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Herceg Novi

Coordinates:42°27′10.62″N18°31′52.33″E/ 42.4529500°N 18.5312028°E/42.4529500; 18.5312028
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Herceg Novi
Херцег нови
Townandmunicipality
Herceg Novi
Flag of Herceg Novi
Flag
Coat of arms of Herceg Novi
Coat of arms
Herceg Novi is located in Montenegro
Herceg Novi
Herceg Novi
Location within Montenegro
Herceg Novi is located in Balkans
Herceg Novi
Herceg Novi
Herceg Novi (Balkans)
Coordinates:42°27′10.62″N18°31′52.33″E/ 42.4529500°N 18.5312028°E/42.4529500; 18.5312028
CountryMontenegro
MunicipalityHerceg Novi
Founded as Sveti Stefan1382
Settlements27
Government
• MayorStevan Katić (DCG)
• Ruling coalitionDCG–DF–Novska lista–SNP–PCG–URA
Area
•Townandmunicipality235 km2(91 sq mi)
Population
(2011 census)[1]
• Rank3rd in Montenegro
• Density140/km2(400/sq mi)
•Urban
19,536
•Rural
11,328
• Municipality
30,864
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
85340
Area code+382 31
ISO 3166-2 codeME-08
Car platesHN
Websitewww.hercegnovi.me

Herceg Novi(Cyrillic:Херцег Нови,pronounced[xěrtseɡnôʋiː]) is a town inCoastal regionofMontenegrolocated at the Western entrance to theBay of Kotorand at the foot of MountOrjen.It is the administrative center of theHerceg Novi Municipalitywith around 33,000 inhabitants. The town was founded as a fortress in 1382 by the King of Bosnia,Tvrtko I Kotromanić,and named afterSaint Stephenbut the name did not stick, instead it became known as Novi (transl. New), also Castelnuovo in Italian (transl. New Castle). Between 1482 and 1687 it was part of theOttoman Empireand then from 1687 to 1797 theAlbania Venetaof theRepublic of Venice.It was a Catholic bishopric and remains a Latintitular seeas Novi. Herceg Novi has had a turbulent past, despite being one of the youngest settlements on theAdriatic.Ahistoryof varied occupations has created a blend of diverse and picturesque architectural style in the city.

Names and etymology

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Tvrtko I of Bosniafounded the town and named it afterSaint Stephen,the name that from the beginning gave way to a nameNovi,which literally translates to "New", as in Newtown; also known asCastelnuovoin Italian,New Castlein English. Later town came toKosačapossession and become their winter seat. During this era, the town was renamed again by addingStjepan's titleherceg(Serbo-Croatian pronunciation of Germanherzog) to the nameNovi,which gave it the current name ofHerceg Novi.[2]

InMontenegrin,the town is known asHerceg Novior Херцег Нови; inItalianasCastelnuovo;and inGreekasNeòkastron(Νεοκαστρον), Turkish as Kala-i Novi, all meaning 'new castle'. The name Herceg Novi, in its modern form, was first mentioned in a Turkish document in 1726.[3]

History

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Archeological findings from the Luštica peninsula and the Vranjaj cavern imply that the area was populated during theNeolithicand earlyBronze Age.In the 3rd century BC, after their victory over theIllyrians,the area was ruled by theRoman Republic.After the split of theRoman Empire,the area fell under the rule of theWestern Roman Empire.After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area was dominated by theByzantine Empire.Slavic tribes began inhabiting these lands during the 7th century AD. During these times the small settlement was part of Byzantine-heldDračevicadistrict, which in turn later belonged to the Principality ofTravunija.During the 10th century, Dračevica came under the control of various Dioclean/Zetan dukes, who were in turn incorporated intoKingdom of Serbiaruled by theNemanjić dynasty.After the death of EmperorStefan Dušan,the Serbian Empire began to fracture into smaller principalities and districts, with Dračevica being administered by dukeVojislav Vojinović.After the rulership of Vojinović, the area, along with most of modern Montenegro, came under the rule of theBalšić noble family.

Foundation under Bosnia

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The fortress of Novi built by Tvrtko I, overlooking 'Stari Grad' (Old Town of Herceg Novi) and the Adriatic in Bay of Kotor

Bosnia could not make economical use ofBosansko Primorje,as its share of theAdriatic coastfrom the riverNeretvato theBay of Kotorlacked any major settlements.[4][5]In the second half of the 14th century area in Bay of Kotor also became part of theKingdom of Bosnia.The Bosnian king,Tvrtko,embroiled in theWar of Chioggia,which erupted between the old-time rivalRepublics of VeniceandGenoain 1378 will, as a result, find himself pressured by the circumstances of failure to seizeKotor,the damage to the Bosnian economy from the Ragusan embargo, and the need for easy access to maritime trade.[6][7]This and the fact that Bosansko Primorje had no significant port led Tvrtko to found the youngest medieval town on the eastern Adriatic coast.[8]In early 1382, Tvrtko constructed a new fortress in the Bay of Kotor on the place of a small fishing village and decided that it should form the basis of a newsalt tradingcenter. Initially named afterSaint Stephen,the city immediately came to be known asNovi(meaning "new" ).[8]

After the death of Tvrtko, DukeSandalj Hranićof the Hum lords,Kosačas,acquiredNovi.During his reign, the town picked up trading salt. When Hranić died, his nephew, DukeStjepan Vukčić Kosačainherited it. During his reign, the town grew in importance and became Stjepan's winter seat, getting a new name in the process: Herceg Novi.

Under the Ottomans

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TheOttomansconquered Herceg Novi before 14 December 1481, and ruled for 200 years. The Ottomans built Kanli Tower on the upper edge of the city. However, there was a short pause between 1538 and 1539 when it was held by the Spaniards before they were defeated in theSiege of Castelnuovo.In their brief overlordship, the Spanish built a Hispaniola fort above the city that is well-preserved today.Evliya Çelebivisits the Bay of Kotor and mentions Croats, Bosnians and Albanians (Arnauts) who live in the Herceg Novi.[9]

In 1608 an earthquake struck Herceg Novi and devastated it.[10]

Herceg Novi in 1700,Albania Veneta

Modern Age

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In 1687, the city wascapturedby theRepublic of VeniceunderGirolamo Corner,and included it intoAlbania Veneta,an administrative unit on the territory of present-day coastal Montenegro. In Venice, the city was known as Castelnuovo. The Venetians refortified the old town walls and towers and reinforced the fortress with a Citadella tower (destroyed in an earthquake in 1979). On 24 August 1798, Herceg Novi was annexed by HabsburgAustriabut was then ceded to Russia as per theTreaty of Pressburgon 26 December 1805. The Russians officially occupied Herceg Novi between 28 February 1806 and 12 August 1807.

On 7 July 1807, Herceg Novi was ceded toNapoleon I Bonaparte'sFrench Empireas per theTreaty of Tilsit.Official French rule over Herceg Novi began on 12 August 1807, when the Russians left the city. The city was part of Dalmatia until 14 October 1809, when it was annexed to the newly createdIllyrian Provinces.

Herceg Novi in 1837

Herceg Novi, as well as the rest of the Bay of Kotor, was overtaken by Montenegrin forces in 1813. It was under control of a temporary government based in Dobrota between 11 September 1813 and 10 June 1814, which was supported byMontenegro.The appearance of Austrian forces in 1814 caused thePrince-Bishop of Montenegroto turn over the territory to Austrian administration on 11 June. After Herceg Novi was retaken, as well as the rest of the bay, it became part of theDalmatian crownland.The bay was under Austro-Hungarian control until 1918.

20th century

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Austrian KK stamp issued in 1867 cancelled Castelnuovo in Dalmazia
Former coat of arms of Herceg Novi

In 1900, the two names ERZEG NOVI and CASTELNUOVO PRESSO CATTARO were used in bilingual cancellations.[11]

TheKingdom of Montenegroattempted to retake the Bay of Kotor duringWorld War I,it was bombarded fromLovćen,but by 1916 Austria-Hungary defeated Montenegro.

On 7 November 1918, the Serbian Army entered the bay and were greeted by the people as Slavic liberators. The bay later became a part of the self-proclaimedState of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.Within a month, this region united with Serbia as part of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes,renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929. The bay was a municipality ofDalmatiauntil it was, like all historic entities, abolished in 1922. It was incorporated into the Zeta Oblast (province), from 1929 styleZeta Banate.

Herceg Novi was annexed by Mussolini's fascist Italy duringWorld War IIin 1941. It became a part of the province of Cattaro.

Herceg Novi was later retaken byYugoslav Partisanforces on 10 September 1943. Within Tito's Communist reformedYugoslavia,Herceg Novi became part of thePeople's Republic of Montenegro.

On 8 April 1970, following theUSSR vs. Rest of the World'Match of the Century' hosted inBelgrade,Yugoslavia, a blitzchesstournament was held in Herceg Novi, featuring four World Champions, the field was considered the strongest of any blitz tournament in modern chess history.

Ecclesiastical history

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Church Sv. Spas (Holy Salvation) in Topla

It once was aCatholicbishopric, but no residential incumbent data are available.

Titular see

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In 1933 the diocese was nominally restored by establishing in theLatin Churchof theCatholic Churchatitular bishopricof Novi (inDalmatia), listed assuffraganof theArchdiocese of Doclea(which inClassical timescontrolled its region in theRoman provinceofDalmatia Superior).

The following individuals held the titular bishopric. They were eitherauxiliary bishopsor officials of theVatican:

Population

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See also:Demographic history of Montenegro
Old town gate at night
Historical population
YearPop.±%
194812,482—
195313,759+10.2%
196115,157+10.2%
197118,368+21.2%
198123,258+26.6%
199127,593+18.6%
200333,034+19.7%
201130,864−6.6%
202331,471+2.0%
Source: pop-stat.mashke.org[12]

The Herceg Novi municipality stretches fromPrevlakato the Verige strait. An almost unbroken string of towns lie along this strip of coast, accommodating the municipality's 30,864 (2011 census) residents.[13]

Ethnicity

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Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011[14]

Ethnicity Number Percentage
Serbs 5,002 45.23%
Montenegrins 4,013 36.28%
Croats 309 2.79%
Yugoslavs 83 0.75%
Bosniaks 63 0.59%
ethnic Muslims 61 0.59%
Romani 46 0.41%
Macedonians 44 0.39%
Russians 44 0.39%
Albanians 21 0.18%
Slovenians 21 0.18%
Hungarians 17 0.15%
Italians 14 0.12%
Other 48 0.43%
not declared 1080 9.76%
Total 11,059 100%

Religion

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Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011[15]

Religion (2011 census) Number
Eastern Orthodoxy 8,994
Islam 192
Catholicism 546
Christians 45
Jehovah Witness 0
Buddhist 0
Adventist 19
Agnosticism 37
Atheism 415
Undeclared 738
Other 57

Tourism

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Mirište Beach.
Statue of Tvrtko I of Bosnia in the downtown harbour of Herceg Novi.

Herceg Novi is a major Montenegrin tourist destination. It is well known as aspaand health center; nearby Igalo has an abundance ofhealing sea mudcalled "igaljsko blato" (Igalo mud) and mineral springs called "igaljske slatine" (Igalo springs). The most famous tourist attractions in Herceg Novi are castle Forte Mare built by the Bosnian kingTvrtko Iin 1382, a clock tower built by Austrians in the 19th century, the Kanli tower built by Turks. Other famous attractions include the various ancientSerbian Orthodox churches and monasteries,which include the Church of St. Ilija, the Church of Preobraženja, the Church of St. Đorđa, the Church of the Holy Salvation (St. Spas), the Church of St. Archangel Michael, and theSavina Monastery.

Whilst the city itself is not a major destination forsunbathing,with no long sandybeachesalong the rest of the Bay of Kotor, many beaches are reachable byboat.Tourist companies organise one-day boat trips toLušticapeninsula, which lies opposite to the town. PopularLušticapeninsula beach sites includeŽanjic,MirišteandRose.Herceg Novi accounted for one-third of overnight stays in Montenegro before theYugoslav wars,but the situation has changed since in favour ofBudva,Kotorand other resorts.[citation needed]

Local bus station will charge doubtfully legal fee of €2 for entering its platform with printed e-ticket.

Culture

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A walkway in Herceg Novi

"JUK Herceg-Fest" This cultural events center was established on 24 February 1992. Two years later the cultural center joined with the "Orijen" movie distribution and production company. Together they have played a crucial role in enhancing the city's cultural life. Among many annual festivities are the mimosa celebration, local theatrical events, and a film and music fest.

"TheOperosaOpera Festival "takes place during the summer in theKanli Kulaamphitheater inside the fortress of Stari Grad (Old Town) and in the Forte Mare fortress.

The Herceg Novi City Archivewas returned in 1956 the Archive to Herceg Novi after being temporarily relocated toZadar,Croatia. The Archive was relocated to Zadar by Italians during theSecond World War.The original archive building, built in 1885, suffered severe damage from the 1979 earthquake. Shortly afterward, the building was renovated. Today, the Archive is 700 m2(7,535 sq ft) in size. The Archive features modern equipment and a library open to the public. The oldest document in the Archive originated in 1685. The library contains approximately 30,000 volumes and 1,000 periodicals.

TheHistorical Museumwas established in 1949 and officially opened in 1953. The museum building, a gift to the city from the former mayor, Mirko Komnenović (1870–1941), and his wife Olga, is at least 150 years old.

TheCity librarycontains at least 30,000 volumes. Among the contributors to this collection are Dušan Petković (5,000 books), Veljka Radojević (1,500), Doklestić, Daljev, Lučić, Subotić and others.

Transportation

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August 2017 panoramic view of Herceg Novi.

Herceg Novi or Igalo is usually the final destination of buses that come from inland Montenegro andSerbia.TheAdriatic Motorway,a two-lane motorway that extends for the length of the Montenegrin coast, goes through Herceg Novi before it merges with the Croatian road network at theDebeli Brijegborder crossing.

The ferry operates on the Kamenari – Lepetane line at Verige Strait, eliminating the need to go all the way around Boka Kotorska bay in order to reach Tivat, Kotor, Budva and inland Montenegro.

Tivat Airportis 23 km (14 mi) away (via the ferry). There are regular flights to Belgrade and Zürich, and dozens of charter planes land daily on Tivat airport during the summer season.Dubrovnik Airportin Croatia is some 30 km (19 mi) away, and it maintains regular flights to many European destinations.

Climate

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A pomegranate tree near the bus station in Herceg Novi. September 2018.

The area of the Bay of Kotor has ahumid subtropical climate(Köppen climate classification:Cfa) with significantly more rain in the winter than in the summer. Herceg Novi has a specific microclimate, which is a result of southern exposition, proximity to the sea, limestone substratum and mountainous hinterland which prevents the breakthrough of cold air masses.

Herceg Novi has approximately 200 sunny days a year. In July and August there are approximately 11 sunny hours per day. Average annual temperature is 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) (similar to that ofNaplesandLisbon). There are frequent slight temperature oscillations; the average daily temperature fluctuation is only 4 °C (7.2 °F). Average temperature from May to September is about 25 °C (77 °F), and the average summer sea temperature is rather high, between 22 and 26 °C (72 and 79 °F).

The annual average precipitation is 1,930 mm (76.0 in). Relative air humidity is at its highest level, 80%, in the fall. Its lowest level, 63%, comes in the summer.

Climate data for Herceg Novi (1991–2020, extremes 1948–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.4
(70.5) 		23.6
(74.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		30.2
(86.4) 		33.1
(91.6) 		36.6
(97.9) 		39.2
(102.6) 		42.0
(107.6) 		35.8
(96.4) 		30.9
(87.6) 		26.4
(79.5) 		21.2
(70.2) 		42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.0
(55.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		19.3
(66.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.7
(89.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		21.5
(70.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		4.8
(40.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.1
(43.0) 		12.1
(53.7)
Record low °C (°F) −7
(19) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.0
(53.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		7.8
(46.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−4
(25) 		−7
(19)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 231.3
(9.11) 		195.4
(7.69) 		198.8
(7.83) 		159.2
(6.27) 		103.7
(4.08) 		63.6
(2.50) 		47.3
(1.86) 		87.7
(3.45) 		151.5
(5.96) 		199.2
(7.84) 		256.1
(10.08) 		235.6
(9.28) 		1,929.4
(75.95)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) 14 13 13 12 10 8 6 6 8 10 14 15 129
Averagerelative humidity(%) 72 70 70 72 73 71 64 66 70 72 75 73 71
Mean monthlysunshine hours 110.5 113.7 160.1 191.6 254.2 288.4 343.0 315.8 249.6 190.1 114.3 101.6 2,432.9
Source 1: Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro[16][17]
Source 2: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration[18]

International relations

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See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Montenegro

Twin towns — Sister cities

[edit]

Herceg Novi istwinnedwith:[19][20]

Notable residents

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Results of the 2011 Census of Herceg-Novi".Herceg Novi municipality. Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2020.Retrieved31 July2017.
  2. ^Vego 1957,pp. 44–45.
  3. ^Vasić 2005,p. 95.
  4. ^Ćirković 1964,p. 144.
  5. ^Ćirković 1964,p. 142.
  6. ^Ćirković 1964,pp. 145, 146, 147.
  7. ^Ćirković 1964,p. 149.
  8. ^abĆirković 1964,p. 148.
  9. ^Hazim Šabanović, Putopis: odlomci o jugoslavenskim zemljama, 1967,https://www.academia.edu/6486045/Evlija_Celebi_Putopis#page=429
  10. ^Vasić 2005,p. 99.
  11. ^Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967
  12. ^"Montenegro Census 2023".15 April 2024.
  13. ^"Montenegrin 2011 census".Monstat. 2011.
  14. ^"Popis 2011".Retrieved29 September2011.
  15. ^"Popis 2011".Retrieved29 September2011.
  16. ^"Climate: Herceg Novi"(in Montenegrin). Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro.Retrieved24 May2021.
  17. ^"Dnevni prosjeci i ekstremi"(in Montenegrin). Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro.Retrieved5 March2021.
  18. ^"Climate: Herceg Novi".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved18 November2023.
  19. ^"Градови побратими".Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2020.Retrieved4 July2021.
  20. ^"Bratimljenje"(PDF).database.uom.me(in Montenegrin). Zajednica opština Crne Gore. January 2013. p. 29.Retrieved29 December2019.
  21. ^"Sito del Comune – Gemellaggi ed opportunità".Comune di Barletta(in Italian). Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2016.Retrieved25 June2013.
  22. ^"Gradovi pobratimi".www.hercegnovi.me.Retrieved19 January2021.
  23. ^"Pobratimili se Herceg Novi i Trebinje".RTCG - Radio Televizija Crne Gore - Nacionalni javni servis(in Bosnian).Retrieved23 October2023.

Bibliography

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[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forHerceg Novi.
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