,Spain (2017)
Nizhny Novgorod,Russia (2018)
Tampa,United States (2019)
Čukarica,Serbia (2019)
Ningbo,China (2019)
Location
[edit]Fira | ||
Chania–Rethymno | ![]() |
Agios Nikolaos |
Tympaki–Moires | Archanes | Ierapetra |
Gallery
[edit]-
View of the port from the fortress
-
View of the port
-
The harbour
-
Α part of the Venetian harbour (used as shipyards)
-
ThePhaistos Disk(2nd millennium BC) inHeraklion Archaeological Museum
-
Depiction of Candia, 1487
-
Idomeneas fountain
-
Jesus Gate, part of theFortifications of Heraklion
-
Chanioporta and Pantokratoras Gate
-
Bembo fountain
-
Saint Catherine Church
-
Depiction of theSiege of Candia
-
St. Matthew of the SinaitesByzantine church
-
Theodoros Vardinogiannis Stadium,home ground ofOFI FC
-
Interior of the Fortress
-
A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax
-
Map of Heraklion and its fortifications in 1651
-
Minoan fresco depicting a bull leaping scene, found in Knossos, 1600-1400 BC, Heraklion Archaeological Museum
See also
[edit]- Centre for Technological Research of Crete
- European Network and Information Security Agency
- Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas
- Lions Square
- Minoan civilization
- Siege of Candia(1648–1669)
- TEI of Crete
References
[edit]- ^Municipality of Heraklion, Municipal elections – October 2023Archived2024-05-08 at theWayback Machine,Ministry of Interior
- ^"appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu".Archivedfrom the original on 2020-12-20.Retrieved2020-07-17.
- ^ab"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό"[Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^"Pronunciation for Ηράκλειο".Archivedfrom the original on 2019-03-31.Retrieved2016-08-16.
- ^"Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas".Eurostat.Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2020.Retrieved1 June2022.
- ^"Top 100 City Destination Ranking 2017".Market Research Blog.2017-01-26. Archived fromthe originalon 2020-11-29.Retrieved2019-04-01.
- ^"Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: WTM London 2017 Edition".Market Research Blog.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-04-01.Retrieved2019-04-01.
- ^Geerts, Wouter (2018)."Top 100 City Destinations 2018"(PDF).Euromonitor International.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2019-04-01.Retrieved2019-04-01.
- ^It was in use by the local people by 1867, seeHowe, Samuel Gridley (1868).The Cretan refugees and their American helpers.Boston: Lee and Shepard. p. 33 – via archive.org.
- ^Encyclopaedia of Islam,s.v.Iķrīṭish
- ^Whitelaw, Todd; Morgan, Catherine (November 2009). "Crete".Archaeological Reports.55:79.doi:10.1017/s0570608400001307.ISSN0570-6084.S2CID231735198.
- ^Whitelaw, Todd (2000). "Beyond the palace: A century of investigation at Europe's oldest city". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies: 223, 226.
- ^Dimopoulou, N.; Wilson, D.E.; Day, P.M. (2007). "The Earlier Prepalatial Settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos". In Day, P.M.; Doonan, R. (eds.).Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean.Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxbow Books. pp. 84–97.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-04-20.Retrieved2019-01-31.
- ^"History of Heraklion in Crete island - Greeka.com".Greeka.Archivedfrom the original on 12 February 2019.Retrieved11 February2019.
- ^"The War for Candia".Archivedfrom the original on 2016-03-04.Retrieved2006-08-05.
- ^Tahir Sezen,Osmanlı Yer Adları,Ankara 2017, T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 26s.v.,p. 410Archived2023-03-05 at theWayback Machine
- ^National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),Significant Earthquake Database(Data Set),National Geophysical Data Center,NOAA,doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K,archivedfrom the original on 2023-02-27,retrieved2022-06-05
- ^"Heraklion".visit-ancient-greece.com. Archived fromthe originalon 28 April 2019.Retrieved2 September2015.
- ^Ilko, Krisztina (2021)."Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia".Journal of Ecclesiastical History.72(2): 259–263.doi:10.1017/S0022046920000755.S2CID228866606.Archivedfrom the original on 21 November 2020.Retrieved7 April2021.
- ^"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text"(in Greek).Government Gazette.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-07-18.Retrieved2021-09-07.
- ^"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)"(PDF)(in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-09-21.
- ^"Heraklion ferry, compare prices, times and book tickets".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-09-25.Retrieved2017-09-25.
- ^"Sir Robert McAlpine".Grace's Guide.Archivedfrom the original on 16 December 2019.Retrieved16 December2019.
- ^"Iraklio urban buses".Archivedfrom the original on 2015-02-24.Retrieved2015-02-23.
- ^"ΚΤΕΛ Ηρακλείου - Λασιθίου Κρήτης | Online Κράτηση εισιτηρίων για λεωφορεία - Δρομολόγια Λεωφορεία Κρήτης".Archivedfrom the original on 2017-08-28.Retrieved2017-08-27.
- ^Tzikas, Polykarpos; Konstantinos, Mamalakis; Tertipis, Dimitrios; Charitopoulos, Evangelos. «Μέσα σταθερής τροχιάς στην Κρήτη: Δίκτυα βιομηχανικών σιδηροδρόμων κατά το πρώτο μισό του 20ου αιώνα». Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies.
- ^"ΠΑΤΡΙΣ - ΑΡΧΕΙΟ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΕΚΔΟΣΗΣ".archive.patris.gr.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-05-25.Retrieved2023-05-25.
- ^"Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".Archivedfrom the original on 2023-02-02.Retrieved2024-01-15.
- ^"Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".Archivedfrom the original on 2023-02-02.Retrieved2024-01-15.
- ^"Latest Conditions in Heraklion Port".Archivedfrom the original on 2024-01-08.Retrieved2024-01-15.
- ^"World Meteorological Organization".Archivedfrom the original on 20 June 2023.Retrieved14 July2023.
- ^"Climatic Data for selected stations in Greece: Heraklion (Crete)".Archivedfrom the original on 26 September 2020.Retrieved17 September2019.
- ^"Climate Atlas of Greece (for sunshine 1977-2002)".HNMS.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2021.Retrieved20 July2021.
- ^"STATION HERAKLION".meteo-climat.RetrievedDecember 2,2018.
- ^ab"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1961-1990: Iraklion"(TXT).ncei.noaa.gov.National Centers for Environmental Information.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2024.Retrieved15 April2024.
WMO Station Number: 16754
- ^"Heraklion, Greece - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data".Weather Atlas.Archivedfrom the original on 27 January 2019.Retrieved25 January2019.
- ^Lathrop C. Harper (1886).Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232.Lathrop C. Harper, Inc. p. 36.OCLC11558801.
Calliachius (1645–1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin.
- ^Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1857).A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5.T. Fellowes. p. 425.OCLC309809847.
CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the Aristotelic philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707. His works on antiquities are valuable, and have been published by the marquis Poloni in the third volume of his Supplement to the Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
- ^Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19–23 maggio 1975.Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429.OCLC4666566.
Nicolò Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idée nella storia dell'arte.
- ^Carlo Capra; Franco Della Peruta; Fernando Mazzocca (2002).Napoleone e la repubblica italiana: 1802–1805.Skira. p. 200.ISBN978-88-8491-415-6.
Simone Stratico, nato a Zara nel 1733 da famiglia originaria di Creta (abbandonata a seguito della conquista turca del 1669)
- ^"Notre Dame RB Mick Assaf: Mick's Mickstape Season 2 Volume 1".
- ^I︠A︡roslav Dmytrovych Isai︠e︡vych (2006).Voluntary brotherhood: confraternities of laymen in early modern Ukraine.Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 47.ISBN1-894865-03-0.
…the Greek merchants Constantine Korniakt and Manolis Arphanes Marinetos are added. This second redaction appeared no earlier than 1589, as wealthy Greeks began to join the confraternity at a later date, once it had expanded its activities. Korniakt was actually the wealthiest man in Lviv: he traded in Eastern, Western, and local goods, collected customs duty on behalf of the king, and owned a number of villages.
- ^"Limassol Twinned Cities".Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-01.Retrieved2013-07-29.
- ^"Cu ce oraşe este înfrăţit municipiul Constanţa?".Ziua de Constanța.7 April 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-04-08.Retrieved2019-04-07.
- ^"Twinnings"(PDF).Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2016-01-15.Retrieved2013-08-25.
External links
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
Herakliontravel guide from Wikivoyage
- Municipality of Heraklion
- Heraklion information
- Heraklion- The Greek National Tourism Organization
- Vikelaia Library
- HeraklionatCurlie
- Old maps of HeraklionArchived2022-03-16 at theWayback Machine- Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, TheNational Library of Israel,inHistoric CitiesArchived2022-03-25 at theWayback Machine
- Heraklion
- 824 establishments
- Greek prefectural capitals
- Greek regional capitals
- Municipalities of Crete
- Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)
- Populated places established in the 9th century
- Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece
- Port cities of the Aegean Sea
- Fortified settlements
- 9th-century establishments in Greece