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Here be dragons

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This article is about a phrase used on maps. For other uses, seeHere be dragons (disambiguation).
The textHic Sunt Draconeson theHunt–Lenox Globe,dating from 1504

"Here be dragons"(Latin:hic sunt dracones) means dangerous or unexplored territories, in imitation of a medieval practice of putting illustrations ofdragons,sea monstersand other mythological creatures on uncharted areas of maps where potential dangers were thought to exist.[1][2]

History[edit]

Although several early maps, such as theTheatrum Orbis Terrarum,have illustrations of mythological creatures for decoration, the phrase itself is ananachronism.[3]Until theOstrich Egg Globewas offered for sale in 2012 at theLondon Map Fairheld at theRoyal Geographical Society,[4]the only known historical use of this phrase in the Latin form "HC SVNT DRACONES" (i.e.,hic sunt dracones,'here are dragons') was theHunt-Lenox Globedating from 1508.[5]Earlier maps contain a variety of references to mythical and real creatures, but the Ostrich Egg Globe and its twin the Lenox Globe are the only known surviving globes to bear this phrase. The term appears on both globes at the peripheral, extreme end of the Asian continent.

The classical phrase used by medieval cartographers wasHIC SVNT LEONES(literally, "here arelions") when denoting unknown territories on maps.[6]

Dragons on maps[edit]

ThePsalter world mapwith dragons at the base

Dragons appear on a few other historical maps:

  • TheT-OPsalter world map(c. 1250AD) has dragons, as symbols ofsin,in a lower "frame" below the world, balancingJesusandangelson the top, but the dragons do not appear on the map proper.
  • TheBorgia map(c. 1430), in the Vatican Library, states, over a dragon-like figure inAsia(in the upper left quadrant of the map), "Hic etiam homines magna cornua habentes longitudine quatuor pedum, et sunt etiam serpentes tante magnitudinis, ut unum bovem comedant integrum".(" Here there are even men who have large four-foot horns, and there are even serpents so large that they could eat an ox whole. ")
  • TheFra Mauro Map(c. 1450) shows the "Island of Dragons" (Italian:Isola de' dragoni), an imaginary island in the Atlantic Ocean.[7]In an inscription nearHeratin modern-dayAfghanistan,Fra Maurosays that in the mountains nearby "there are a number of dragons, in whose forehead is a stone that cures many infirmities", and describes the locals' way of hunting those dragons to get the stones. This is thought to be based onAlbertus Magnus's treatiseDe mineralibus.[8]In an inscription elsewhere on the map, the cartographer expresses his scepticism regarding "serpents, dragons andbasilisks"mentioned by" some historiographers ".[9]
  • A 19th-century Japanese map, theJishin-no-ben,in the shape ofouroboros,depicts a dragon associated with causing earthquakes.
Close-up view of the dragons on the 1265Psalter world map

Other creatures on maps[edit]

  • Ptolemy's atlas inGeographia(originally 2nd century, taken up again in the 15th century) warns ofelephants,hipposandcannibals.
  • TheTabula Peutingeriana(a medieval copy of Roman map) has "in his locis elephanti nascuntur","in his locis scorpiones nascuntur"and"hic cenocephali nascuntur"(" in these places elephants are born, in these placesscorpionsare born, hereCynocephaliare born ").
  • Cotton MS. TiberiusB.V. fol. 56v (10th century),British LibraryManuscript Collection, has "hic abundant leones" ( "here lions abound" ), along with a picture of a lion, near the east coast of Asia (at the top of the map towards the left); this map also has a text-only serpent reference in southernmostAfrica(bottom left of the map): "Zugis regio ipsa est et Affrica. est enim fertilis. sed ulterior bestiis et serpentibus plena" ( "This region of Zugis is in Africa; it is rather fertile, but on the other hand it is full of beasts and serpents." )
  • TheEbstorf map(13th century) has a dragon in the extreme south-eastern part of Africa, together with anaspand abasilisk.
  • Giovanni Leardo's map (1442) has, in southernmost Africa, "Dixerto dexabitado p. chaldo e p. serpent".
  • Martin Waldseemüller'sCarta marina navigatoria(1516) has "an elephant-like creature in northernmostNorway,accompanied by a legend explaining that this 'morsus' with two long and quadrangular teeth congregated there ", i.e. awalrus,which would have seemed monstrous at the time.
  • Waldseemüller'sCarta marina navigatoria(1522), revised by Laurentius Fries, has the morsus moved to theDavis Strait.
  • BishopOlaus Magnus'sCarta Marinamap ofScandinavia(1539) has many monsters in the northern sea, as well as a winged, bipedal, predatory land animal resembling a dragon in northern Lapland.
  • On European maps of Africa, up until theBerlin Conferenceand the subsequentScramble for Africaproduced accurate cartographic representations of Africa, elephants replaced dragons as placeholders for unknown regions. An excerpt fromOn Poetry: a Rhapsodyby the Irish satiristJonathan Swiftstates: "So geographers, in Afric maps, With savage pictures fill their gaps, And o'er uninhabitable downs, Place elephants for want of towns".[10]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes

  1. ^Waters, Hannah (2013-10-15)."The Enchanting Sea Monsters on Medieval Maps".Smithsonian Institution.Retrieved2017-01-19.
  2. ^Van Duzer, Chet (2013).Sea Monsters on Medieval and Renaissance Maps.British Library Publishing.ISBN978-0712357715.
  3. ^Blake, Erin C. (1999)."Where Be" Here be Dragons "?".MapHist Discussion Group.Archived fromthe originalon 2018-04-01.Retrieved2005-10-14.
  4. ^Kim, Meeri (2013-08-19)."Oldest globe to depict the New World may have been discovered".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.Retrieved2020-08-21.
  5. ^"Hunt-Lenox Globe".April 27, 2024.
  6. ^Van Duzer, Chet (2014-06-04). "Bring on the Monsters and Marvels: Non-Ptolemaic Legends on Manuscript Maps of Ptolemy's Geography".Viator.45(2): 303–334.doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.103923.ISSN0083-5897.
  7. ^Item 558 in:Falchetta, Piero(2006),Fra Mauro's World Map,Brepols, pp. 294–295,ISBN2-503-51726-9;also inthe list online
  8. ^"In le montagne de la citade deheresono dragoni assai, i qual hano una piera in fronte virtuosa a molte infirmitade ". Item 1457 inFalchetta 2006,pp. 462–464
  9. ^Item 460 inFalchetta 2006,pp. 276–278
  10. ^Swift, Jonathan (1733).On Poetry: a Rapsody(1st ed.). Irland: And sold by J. Huggonson, next to Kent's Coffee-house, near Serjeant's-inn, in Chancery-lane; [and] at the bookseller's and pamphletshops. p. 12.

Bibliography

External links[edit]

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