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Heraclonas
Emperor of the Romans
Golden coin of Heraclius with sons
Solidusdepicting Heraclonas (left),Heraclius(center) andConstantine III(right).[1]
Byzantine emperor
ReignFebruary – October/
November 641
Coronation4 July 638
PredecessorHeraclius Constantine
SuccessorConstans II
Co-emperorConstantine III(until May 641)
Tiberius(October 641)
Born626
Lazica
Died642 (aged 15–16)
Rhodes
Names
Heraclius[a]
DynastyHeraclian
FatherHeraclius
MotherMartina
ReligionChalcedonian Christianity
Heraclian dynasty
Chronology
Succession
Preceded by
Justinian dynasty
andPhocas		Followed by
Twenty Years' Anarchy

Heraclius(Greek:Ἡράκλειος,translit.Hērákleios;626 – 642), known by the diminutiveHeraclonasorHeracleonas(Greek:Ἡρακλ[ε]ωνᾶς), and sometimes calledHeraclius II,[4][b]was brieflyByzantine emperorin 641.

Heraclonas was the son ofHeracliusand his nieceMartina.His father had stipulated in his will that both of his sons, Heraclonas andConstantine III,should rule jointly upon his death. Heraclius also specified that his wife, Martina, was to be called "Mother and Empress" insofar as she might have influence at court as well.[6]The emperor Heraclius died in February 641 fromedema.When Martina made the late Emperor's will public she faced staunch resistance to her playing any active role in government, but both Heraclonas and Constantine were proclaimed joint-emperors in February 641 without incident. After Constantine died oftuberculosisin May 641, Heraclonas became sole emperor, under theregencyof his mother due to his young age. He reigned until October or November 641, when he was overthrown byValentinus,a general and usurper of Armenian extract, who installedConstans II,the son of Constantine III. Valentinus had Heraclonas' nose cut off, then exiled him toRhodes,where he is believed to have died in the following year.

Early life and family

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Heraclonas was born in 626, in the suburbanPalace of Sophianae.He was the son of EmperorHeraclius,and his niece-wifeMartina,[7][8][9]and was born while Heracliuscampaigned in the east against the Persians.[10]

Under Heraclius, theByzantine Empirewas invaded in 639 by the Arabs, due to the failure of theTheme of Mesopotamiato pay tribute. The cities ofEdessaandDarawere quickly captured. In the same year, another group of Arabs, led by'Amr ibn al-'As,invadedByzantine Egypt.He quickly occupied the coastal towns of Egypt, but was unable to cross the Nile, due to stiff resistance by Byzantine forces led by John (Prefect of Egypt). After a bloody battle between John and 'Amr, in which John perished, 'Amr was forced to appeal to the Rashidun CaliphUmarfor more troops. John was replaced by another general, Theodore, who gathered his forces aroundBabylon Fortress,a major fortress in Egypt. By summer 640, 'Amr's forces had swelled to around 15,000 men.[11]With these men, 'Amr decisively defeated Theodore north of Babylon, before laying siege to the fortress itself.[12]

Life

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Heraclonas was madecaesarby Heraclius on 1 January 632, and further elevated toaugustus(co-emperor) on 4 July 638, at a ceremony in the chapel of Saint Stephen at thePalace of Daphne,alongside his younger brotherDavid,who was madecaesar.[13][14][10]A description of the ceremony is preserved inDe Ceremoniiswhich says that thekamelaukion(caesar cap) of Heraclonas was removed from his head and replaced with the imperial crown. The samekamelaukionwas then placed on David's head.[13][15]

Heraclius died ofedemaon 11 February 641, leaving the Empire jointly to his eldest son,Constantine III,and Heraclonas,[16][12][17]who were both proclaimed emperor in late May 641.[16]At the time of his elevation to co-emperor, Heraclonas was only 15 years old, whereas Constantine was 28, which effectively gave the real power to Constantine. Much of the Byzantine public objected to Heraclius'will, as Heraclonas was the result of anavunculate marriage—a marriage between an uncle and niece—which many felt was illegal, thereby making Heraclonas a bastard. Also considered objectionable was the fact that Constantine's ten-year-old son,Constans II,was not elevated alongside Constantine and Heraclonas, breaking the tradition of the succession of senior emperorship from fatherto eldest son,when possible. It was also thought that the lack of elevation could have precluded him from the succession entirely.[8][17]

Shortly after Constantine took the throne, he was informed by his finance minister,Philagrius,that Heraclius had created a secret fund for Martina, administered byPatriarchPyrrhus.Constantine confiscated this account, using it to help meet the budget for the spring military payroll, which, along with the traditional accessionaldonativesthat comprised half of the payroll,[18]totaled 2,016,000nomisma.[19]Constantine appointedValentinusas the commander of the main eastern army, in the hopes of retaining at least the Egyptian coastline. However the Byzantine general Theodore was still unable to repel the Arab attacks. Constantine summonedCyrus of Alexandria,made him Prefect of Egypt, and instructed him to prepare to reinforceAlexandria.Before this invasion could take place, Babylon surrendered to the Arabs, allowing them to besiege Alexandria.[19]

Heraclius'will also stated that Martina should serve as mother and empress-regent (sharing significant power), but this part was rejected by the Senate. Because of Heraclonas'young age, Martina ruled through him, consistently opposing the policies of Constantine, leading to the creation of two different political factions. Constantine's faction was initially the more powerful of the two, but this control was weakened by a flagging economy and the loss of Egypt to the Arabs. Shortly after, on 25 May 641,[c]Constantine died of an advanced case oftuberculosis,although some supporters of Constantine alleged Martina had him poisoned, leaving Heraclonas as the sole ruler, under the regency of Martina.[17][23][24][25][10]

Sole rule and fall

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Solidus ofConstans II.[a]

Martina maintained the plans of Constantine, and sent Cyrus to Alexandria, with much of thepraesental army.She then summoned theThracian armyto Constantinople, to replace them.[19][26][27]Around this time, the PatriarchPyrrhus,an influential advisor of Martina, succeeded in reviving the policy ofMonothelitism.As a result of this policy, Kyros, a monothelete, regained control of thesee of Alexandria,giving him both religious and secular control. Martina instructed Kyros to attempt to negotiate with the Arabs, as they believed that they were unable to defeat them militarily.[17]Kyros met with 'Amr at the Babylon Fortress and there agreed upon the surrender of Egypt.[28]

Martina was opposed by Valentinus, who was beyond her reach in Anatolia, although she exiled his patron, Philagrius, toAfrica.[19][26][27]Heraclonas and Martina lost the support of the Byzantine Senate and people due to the rumors that Martina had poisoned Constantine and their support for Monothelitism.[17]Also at this time, both Heraclonas and Martina's relations with the army suffered as a result of Martina's inability to raise enough funds to match the donative given by Constantine.[19][26][27]

In August 641, Valentinus marched his troops toChalcedon,to force Martina to elevate Constans II to co-emperor. While Valentinus was encamped across theBosphorusfrom Constantinople, a mob rose up in the city, demanding that Pyrrhus crown Constans II as emperor,[19][26][27]and then abdicate, to be replaced by his stewardPaul II.Martina, now in a truly desperate situation, offered the military further donatives, recalled Philagrius from Africa, and offered Valentinus the title ofCount of the Excubitors.[19][25]In late September/October, Martina elevated Constans to co-emperor, but also crowned Heraclonas'brotherDavid.[9]Despite these offers, Valentinus entered the city in October/November,[d]deposed Heraclonas and Martina, and then elevated Constans to emperor.[19][25][32][10]Valentinus was unwilling to kill a woman and child, but had Martina's tongue slit and Heraclonas' nose cut off in January 642, then exiled them toRhodes;this is believed to be the first time that thepolitical mutilation of Byzantine prisonerswas utilized to signify that the person could no longer hold political power.[17]After this, nothing is known of them, although it is believed that Heraclonas died in 642,[9][25][33][10]likely in Rhodes.[34]

Notes

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  1. ^abHeraclonas' full name is sometimes given as "Constantinus Heraclius"on the authority ofTheophanes,who calls him "the younger Constantine, also called Herakleios".Constantine IIIis referred as "his own brother, the little Constantine". On this basis,Philip Griersonattributed to Heraclonas several coins previously thought to representConstans II.[2]However,George E. Batesused other numismatic evidence to show that the emperor depicted is indeed Constans II, and that Heraclonas only ruled as "Heraclius".[3]
  2. ^He is even more rarely calledHeraclius III,withHeraclius Constantinenumbered as 'Heraclius II' instead of 'Constantine III'.[5]
  3. ^Constantine's death is sometimes given alternatively as 20 or 24 April.[20][21]The first date is probably a mistake for 23 April, and it is derived from the 13th-centuryChronicon Altinate(edited byPhilip Grierson), which gives Heraclius’ death as 11 January. The 23/24 April date is obtained by adding 103 days, the reign-length given byNikephoros,to 11 January. However, Nikephoros himself places Heraclius' death on 11 February, a date accepted by nearly all scholars. Constantine should have died on 25 May following this same logic. The date is also sometimes given as 24 May (that is, usinginclusive counting,though this metod is not used when reckoning Heraclius' death).[22]
  4. ^This must have happened some time after the election of Paul on 1 October.[25][24]Treadgoldargued that Heraclonas was deposed on 5 November 641, as attested in theChronicon Altinate.[24]Stratosfavored January 642, but this would require to place Heraclius' death on March 641.[29]Ostrogorskygives September 641,[6]but he reaches that conclusion by mixing several contradictory accounts.[30]The fall of Martina is usually dated to late 641.[31][10][17][25]

References

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Ancient sources

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  • BreviariumbyNikephoros I of Constantinople.[35]
    • Nikephoros(1990) [820s].Short history.Translated byCyril Mango.Dumbarton Oaks.ISBN0-88402-184-X.
  • ChronographiabyTheophanes the Confessor

Citations

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  1. ^Grierson 1992,p. 223–224.
  2. ^Grierson 1992,p. 289–401.
  3. ^Bates 1971.
  4. ^Grierson 1992,p. 389.
  5. ^Bussell 1910,pp. xii, 268.
  6. ^abOstrogorsky 1969,pp. 112–114.
  7. ^Kaegi 2003,p. 324.
  8. ^abTreadgold 1997,p. 307.
  9. ^abcPmbZ,Heraclonas (#2565/corr.).
  10. ^abcdefJones, Martindale & Morris 1992,p. 588.
  11. ^Treadgold 1997,p. 305.
  12. ^abTreadgold 1997,p. 306.
  13. ^abKaegi 2003,pp. 265–266.
  14. ^Stratos 1972,p. 140.
  15. ^Reiskius 1829,pp. 627–628.
  16. ^abPmbZ,Heraklonas (#2565/corr.).
  17. ^abcdefgMoore.
  18. ^Treadgold 1997,p. 308.
  19. ^abcdefghTreadgold 1997,p. 309.
  20. ^Kazhdan 1991,p. 917.
  21. ^Grierson 1992,p. 385.
  22. ^Stratos 1972,pp. 184–185, 216–221.
  23. ^Treadgold 1997,pp. 308–309.
  24. ^abcTreadgold 1990,pp. 431–433.
  25. ^abcdefGrierson 1992,p. 390.
  26. ^abcdStratos 1980,p. 88.
  27. ^abcdStratos 1980,p. 179.
  28. ^Jones, Martindale & Morris 1992,p. 378.
  29. ^Stratos 1972,p. 201.
  30. ^Stratos 1972,pp. 220–222.
  31. ^Foss 2005,p. 96.
  32. ^Kazhdan 1991,p. 496.
  33. ^Treadgold 1997,p. 310.
  34. ^Kazhdan 1991,p. 918.
  35. ^Fontaine 2004,p. 42.

Bibliography

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Media related toHeraclonasat Wikimedia Commons

Regnal titles
Preceded by Byzantine emperor
641
withConstantine III(Feburary–March)
David Tiberius
(September–November)
Constans II
(September–November) 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Roman Consul
639 		Succeeded by
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